Mapping Jim Crow Colonialism by Mario Obando https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl Visualizing spatially the histories of Jim Crow Colonialism in Central America en-us 2022-03-18 20:52:59 UTC 2025-11-19 19:59:30 UTC hello@padlet.com 1912: 26 year old Hugh Wilson arrives in Guatemala City as U.S. "charge d' affaires": Wilson learned of the maintenance of a "strict racial segregtion association with the Jim Crow South but also emphasized the performance of racial superiority common to colonial settings" (Colby, 596) mobandojr https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2102557909 superiority common to colonial settings" (Colby, 596)]]> 2022-03-18 22:08:23 UTC https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2102557909 1904: Minor Keith is mentor to Victor Cutter where Cutter "learned the business of banana growing and negro management" mobandojr https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2102561387 2022-03-18 22:13:58 UTC https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2102561387 1900s: "Canal Zone was only the most visible example of an expansive U.S. empire that was transplanting its domestic and racial labor practices throughout the Caribbean Basin, including the north Coast of Guatemala" (Colby,599) mobandojr https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2102562702 2022-03-18 22:16:22 UTC https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2102562702 Jim Crow in the American South: "The impact of American racial practices abroad during an earlier era of U.S. expansion and foreign people's complex responses remains largely unexamined...The Spanish Caribbean was a 'colonial region dominated by the decisions of U.S. capitalists." (Colby, 598) mobandojr https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2102565414 2022-03-18 22:21:58 UTC https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2102565414 Guatemala https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2108478414 In 1861, Conservative President Rafael Carrera and others believed that "English speaking negros thus introduced could not be assimilated with their already mixed population." (Colby, pg. 601)
-Marian Arcos]]> 2022-03-22 22:34:15 UTC https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2108478414 Guatemala https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2108482491 In 1871, Justo Rufino Barrios, a wealthy coffee planter, led Liberal rebels "overthrow the Conservative government and ushered in a new era of Guatemalan history". (Colby, pg 601)
-Marian Arcos]]> 2022-03-22 22:39:51 UTC https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2108482491 1913: U.S. "Officials pushed to evict their black workers [and] the British government sought to prevent their return to their economically depressed home islands." (Colby, 607)- Erik Garcia Montoya https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2108663641 2022-03-23 01:12:07 UTC https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2108663641 1910: William Wright, Leader of a West Indian Revolt, is lynched. "Although none of the United Fruit's managers were harmed (during the revolt), returning white employees murdered several West Indians." (Colby, 612) - Erik Garcia Montoya https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2108716921 2022-03-23 01:42:49 UTC https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2108716921 Izabal, Guatemala maraly1 https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2108726848 "Escaped slaves had resided in Izabal since the colonial era and the north coast also held a sizeable population of Garifuna"(Colby 601)
The Garifunas are descendants of African slaves deposited on the Central American Coast by the British in 1797.
-Marilyn Ortiz]]> 2022-03-23 01:48:48 UTC https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2108726848 Guatemala maraly1 https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2108734477 The world coffee prices collapsed in 1897. Guatemalan liberals had to leave behind their plans to maintain national ownership of the Northern Railroad. (Colby 605)
-Marilyn Ortiz]]> 2022-03-23 01:53:38 UTC https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2108734477 Guatemala https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2110602384 ...Many Guatemalan police and military officials expressed this rising racism by stepping up harassment of ladino women engaged in relationships with West Indians. They often referred to such women as "Mujeres de mala conducta"—in essence, whores—and sometimes as "negreras," or "women who groups with blacks (Colby,613-614)
- Sebastian Delgado ]]> 2022-03-23 21:49:17 UTC https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2110602384 Guatemala https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2110614245 In the early 1880s, the life awaiting them proved all too familiar. Labor contractors misled black workers about wages and living conditions, and white overseers transplanted Jim Crow practices to Guatemala, confining black workers to menial positions and demanding they address all whites as "mister." (Colby, 603).
- Sebastian Delgado ]]> 2022-03-23 22:02:27 UTC https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2110614245 Morales, Guatemala 1904 https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2111065060
An important and central concept to Colby's essay is the white ventures that take part in creating the fruit companies' workforce and the ideas that they had about the workforce. Specifically, Victor Cutter was a Dartmouth educated superintendent of the fruit company who "educated" a US ambassador about affairs in Guatemala City. Cutter focused on "educating" the US ambassador on managing the United Fruit Company. "During Wilson's visits, Cutter schooled his friend in the racial etiquette of United Fruit's enclave, where company officials not only maintained the strict racial segregation associated with the Jim Crow South but also emphasized the performance of racial superiority common to colonial settings (Colby 595-596)." Namely, Morales was one of the regions addressed in this conversation. Victor Cutter and the US ambassador are pictured in the image above. 

