PSY 262 by Paige Butler

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Children build their sense of self, shaping their own beliefs about who they are, and start forging connections through play and interactions with their peers. These experiences play a vital role in their emotional, social, and cognitive growth.

What is identity development in childhood

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As soon as they come into this world, little children start their journey of discovering themselves and their place in the world. They gain knowledge about their identity and how they fit in through interactions with their friends and caregivers. This process of self-discovery is a crucial aspect of their social and emotional growth, which remains a continuous process throughout their childhood.

Different Development Theories

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Infants

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Infants begin to develop a sense of trust and can recognize similar and different faces. They gain a sense that they have a place in which they belong, and that they are worthy of being loved and cared for. Help your little ones feel secure by providing comfort when they cry and attending to their needs when they're hungry or sleepy. By doing this promptly, you'll teach them that they can rely on you for support.

Toddlerhood

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As kids grow up, they start to realize more about themselves and develop a longing for some control over their surroundings and everyday activities. Toddlers absorb the messages they receive about themselves and form an understanding of their identity and abilities. Encourage toddlers to exercise their independence by allowing them to make decisions about their activities, like choosing which book to read or which toys to play with. Additionally, toddlers are at a stage where they can start practicing putting on their own shoes, socks, and jackets, which helps boost their self-assurance in their own capabilities.

Preschool

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With an increase in physical strength, preschoolers often become curious about experimenting with different ways to move their bodies. During the initial three years of a child's life, they are immersed in a world of learning and conquering new physical skills. Young children derive immense pleasure from practicing newfound abilities purely for the joy it brings them. These physical attributes and capabilities form a significant part of how young children perceive themselves. Even as they grow older and enter preschool, their self-perception revolves primarily around their appearance, preferred toys, and physical capabilities.

Social Identity Development

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Every child possesses a unique social identity. It is the way they perceive their place in society and how they relate to others. Whether it is influenced by their social status, cultural background, ethnicity, hobbies, accomplishments, or personal beliefs, these social identity groups contribute to a child's sense of self-worth and pride, ultimately influencing their self-esteem.

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Societal confirmation of a child's identity can impact the way they feel about themselves.

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DiMaria, L. (2023, November 13). How kids view themselves can contribute to depression vulnerability. Verywell Mind. https://www.verywellmind.com/the-importance-of-a-childs-social-identity-1066758

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Children rely heavily on their parents and caregivers for love, support, and guidance. These individuals provide a safe and nurturing environment for children to grow and develop their personalities, identities, and physical, cognitive, emotional, and social skills.

A strong emotional connection between parents and children is vital for a thriving parent-child bond, and it also extends to the relationships among siblings and other family members.

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Parents, families, and caregivers ensure children are healthy and safe, equip them with skills and resources to succeed, and transmit basic cultural values

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American Psychological Association. (2009, March). Parents and caregivers are essential to children’s Healthy Development. American Psychological Association. https://www.apa.org/topics/families/parents-caregivers-kids-healthy-development#:~:text=They%20offer%20love%2C%20acceptance%2C%20appreciation,cognitively%2C%20emotionally%2C%20and%20socially.

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Adolescence

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The teenage years are a crucial time for building a strong and confident sense of self. While identity development continues throughout our lives, it is during adolescence that we first start to ponder how our identity shapes our experiences. During this phase, we become acutely aware of the changes happening within us and how they impact our lives. Adolescence plays a vital role in shaping one's self and identity. It is a time when individuals make commitments, set personal goals, find motivations, and strive for psychosocial well-being. During this phase, teenagers yearn for independence, seeking to break free from their parents' influence. They also become more involved in social circles, placing a higher value on their connections with peers. As a result, their self-evaluations become more intricate and varied across different roles and relationships. Additionally, adolescents often experience heightened self-consciousness and show a keen interest in how others perceive them.

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Pfeifer JH, Berkman ET. The Development of Self and Identity in Adolescence: Neural Evidence and Implications for a Value-Based Choice Perspective on Motivated Behavior. Child Dev Perspect. 2018 Sep;12(3):158-164. doi: 10.1111/cdep.12279. Epub 2018 Feb 8. PMID: 31363361; PMCID: PMC6667174.

Sexualized music media and children’s gender role

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and self-identity development: a four-phase study

Bronfenbrenner's theory

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His theory of child development is the belief that human development is shaped by the interaction of an individual and their environment

The 5 stages of Bronfenbrenner's ecological model

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Microsystem
Mesosystem
Ecosystem
Macrosystem
Chronosystem

Microsystem

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The microsystem refers to the environment where we engage in face-to-face social interactions with individuals and social entities. It encompasses our family, friends, classmates, teachers, neighbors, and anyone else we directly interact with. According to the theory, we are not passive recipients of experiences, but active participants in shaping these environments. We have the power to influence the people and systems in our lives, just as they have the power to influence us.

