Unit 8-9 by Jordyn Coats

Tehran Conference of 1943

jordyncoats — 2024-05-07 20:37:28 UTC

The Tehran Conference was a meeting held in Tehran, Iran in 1943 between U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin. The leaders agreed that Operation Overlord would be launched by May 1944, and Stalin would support the Allies with Operation Bagration and joining the war in Japan. The US transfered some of Poland's territory to the Soviet Union in return.

Yalta Conference 1945

jordyncoats — 2024-05-07 20:46:08 UTC

The Yalta Conference was held in February 1945 by the Big Three Allied leaders: Great Britain, the US, and the Soviet Union, in a Russian resort town to discuss the reconstruction of Eastern Europe after World War II. Churchill advocated for democratic elections in Eastern Europe, Roosevelt sought Soviet support in the war against Japan and their participation in the United Nations, and the Soviets wanted influence in Manchuria. The conference basically discussed the fate of post-war Europe, Soviet involvement in the war against Japan, and the formation of the new United Nations. However, in the end, leaders were unhappy and decisions made at the conference led to the Cold War.

Potsdam Conference 1945

jordyncoats — 2024-05-07 21:16:01 UTC

From July 17 to August 2, 1945, the leaders of the Soviet Union, United States, and Britain came together in Potsdam, Germany to discuss the end of World War II. Although the US and Britain wanted the Soviet Union to end its nonaggression pact and declare war against Japan, the three nations only agreed on the complete disarmament and demilitarization of Germany. The Soviet Union still declined the US's request for free elections and instead sought to establish communist control over other territories, further influencing the idea of a Cold War.

The Marshal Plan 1948

jordyncoats — 2024-05-07 21:23:42 UTC

The Marshall Plan was a US initiative in 1948 that provided $13.3 billion in economic aid to Western Europe after World War II. It helped advance recovery, reduced political discontent and contained the communist threat in the region.

Truman Doctrine 1947

jordyncoats — 2024-05-07 21:29:09 UTC

In 1947, President Truman introduced the Truman Doctrine, which promised political, economic, and military aid to democratic countries facing threats from authoritarian forces. While the Marshall Plan focused on economic support, the Truman Doctrine mainly provided military assistance.

Arms Race of 1950s

jordyncoats — 2024-05-07 21:35:11 UTC

During the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union engaged in an intense competition for nuclear supremacy, known as the nuclear arms race. Initially, only the United States possessed atomic weapons. However, in 1949, the Soviet Union successfully tested an atomic bomb, which triggered the arms race. Both countries continued to develop and produce increasingly powerful bombs. In 1952, the United States tested a new and more potent weapon, the hydrogen bomb.

The Korean War 1950 - 1953

jordyncoats — 2024-05-07 22:16:59 UTC

On June 25th, 1950, the North Korean People's Army launched a coordinated attack on South Korea in an effort to reunite the country under their rule. This led to the start of the Korean War, which lasted until July 27th, 1953. The war ended with the signing of a demilitarized zone between North and South Korea, agreeing to keep the country separated.

The Vietnam War 1955 - 1975

jordyncoats — 2024-05-07 22:25:54 UTC

The Vietnam War was a prolonged, expensive, and contentious conflict that put the communist government of North Vietnam against South Vietnam. South Vietnam aimed to prevent a communist takeover, while the ongoing Cold War between the US and the Soviet Union intensified the conflict. Ultimately, North Vietnam and the Viet Cong emerged victorious, successfully reuniting the country under communist rule.

Test-Ban Treaty 1963

jordyncoats — 2024-05-07 22:37:50 UTC

The Test-Ban Treaty was signed in Moscow on August 5, 1963, by the United States, the Soviet Union, and the United Kingdom. It has since been ratified by over 180 countries, and its aim is to prohibit all nuclear weapon tests with the exception of those that are conducted underground. The treaty was established with the goal of reducing radiation levels, preventing the spread of nuclear weapons, and minimizing the risk of nuclear warfare, somewhat like the Nuclear Non-Proliferation treaty.

Gold Coast 1957

jordyncoats — 2024-05-07 23:11:41 UTC

On March 6th, 1957, the Gold Coast, which is now known as Ghana, gained independence from Britain. Ghana independence was led by Kwame Nkrumah, who achieved the country's independence through negotiations with the British government. Nkrumah became Ghana's first prime minister and later served as its president.