-Allyson Blanco

]]> 2022-03-24 03:53:31 UTC https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2111065060 Cuba, 1913 https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2111092471
“Such constraints on action were familiar to whites throughout the imperial world, and they hinted at both the Jim Crow culture of the U.S. Caribbean empire and nonwhite resistance to that racial order” (Colby 597).  In his study of the U.S. Caribbean sugar industry, for example, César J. Ayala describes the Spanish Caribbean as a “colonial region dominated by the decisions of U.S. capitalist” (Colby 598). Moreover, this quote further prompts one to think about these ventures, forms of ownership, and wealth accumulation on behalf of White Americans in the Global South as connected to US domestic race making.

-Allyson Blanco

]]> 2022-03-24 04:18:59 UTC https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2111092471 Puerto Barrios, Guatemala https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2112701157 "The tenuous nature of this 'negro management' was revealed on a trip Wilson and Cutter took to Puerto Barrios. 'Three negroes loaded a handcar onto the track. Cutter and I sat on the front bench with our guns, and the negroes set the gasoline engine in movement... Don't shoot! In a hushed tone he explained to the startled WIlson, 'Didn't you see those ni****s' eyes bulge at the first shot?" (Colby.4). 

-Nicole Briseno]]> 2022-03-24 22:08:16 UTC https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2112701157 Izabal, Guatemala https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2112710958 Where a sizeable population of Garífuna resided. The Garífuna's were descendants of African slaves depositied on the Central American coast by the British in 1797 (Colby.8)

-Nicole Briseno]]> 2022-03-24 22:21:10 UTC https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2112710958 Limon, Costa Rica Late 1800s https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2113042992 Puerto Limon was founded in the late 1800s as a port city to ship bananas and other food products abroad. 

-Allyson Blanco ]]> 2022-03-25 02:39:44 UTC https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2113042992 Zacapa, Guatemala https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2114387353 "Poor conditions and racial abuse spurred African-American workers to flee work camps by the hundreds. When possible, they returned home, but many escaped inland. The ladino culture they encountered in the Guatemalan interior contained racist sentiments, to be sure, but anti-black discrimination was rarely institutionalized to the same degree as in the U.S. South. In the railroad hub of Zacapa, for example, black men could stroll arm-in-arm with white or ladino women, and black residents suffered no legal segregation. Not surprisingly, by the late 1900s, Zacapa had become an important center for Guatemala's African-American residents, several of whom opened businesses" (Colby, 603-604). 
-Melissa Riley ]]> 2022-03-25 19:46:47 UTC https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2114387353 Guatemala https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2114412112 "In 1871, Liberal rebels led by wealthy coffee planter Justo Rufino Barrios overthrew the Conservative government and ushered in a new era of Guatemalan history. The ensuing Barrios dictatorship (1873-1885) passed taxes and labor laws designed to force Mayan Indians into agricultural labor and trap them in a cycle of debt peonage"(Colby, 601) -Samantha Lang]]> 2022-03-25 20:15:31 UTC https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2114412112 Panama https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2114420786 " Labor contractors misled black workers about wages and living conditions, and white overseers transplanted Jim Crow practices to Guatemala, confining black workers to menial positions and demanding they address all whites as "mister"(Colby,603). Railroad contractors also called on the Guatemalan state to hunt down runaway workers and break strikes, encouraging local ladino officials to engage in antiblack violence. Such practices helped set the patterns of black ladino relations on the north coast"(Colby, 603) -Samantha Lang]]> 2022-03-25 20:25:18 UTC https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2114420786 Guatemala https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2114499701 In autumn 1904, United Fruit's board of directors approved large-scale banana plantations in Guatemala. Serious efforts at development began in 1906, when the company appointed twenty-five-year-old Victor Cutter to direct its Guatemala division. Like its counterparts throughout the imperial world, United Fruit transplanted domestic conceptions of race, labor, and civilization to its colonial sphere in Guatemala.  (Colby, 606) - Jacqueline Macias]]> 2022-03-25 22:24:58 UTC https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2114499701 Guatemala https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2114505166 Like company officials throughout United Fruit's empire, they used a variety of forms of domination. Perhaps most important, they maintained strict labor segmentation along racial lines, reserving supervisory and clerical positions for whites and confining black workers to heavy plantation and stevedore work. The pay system reflected this division: whites received monthly salaries; workers of color were paid by the task, often scrip valid only at company commissaries. (Colby, 608) - Jacqueline Macias]]> 2022-03-25 22:35:27 UTC https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2114505166 Costa Rica https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2115008295 August 1884.
The First African-Americans arrived and over the following three decades, as many as 20,000 came to the north coast. They mostly came from Louisiana and they were welcomed the opportunity to escape the rising unemployment and racial violence of the U.S. South. Unfortunately, the life awaiting will be very familiar. 
- Adriana Saldaña]]> 2022-03-26 17:58:42 UTC https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2115008295 Guatemala https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2115027315 Wilson says in the "black moist night" a "line of negroes stripped to the waist and bare-footed, each bent under the load of a huge bunch of bananas up the wharf, "where they passed their burden into holding through a chain gang of handlers." 
- Adriana Saldana]]> 2022-03-26 18:33:06 UTC https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2115027315 Louisiana, USA https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2115036985 The first African Americans arrived in August 1884, and over the following three decades, as many as twenty thousands came to the north coast. Hailing mostly from Louisiana and neighboring states, these men welcomed the opportunity to escape the rising unemployment and racial violence of the U.S South. 

