How it affects businesses: Issuing and enforcing mandatory standards; banning consumer products if no standard would adequately protect the public.


How it affects employees: By making these products being manufactured safer for the general public it is also making them less dangerous for the employees manufacturing them. This is only true for some of the products because of the limited jurisdiction of the CPSC.


How it affects consumers: The Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) protects the public from unreasonable risks of serious injury or death from thousands of types of consumer products under its jurisdiction, including products that pose a fire, electrical, chemical, or mechanical hazard or can injure children. The complaint filed against Dr.Reddy states that his laboratories violated the Consumer Product Safety Act by manufacturing drugs that did not meet the requirements.


Revisions: There are no court cases regarding the revision of the agency because there is no need because the only revision that takes place is the changing of bosses. For the first time since February 2017, when then-Chairman Elliot Kaye stepped down as leader of the agency, the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) has a permanent chairman. On October 7, 2021, the U.S. Senate confirmed Alexander Hoehn-Saric as Chairman (and Commissioner) of the CPSC by voice vote. Some accomplishments are that in 2010, CPSC created the Office of Education, Global Outreach, and Small Business Ombudsman to coordinate and provide outreach to various domestic and international stakeholders, including manufacturers, retailers, resellers, small businesses, and foreign governments.  The office is dedicated to addressing the questions and concerns of the regulated community. CPSC created a full-time Small Business Ombudsman position in FY 2011 to serve the nation’s many small businesses in the area of product safety.


Links to three (3) court cases that have involved this agency, policy, law, or regulation:
1. The complaint filed against Dr.Reddy states that his laboratories violated the Consumer Product Safety Act by manufacturing drugs that did not meet the requirements.

2. The Consumer Product Safety Commission has sued Amazon to pressure the retail giant to recall hundreds of thousands of potentially hazardous products
3. Sarah L. Wilson Lawsuit against chicken manufactures

Sources (links): https://www.inc.com/encyclopedia/consumer-product-safety-commission-cpsc.html#:~:text=The%20Consumer%20Product%20Safety%20Commission,the%20use%20of%20consumer%20products.

The Clayton Antitrust Act was created to address the weaknesses in the Sherman Antitrust Act by expanding the list of prohibited business practices that would prevent a level playing field for all businesses. Woodrow Wilson signed the Clayton Anti-trust act into law in 1914  to strengthen the Sherman anti-trust act.

The purpose of the Clayton antitrust act is to prevent unfair methods of competition. It was created to change some of the downsides of the Sherman Antitrust act. Aside from banning the practices of price discrimination and anti-competitive mergers, the new law also declared strikes, boycotts, and labor unions legal under federal law. The Clayton Anti-trust act works against creating a monopoly which is a single company that controls an entire industry.

The Clayton Anti-Trust act affects businesses in many different ways such as anti-competitive mergers, predatory and discriminatory pricing, and other forms of unethical corporate behavior. Antitrust laws are often used by businesses to prevent monopolies from having a negative impact on consumers, such as fixed prices, a lack of product selection, and corporations collaborating to raise prices in specific areas.

The Clayton Anti-trust act prohibits employees from creating unfair competition found in the work area. 

Employees are also allowed to conduct strikes, boycotts, and labor unions legally under federal law.

The Clayton Antitrust act is very beneficial to consumers. For consumers, there is more access to different brands and companies to choose from. The availability to choose from different products and manufacturers is very important in the consumer mindset as they are not forced to gravitate toward a particular brand. For example, T-Mobile wanted to purchase Verizon after purchasing sprint, but the government did not allow it as it would be unfair competition. There need to be many brands that the consumer would go for or else it would be a monopoly.

The Clayton antitrust act has been revised. Two portions of the Clayton antitrust act were revised to strengthen its requirements by the Robinson-Patman Act and the Celler-Kefauver Act. The Robinson-Patman amendment strengthened Section 2, which addresses pricing and other types of customer discrimination. The Celler-Kefauver Act strengthened Section 7, which prohibits one firm from securing either the stocks or the physical assets of another firm when the acquisition would reduce competition.

The revision was needed because there were many loopholes found within the act. There needed to be revisions made to strengthen the act so that companies could not find a way to conduct their illegal activities.

1. https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/347/514/

2. https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/380/592.html

3. https://www.jurist.org/commentary/2011/11/jim-chen-att-antitrust/

How it affects consumers:
Consumers are now more aware of what's in their products and are able to make better decisions for themselves and their families.

Revisions:
None.

Three links to court cases:

1.
 https://openjurist.org/530/f2d/1317/general-mills-inc-v-w-jones-general-mills-inc

2.
https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/8846774/Wall.html?sequence=2

Sources:

https://www.complianceonline.com/fair-packaging-and-labeling-act-fpla-background-summary-of-provisions-and-recent-amendments-12390-prdad#:~:text=The%20FPLA%20was%20enacted%20to,packaging%20of%20household%20consumer%20commodities.