Independence of Vietnam in 1954

jordyncoats — 2024-05-07 23:24:32 UTC

Vietnam's brutal struggle for independence came to an end in 1954. The August Revolution of 1945 which was led by Ho Chi Minh and the Viet Minh and the battle of Dien Bien Phu where the Viet Minh defeated French forces in 1954 were only some of the events that highlighted their struggle. Vietnam was eventually divided into the communist north and the pro-western south from the independence leading to the Vietnam War.

Yom Kippur War 1973

jordyncoats — 2024-05-07 23:37:04 UTC

The Yom Kippur War was a military conflict that occurred in October between Israel and a coalition of Arab states. Egypt and Syria were the main leaders of this coalition. The war began when Egypt and Syria launched an unplanned attack on Israel on Yom Kippur. Israel emerged as the victor of the war, but political and military consequences were made.

Pol Pot 1976

jordyncoats — 2024-05-07 23:43:26 UTC

After overthrowing the Lon Nol government, Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge came to power in Cambodia in 1975. their reign, the implementation of radical socialist policies caused widespread famine, forced labor, and mass executions, resulting in approximately 1.7 million deaths.

Mohandas Gandhi

jordyncoats — 2024-05-07 23:54:09 UTC

He was a prominent Indian nationalist who played a crucial role in the country's independence movement against the British. He promoted nonviolent civil disobedience, leading the Salt March in 1930 and the Quit India Movement in 1942. His actions led to India's independence and impacted others around the world.

Martin Luther King Jr.

jordyncoats — 2024-05-08 00:01:23 UTC

Martin Luther King jr is a well-known civil rights activist playing a big role in the American civil rights movement. He led the Montgomery bus boycott of 1955 and delivered his famous "I Have a Dream" speech during the march on Washington in 1963. His movements were instrumental in ending desegregation and racism in the US, making him an unforgettable figure in American history.

Abimael Guzman

jordyncoats — 2024-05-08 00:06:38 UTC

He was the leader of the Shining Path guerrilla movement founded in 1969, which aimed to overthrow the Peruvian government and establish a communist state. the group was responsible for up to 37,000 deaths in assassinations, bombings, and massacres.

End of the Soviet Union 1991

jordyncoats — 2024-05-08 00:22:05 UTC

There were two main policies that caused the collapse of the Soviet Union. One of them was perestroika, which was introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev in the 1980s to reform and reconstruct the Soviet economy and political system. Perestroika exposed and worsened Soviet weaknesses, leading to its collapse.The other policy was glasnost, which was Mikhail Gorbachev implemented a policy of political openness and transparency in the mid-1980s. This policy led to increased criticism and demand for political and economic reforms due to more freedom of speech, press, and government openness.

Gregory Pincus

jordyncoats — 2024-05-08 00:59:35 UTC

Gregory Pincus's development of birth control in 1950 has reshaped gender roles and reduced fertility rates.

Alexander Fleming

jordyncoats — 2024-05-08 01:03:11 UTC

The discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming in 1928 has helped many people recover from wounds, especially those sustained during war.

Antiretroviral Drug 1987

jordyncoats — 2024-05-08 01:10:43 UTC

The first antiretroviral drug was made in March of 1987 to help maintain the aids and HIV outbreak between 1981 and 2014. Hiv and aids are spread by sharing sexual fluids, needles, and blood transfusions. However, with the new drug, improved treatment outcomes, a decrease in the mortality rate, and an overall increase prevention of the disease were successful.

Jonas Salk Vaccine 1955

jordyncoats — 2024-05-08 01:16:38 UTC

Jonas Salk developed the first injectable polio vaccine in April 1955. Prior to this, polio was an unbeatable disease caused by water contamination, resulting in paralysis and death, with up to 100,000 deaths per year.

Heart Transplants and Artificial Hearts

jordyncoats — 2024-05-08 01:27:21 UTC

Heart disease is a challenging journey to overcome, but there are several methods available to stop it. Donor heart transplant is a popular method where a new heart is transplanted. Christiaan Barnard was the first person to perform a heart transplant operation in 1967. Artificial hearts are also available which can act like or strengthen a person's heart. Robert Jarvik led a team that designed the first artificial heart in 1982. These new methods have extended life expectancies and improved the lives of many people. Other methods include medications, valves, stents in arteries, and replacing vessels.