- Sabrina Martin]]> 2022-03-26 18:51:13 UTC https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2115036985 El Atlantico, Guatemala https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2115095033 “As in Panama, The domestic U.S culture of white supremacy played a central role in shaping labor control and race relation on Guatemala’s north coast. coast. But as in all colonial encounters, the internal society powerfully influenced interactions on the ground” (Colby, pg 600)- Natalie Rivera ]]> 2022-03-26 20:44:45 UTC https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2115095033 Lívingston, Guatemala https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2115096359 “Escaped slaves had resided in the Izabal and Petén provinces since the colonial era, and the north coast also held a sizeable population of Garifuna. Often called "black Caribs," the Garifuna were descendants of African slaves deposited on the Central American coast by the British in 1797. Most resided in Livingston, at the mouth of Guatemala's Dulce River, where they fiercely resisted the central state's efforts to assimilate them”. (Colby, pg 601) - Natalie Rivera]]> 2022-03-26 20:47:43 UTC https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2115096359 Penonomé District, Panama https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2115132800  This combination of American and ladino racism placed West Indians in a tenuous position, and they responded in a variety of ways. Some called on the British government for support; others departed Guatemala. But many turned to racial solidarity, and as in Cuba, Panama, Costa Rica, and the U.S. mainland, black workers welcomed Marcus Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) pg. 618

Oscar E. Garcia]]> 2022-03-26 22:21:55 UTC https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2115132800 Guatemala https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2115133617  This caste system also extended to the company's new enclave on Guatemala's Pacific coast. Frances Emery-Waterhouse, the wife of United Fruit manager Russell Waterhouse, observed that on her plantation, "social strata are as sharply observed as machete blades, and one must conform." "The fine and cultured Latin-American employees and their families were snubbed and slighted by the North Americans" and treated with "ill-disguised contempt," she noted, and "because I made no secret of my liking for [them], I was sharply criticized."
pg. 617

Oscar E. Garcia]]> 2022-03-26 22:24:30 UTC https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2115133617 North Coast of Guatemala https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2115140174  
"In reality, the Canal Zone was only the
 most visible example of an expansive U.S. empire that was transplanting its
 domestic racial and labor practices throughout the Caribbean Basin, including
 the north coast of Guatemala." (Colby, pg 599)

Dalia Villa

]]> 2022-03-26 22:46:02 UTC https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2115140174 Cuba https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2115141138 " United Fruit's approach to medical care was equally racialized. As in
 Cuba, Panama, and Costa Rica, company engineers on Guatemala's north coast
 drained swamps, poisoned mosquito breeding grounds, built sewage systems,
 constructed managerial and worker housing, and built a modern hospital
 complex. But United Fruit's health policies revealed the racial limitations of its
 corporate culture." (Colby, pg 609)