Mesosystem

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The mesosystem is all about how the different parts of your life connect. So, what happens in your family can affect what happens at school. For instance, if a kid's parents neglect them, they might not have a good relationship with their teachers. They might also feel uncomfortable around their classmates and choose to be alone instead.

Exosystem

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The exosystem refers to the systems that indirectly affect a child's development. These systems are not directly in contact with the child, but they still have an impact on their life. For instance, if a parent is demoted at work, they may bring home negative emotions that can affect their interactions with their child. Even though the child may never meet the parent's boss, the boss still has an influence on the parent's behavior towards the child.

Macrosystem

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The macrosystem setting refers to the real culture that surrounds a person. This culture encompasses various factors such as the child's socioeconomic status, ethnicity or race, and the particular society they are a part of.

Chronosystem

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The chronosystem brings in the element of time and encompasses the changes and shifts that occur throughout a person's life. A prime illustration of this is the impact of divorce, a significant life transition, on both the couple's relationship and their children's behavior. Numerous studies suggest that children experience negative effects in the initial year following the divorce. However, as time goes on, the subsequent years may show a more stable and harmonious interaction within the family.

Though there are educational implications..

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The educational implications of his model extend to the social and political policies and practices that affect children, families, and caregiving. As teachers and educators strive to become evidence-based practitioners, it is essential to identify the factors that influence students' learning and development, such as caregivers, family, peers, culture, and historical perspectives.

Interview Questions

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Interview reflection

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After asking my brother these questions I realized that he has never questioned who he is and has always just gone along with everything that has been tossed his way. He has never questioned his identity or what his purpose is because he has grown to understand the social norms of having an identity and how each identity has different social interactions. In elementary school, students rely on their classmates and teachers to help mold them into who they are and want to be. So with that, I asked him a final question about if any of his past or current teachers have helped shape him into who he is and he said yes. He said that his teachers have helped him develop a sense of understanding of individuality and continue to help him discover more about his likes and dislikes.

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Butler, A. (2023). Adolescent identity development. Adolescent Identity Development - ACT for Youth. https://actforyouth.net/adolescence/identity.cfm

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There are a number of resources that can be used as a parent to help a child develop their identity

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To help children achieve a positive identity, parents should focus on four areas of development: personal power, self-esteem, sense of purpose and a positive view of one’s personal future.

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There is a site that helps children build the strength of character that empowers them through a lifetime of new challenges. They help by creating learning experiences that build inner strength, self-confidence, and resilience that kids can carry to everything they do.

Who is First Tee and what do they do?

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Since its inception in 1997, First Tee has been a collaborative effort between the LPGA, the Masters Tournament, the PGA of America, the PGA TOUR, and the USGA to ensure that golf is affordable and accessible for all children. Alongside introducing the game, they also implemented a life skills curriculum that fosters values such as honesty, integrity, perseverance, and respect, which are integral to golf. This initiative has been a game-changer for both the kids and our organization. For more than twenty years, they have remained dedicated to helping children develop character strengths and essential life skills through the game while providing them with opportunities for personal growth in a fun and secure environment. Although they initially started on golf courses, we have expanded our program to include physical education classes nationwide through our in-school and after-school programs.

Who is Bronfenbrenner?

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He was a Russian born American Psychologist best known for his theory of better understanding human development

Gender Stereotypes

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From a young age, boys are often encouraged to explore the outdoors and have exciting experiences, while girls are typically expected to stay at home and complete household tasks. In many societies, girls are discouraged from taking the lead in any type of relationship and by the age of 10, they may already feel that their physical appearance is their most valuable asset.

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Over the years, society has come to realize that the stereotypes associated with "masculine" and "feminine" activities and behaviors are not only inaccurate but also restrict a child's growth. It is important to understand that these interests have no bearing on an individual's gender identity.

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Ey, L.-A. (2016). Sexualised music media and children’s gender role and self-identity development: a four-phase study. Sex Education, 16(6), 634–648. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681811.2016.1162148

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It's fascinating to see how children become aware of gender expectations from a young age. Studies across different cultures have shown that by the time they're two or three years old, children already understand gender roles. And by the age of four or five, they are fully immersed in the culturally defined roles considered appropriate for their gender. This happens through the process of socialization, where children learn to behave in ways that align with the values, beliefs, and attitudes of their society.

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Children who have the freedom to explore a variety of toys, are exposed to non-traditional gender roles, and have parents and caregivers who encourage them to engage in non-traditional play (such as boys nurturing dolls or girls playing doctor) often develop more inclusive perspectives on gender and are less likely to adhere to gender stereotypes.

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