How it affects businesses: t can give them a better reputation for how their working condition is for their employees. It affects how much they can pay their employees which is pretty obvious which also affects how much money they use. It's pretty hard to find examples for this one since it mainly is just about how much they pay their employees 

How it affects employees: affects how much people get paid and just the general work conditions are a lot better today because of this act provides an exemption from both minimum wage and overtime pay for employees employed. And it also affects how long the youth can work for(youth is under 16). It's so they don't get overworked and get fair pay, once you are 16 or above there is no limit on how many hours you can work 

How it affects consumers: It doesn't really affect consumers besides the fact that if the business has a good working condition the quality of your stuff will be better because everything in the work environment is good Product cost may differ from how much employees are getting paid which affect the consumers


Revisions: The FLSA initially established a 25-cent hourly minimum wage (now $7.25) and a 44-hour workweek (which was later reduced to 40 hours) but besides this there have not been many revisions, FLSA has been doing its job pretty well 


Links to three (3) court cases that have involved this agency, policy, law, or regulation:
1.https://www.oyez.org/cases/2005/03-1238

2.https://www.oyez.org/cases/2017/16-1362

3.https://www.oyez.org/cases/2013/12-417


Sources (links):https://www.nelp.org/commentary/fair-labor-standards-act-at-80-its-more-important-than-ever/#:~:text=more%20than%20ever.-,Congress%20enacted%20the%20FLSA%20to%20eliminate%20%E2%80%9Clabor%20standards%20detrimental%20to,method%20of%20competition%E2%80%9D%20against%20reputable

https://smallbusiness.chron.com/benefits-fair-labor-standards-act-2957.html#:~:text=The%20Fair%20Labor%20Standards%20Act%20benefits%20workers%20by%20regulating%20employment,possible%20civil%20or%20criminal%20violations

https://www.dol.gov/agencies/whd/flsa#:~:text=The%20Fair%20Labor%20Standards%20Act%20(FLSA)%20establishes%20minimum%20wage%2C,%2C%20State%2C%20and%20local%20governments.&text=Many%20states%20also%20have%20minimum%20wage%20laws

https://www.shrm.org/resourcesandtools/legal-and-compliance/employment-law/pages/flsa-after-80-years.aspx

https://www.dol.gov/agencies/whd/posters/flsa

https://www.peoplekeep.com/blog/how-does-the-flsa-affect-small-business#:~:text=The%20FLSA%20provides%20an%20exemption,professional%20and%20outside%20sales%20employee.&text=Although%20the%20federal%20law%20doesn,state%20laws%20may%20require%20it

How it affects employees: This law doesn't really impact employees. It mainly affects the business and the consumers.
How it affects consumers:

Revisions: In 1994, the act was amended, it amended the FTC Act to deny authority to the FTC to study, investigate, or prosecute agricultural cooperative for ant action not in violation of antitrust acts, or to study or investigate agricultura; marketing orders.
Links to three (3) court cases that have involved this agency, policy, law, or regulation:

1. https://www.ftc.gov/enforcement/cases
proceedings/2010065/richard-d-fairbank-us-v
2. https://www.ftc.gov/enforcement/cases-proceedings/1910153/board-dental-examiners-alabama-0
3. https://www.ftc.gov/enforcement/cases-proceedings/202-3179/resident-home-llc-matter
Sources (links):

How it affects employees:

How it affects consumers:
This law does not directly affect consumers.

Revisions:
Payments for workers’ compensation medical care had been increasing twice as much as those who were disabled. In response, Workers compensation adopted policies intended to improve program efficiency while controlling payments.

Links to three (3) court cases that have involved this agency, policy, law, or regulation:
1.https://localhost:6543/block_screen.html?id=689b80e2-de45-4307-8be8-0eb290aaf427
found 2 with this link
2.https://www.thehartford.com/workers-compensation/history

Sources (links):
https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v65n4/v65n4p7.html

How it affects employees: This law doesn't really impact employees. It mainly affects the business and the consumers.
How it affects consumers:

Revisions: In 1994, the act was amended, it amended the FTC Act to deny authority to the FTC to study, investigate, or prosecute agricultural cooperative for ant action not in violation of antitrust acts, or to study or investigate agricultura; marketing orders.
Links to three (3) court cases that have involved this agency, policy, law, or regulation:

1. https://www.ftc.gov/enforcement/cases
proceedings/2010065/richard-d-fairbank-us-v
2. https://www.ftc.gov/enforcement/cases-proceedings/1910153/board-dental-examiners-alabama-0
3. https://www.ftc.gov/enforcement/cases-proceedings/202-3179/resident-home-llc-matter
Sources (links):

2.
https://www.natlawreview.com/article/third-circuit-affirms-decision-to-reject-ftc-s-false-advertising-claims-against
3.
https://www.reuters.com/legal/litigation/dc-appeals-court-empowers-consumer-nonprofits-hormel-false-ad-case-2021-09-03/
Sources (links):
https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/media-resources/truth-advertising 

https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/false_advertising 

https://www.justia.com/consumer/deceptive-practices-and-fraud/false-advertising/
 

https://gradaustralia.com.au/diversity/what-does-equal-opportunity-in-the-workplace-mean 

https://www.findlaw.com/civilrights/discrimination/employment-discrimination-u-s-supreme-court-cases.html