Dalia Villa]]> 2022-03-26 22:49:31 UTC https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2115141138 Livingston, Guatemala https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2115143409 "In 1882, Barrios declared Livingston a free port and opened surrounding public lands for settlement. He also reached an agreement with U.S. railroad contractors for construction of a 'Northern Railroad,' which would connect the western coffee lands to the Atlantic shipping lanes through the new Caribbean port of Puerto Barrios, thereby circumventing Huntington's monopoly. Ironically, the project's labor needs spurred the large-scale black immigration that elites had previously rejected. Yet unlike Keith's Costa Rican railroad, then under construction with West Indian workers, the Northern Railroad relied on black American labor" (Colby, 603). - Julia Real]]> 2022-03-26 22:56:46 UTC https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2115143409 Zacapa, Guatemala https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2115149133 "In September 1907, for example, provincial governor Enrique Arias entered a Zacapa saloon owned by black American Simon Shine, and, after demanding to see his business license, pistol-whipped him nearly to death. In response, Shine and several other black residents sent a plea directly to President Theodore Roosevelt asking him to 'protect us poor niggers from being beaten to death, we have no one to look to but you'. As Thomas Schoonover has noted, U.S. diplomats generally protested such abuses in an effort to build Guatemalan respect for American citizenship. Yet antiblack violence placed them in an awkward position. Not only were Guatemalan abuses of black immigrants often instigated by white Americans but U.S. officials generally shared the prejudices of their countrymen" (Colby, 604). - Julia Real]]> 2022-03-26 23:16:25 UTC https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2115149133 Guatemala https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2115152107 "In return for completing the Northern Railroad, Keith would receive a ninety-nine-year lease on the line and 168,000 acres of land concessions along its route through the north coast's Motagua River valley. Four years later, Keith's workers finished the line, finally connecting Guatemala City and the western coffee lands to Puerto Barrios on the Caribbean" (Colby, p605)

Giannina Ayala]]> 2022-03-26 23:26:01 UTC https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2115152107 Costa Rica https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2115158486 "As in Costa Rica, this combination of railroad monopoly and vast landholdings laid the foundation for United Fruit's colonial enclave" (Colby, p 606).
Giannina Ayala]]> 2022-03-26 23:47:42 UTC https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2115158486 Guatemala https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2115161699 In April 1896, for example, a white mob removed an African-American man named Harper from a prison and lynched him. Railroad contractors also called on the Guatemalan state to hunt down runaway workers and break strikes, encouraging local ladino officials to engage in antiblack violence. Such practices helped set the patterns of black ladino relations on the north coast" (603) 
- Maria Cervantes]]> 2022-03-26 23:58:12 UTC https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2115161699 Cartago Province, Paso Marcos, Costa Rica https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2115212127 “Up until the 1870’s most of Costa Rica east of the capital was completely undevelooped just Miles and Miles of in penetrate rainforest”
-Podcast (11:22-11:32)]]> 2022-03-27 02:20:45 UTC https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2115212127 Santa Marta, Magdalena, Colombia https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2115214571 “In October 1938 32,000 banana workers go on strike” … “ The total number of strikers killed by the Columbian military exceeded 1000“
-podcast (44:38-44:43) & (48:33-48:40)]]> 2022-03-27 02:26:07 UTC https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2115214571 Costa Rica jocelyn_paniagua2 https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2115223320 "Cutter had joined United Fruit in 1904 and apprenticed under the legendary railroad builder and banana pioneer Minor C. Keith.
 His first overseas assignment had taken him to Costa Rica, where, according to Wilson, he "learned the business of banana growing and negro management."" (595) - Jocelyn Paniagua
]]> 2022-03-27 02:46:38 UTC https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2115223320 Puerto Barrios, Guatemala jocelyn_paniagua2 https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2115228929  "Like its counterparts throughout the imperial world, United Fruit transplanted domestic conceptions of race, labor, and civilization to its colonial sphere in Guatemala. Cutter and his subordinates, many of them drawn from the U.S. Northeast, sought to carve out an orderly and familiar world from the densely forested, disease-ridden north coast. At first, their efforts focused on expanding the rail network, constructing modern port facilities, and improving health and sanitation. This included redesigning the town of Puerto Barrios on a grid layout and constructing a modern sewage system. By the late 1900s,however, they focused increasingly on the banana plantations themselves. They dubbed their division headquarters "Virginia," locating it in the large land concession of Quiriguá. Soon farms sprang up along the Northern Railroad and its feeder lines" (606) - Jocelyn Paniagua]]> 2022-03-27 03:01:30 UTC https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2115228929 Panama https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2115240468 And as in Panama, Hispanic residents resented this Jim Crow colonialism. 
American discrimination toward Hispanics clashed sharply with ladinos own notions of racial hierarchy and nationalism. Since the 1870's, Liberal elites had encourage ed ladinos to view themselves as the core identity of the nation, superior to the mayan majority. Yet in the banana enclave, with few exceptions they found themselves on the "colored" side of the color line. Such conditions encouraged not only anti- American resentment by racial tension within the workforce, as ladino laborers sought to distance themselves from blacks and claim the benefits of citizenship and racial supremacy. In fact, for many frustrated ladino. black immigrants became a symbol of US. domination. (pg 618) - Sabrina Martin ]]> 2022-03-27 03:29:49 UTC https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2115240468 Cuba https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2115272524 "United Fruit remained ruthless in its mission. In partnership with the U.S. government, it would go on to overthrow the government of Guatemala in the 1950s, and in the 1960s, it participated in the Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba, an attempt to overthrow Fidel Castro, which led to the Cuban Missile Crisis. " The United Fruits push for dominance even came to the point where it wanted to overthrow a government to get its way.
-Isaac M