Ebola 1976

jordyncoats — 2024-05-08 01:32:22 UTC

Ebola was discovered in Congo in 1976. The virus is transmitted through contact with infected humans or animals' bodily fluids. It is some twisted hemorrhagic fever, leading to bleeding, organ failure, and death.

Cholera 1883

jordyncoats — 2024-05-08 01:37:09 UTC

In 1854, Italy had its first recorded case of cholera. The disease is primarily spread through contaminated water, and it tends to affect the poor the most. Fortunately, there is a vaccine available for cholera, which was approved by the FDA in 2016.

Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher

jordyncoats — 2024-05-08 01:43:30 UTC

During Ronald Reagan's tenure as the President of the United States and Margaret Thatcher's leadership as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, both leaders held the belief that reducing government intervention was key to stimulating economic growth. They implemented policies such as tax cuts, deregulation, and free markets, which relied on the principles of supply and demand to influence the economy.

World Trade Organization 1995

jordyncoats — 2024-05-08 01:48:37 UTC

The World Trade Organization (WTO) was established in January 1995 and is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. The primary objective of the organization is to regulate and promote global trade. It provides a platform for its 164 members to negotiate and implement trade agreements, resolve disputes and establish rules and standards for international trade.

The North American Free Trade Agreement 1994

jordyncoats — 2024-05-08 01:54:05 UTC

The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is a comprehensive trade agreement signed by the US, Canada, and Mexico in January 1994. It aims to eliminate tariffs, promote intellectual property protection, resolve disputes, and establish labor and environmental standards.

Voting Rights Act 1965

jordyncoats — 2024-05-08 02:00:21 UTC

On March 7, 1965, a march was organized from Selma to Montgomery to protest against the killing of Jimmie Lee Jackson by the police during a peaceful protest for voting rights in Marion, Alabama. As a result of the protests and the efforts of civil rights activists, President Lyndon Johnson sent a voting rights bill to Congress. This bill enabled African Americans to register and vote, and also prohibited tactics that were previously used to prevent them from voting. The bill also provided for direct federal intervention to ensure that voting rights were protected.

Establishment of the Caste Reservation System in India 1950

jordyncoats — 2024-05-08 02:08:44 UTC

Along with the introduction of the Indian constitution in 1950, the caste reservation system was established. It provided affirmative action measures to improve the social and economic status of historically disadvantaged castes and tribes, ensuring equality.

Tiananmen Square Protest 1989

jordyncoats — 2024-05-08 02:16:06 UTC

In 1989, a pro-democracy movement took place in Beijing, China. The protest was led by students and intellectuals who were demanding greater political freedom and an end to corruption but were denied. However, on June 4th of that year, the protest turned violent and resulted in the deaths of many protestors as the government cracked down on the demonstration.

The Green Belt Movement 1977

jordyncoats — 2024-05-08 02:22:36 UTC

Wangari Maathai founded an environmental organization in Kenya in 1977 to empower rural women by promoting sustainable practices, planting trees, and advocating for democratic governance and human rights.

General Assembly 1946

jordyncoats — 2024-05-08 02:37:36 UTC

The General Assembly, consisting of all 193 member states, is responsible for organizing the UN's agenda, watching the work of other groups, and making comments on issues.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948

jordyncoats — 2024-05-08 02:44:05 UTC

The United Nations General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in December 1948. It was a response to the experiences of the Second World War. This is the first time various countries agreed on a comprehensive statement of inalienable human rights. It details 30 inalienable human rights and freedoms that cannot be taken away from us.

The Security Council 1945

jordyncoats — 2024-05-08 02:50:00 UTC

The Security Council founded in October of 1945, maintains international peace and security, has 15 members, five of which are permanent with veto power, and ten non-permanent members elected every two years.

Economic and Social Council 1945

jordyncoats — 2024-05-08 02:55:40 UTC

The Economic and Social Council, established in June of 1945, is responsible for promoting international economic and social cooperation and development. It has 54 members, and new ones are elected every three years.

International Court of Justice 1945

jordyncoats — 2024-05-08 03:02:00 UTC

The International Court of Justice was established in June 1945 and serves as the principal judicial body of the United Nations. Its primary role is to resolve legal conflicts between states. The court consists of 15 judges who are elected for nine-year terms by the General Assembly and the Security Council.