]]> 2022-03-27 04:52:31 UTC https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2115272524 Honduras https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2115273871 "All they really needed to meet this demand was more land and more labor. So Keith began traveling to other countries in Central and South America - Guatemala, Honduras, Colombia - making deals with their governments. He'd help them build infrastructure like he'd done in Costa Rica if they gave him land, and they agreed." Unfortunately the beautiful country of Honduras was another conquest of Keiths as he pushed to dominate south america.

-Isaac M]]> 2022-03-27 04:55:46 UTC https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2115273871 Guatemala https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2115302224  African Americans who struck or fled their labor camps risked repression from a Guatemalan state determined to have its railroad. This was particularly evident during a three-year strike by railroad workers from 1898 to 1901, which heightened antiblack hostility among Guatemalan elites and officials.  

Vladimir Terrones]]> 2022-03-27 06:07:48 UTC https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2115302224 Guatemala https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2115308184  By the mid-i88os, U.S. contractors

 had completed rail lines from Guatemala's western coffee lands to its Pacific

 coast. But the Pacific ports were too shallow for efficient commerce, and

 steamship service remained unreliable.
(Pg 602, Colby) 
- Cameron Xiao
]]> 2022-03-27 06:23:22 UTC https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2115308184 Puerto Barrios, Guatemala https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2115310053  On 3 October 1909, for example,

 Puerto Barrios residentjosé Molina Flores complained that, on his family's lands,

 "there have been introduced various Jamaicans with dark color and kinky hair for

 the purpose of cultivating various plants and especially bananas." He demanded

 that municipal authorities evict the undesirable residents. (Pg 607, Colby)
-Cameron Xiao
]]> 2022-03-27 06:27:58 UTC https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2115310053 Guatemala https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2115314175 Nevertheless, United Fruit's policy of racial segmenatation ensured that it's workforce remained internally divided. As a result, when a large strike erupted on the north coast in February 1923, ladino laborers focused their anger not on United Fruit but on their black coworkers. Pg 619

Vladimir Terrones]]> 2022-03-27 06:37:43 UTC https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2115314175 Panama https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2116467204 1985 
"The Canal Zone was only the most visible example of an expansive U.S. empire that was transplanting its domestic racial and labor practices throughout the Caribbean Basin, including the north coast of Guatemala." Emma Jauregui]]> 2022-03-28 06:06:57 UTC https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2116467204 Guatemala https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2116471758 1867
 "These Indians," he explained, "divided into or belonging to different tribes, and speaking different dialects, are peaceful, docile, and generally inclined to work, but strongly addicted to their own habits, ways and customs. Only through white immigration and the leadership of a light-skinned elite, such men argued, could the nation overcome its
 backward Indian majority." Emma Jauregui]]> 2022-03-28 06:10:42 UTC https://padlet.com/mobandojr/nrygf3vhm3vhngtl/wish/2116471758