Hello and warm greetings!

If you’ve stumbled upon this, you’ve likely already seen my name above but you can simply call me Amira.

This Padlet was created as part of our pair assessment for the subject Global Englishes (EIC453). Together with my partner, Nazu, we’ve delved into the fascinating world of English as used in both England and Australia. We’ve gathered a wide range of information for everyone to better understand how English evolves and adapts across different regions.

We hope you enjoy the journey as much as we did putting it together. Safe travels through our findings!

Hey there and welcome! ⋆˙⟡

Assalamualaikum and hi everyone!

I’m Nurul Ain Nazurah binti Arzmie – but feel free to call me -`Nazu´. I’m currently pursuing my Bachelor’s Degree in Applied Language Studies (HONS) English for Intercultural Communication (LG243) at UiTM Shah Alam.

This Padlet is part of our pair assessment for the subject Global Englishes (EIC453). Together with my awesome partner Amira, we’ve explored different varieties of English around the world. For my part, I’ll be diving into the fascinating world of Australian English from its history to its unique slang.

I hope you’ll find our work both insightful and enjoyable. Thanks so much for stopping by and happy exploring! (˶˃ ᵕ ˂˶)

- DEMOGRAPHIC OF THE SPEAKERS

• BACKGROUND OF THE COUNTRY

• HISTORY OF ENGLISH

• SENTENCES

• VIDEO RECORDINGS

• IPA TRANSCRIPTION

• LANGUAGE VARIATION

- PHONEMIC VARIATION

-PROSODIC VARIATION

-LEXICAL VARIATION

• ENTERTAINMENT

• CONCLUSION

• REFLECTION

• REFERENCES

According to Danwyn (2019), when two vowel sounds are combined, diphthong is created.

In AusE, diphthong /əʉ/ are used instead of /əʊ/  in words like “go” (/ɡəʉ/), "cold" (/kəʉld/), and “no” (/nəʉ/). These words are pronounced with a centralized start and contrasts with the /oʊ/ used in General American English.

Other than that, AusE commonly uses fronted /æɪ/ in words like “rain” and “amazed,” which is different from other dialects’ more closed /eɪ/. A pronunciation that begins closer to the front of the mouth results from this fronting. These features distinguish AusE sharply from British RP.

• Monophthongal:

  
  

According to Colt J. (2017), when a syllable contains only one vowel sound, it is called monophthong.

In AusE, broad /aː/ is used in words like “car” (/kaː/) and “park” (/paːk/) are similar with Southern British, but often longer. Meanwhile, another monophthong used is unrounded /ɐ/ in unstressed syllables like “colorful” (/ˈkɐləfʊl/) and “dancer” (/ˈdænsɐ/) which are different from schwa sound in British English /ə/ or rhotic sound in American English /ɚ/. This sound is made in the middle of the mouth and doesnt involve rounding the lips.

According to Chukwu C. (2024), the tongue does not change position during the articulation of the vowel, instead, it stays static. Since there is no glide, they only have one vowel quality, making them constant sounds.   

• Rhoticity :  

  
  

Rhoticity can be classified as rhotic or non-rhotic. Rhotic is when the /r/ sound is used and when /r/ is dropped, it is called non-rhotic, says Wood S. (2020).

Australian English is non-rhotic which means the /r/ sound at the end of words like “water” and “daughter” is typically not pronounced unless followed by a vowel which is in contrast with American English.

For example, after the /r/ dropping, water is pronounce as /ˈwoːtə/ and daughter is pronounce as /ˈdɔːtə/. These variations do not change the original meaning of the words.

According to Nordquist R. (2025), the term “diphthong” originates from Greek and signifies two voices or two sounds.

In British Accent , diphthongs are often more clear and rounded than in General American English. For example the word “by” → /baɪ . This uses the diphthong /aɪ/, moving from an open vowel [a] to a high front [ɪ]. British English maintains the clarity and separation of the two vowel elements. Another word is “down” → /daʊn/. It contains the diphthong /aʊ/ , low to high-back glide. In some Northern British accents, this might shift to /aː/ or have a flatter sound, but here it is clearly diphthongal.

• Vowel Pronunciation:

  
  

As defined in Cambridge dictionary, a vowel means  is a type of speech sound made when air flows freely through the mouth without any obstruction from the tongue, lips, or teeth.

The word “water” is pronounced /ˈwɔːtə/, where the /ɔː/ vowel is rounded and back, distinct from the flatter /ɑ/ sound more typical in American English. Also, word “car”, the speaker uses /kɑː/, with a long open vowel and no pronounced /r/. This contrasts sharply with rhotic accents like General American or Irish English, which would retain the /r/.

• Rhoticity

  
  

Rhotic speakers pronounce the /r/ sound whereas non-rhotic speakers usually leave the /r/ silent,( Nordiquist R., 2019 ).

In words like “water”, “daughter”, and “car”, the /r/ aren't articulated. These words are verbalized as /ˈwɔːtə/, /ˈdɔːtə/, and /kɑː/, individually. The nearness of stretched vowels in put of /r/ assist confirms this design. This is typically a common characteristic in most English highlights talked in England. Thus, British accents are non-rhotic. 

Intonation in British English is more dynamic but often with narrower pitch range then American English.

For example, declarative sentences such as “It’s a bit windy here by the beach” end with a falling intonation, indicating completeness. In comparison, when saying “No!” in an exclamatory way , it is typically delivered with a rising intonation.

Also, when the speaker said “so we decided to head back before the weather got worse”, there is mild rise and fall intonation that reflects the cause and effect relationship in the sentence. Intonation focuses on how something is said, not just the actual words used , says Hudson J. (2016).

• Stress Patterns: 

  
  

In English, stress frequently falls on the initial syllable of a word . As for British English, the speaker maintains a stress-timed language.

According to  Englishglobalcom (2020), in a stress-timed language, stressed syllables occur at roughly equal intervals, while unstressed ones are compressed to maintain the rhythm.

For example, in the sentence “I wrote a long letter to my daughter” , the stress is placed on “wrote” (rəʊt)  , “letter”  (lɛtə) and “daughter” (dɔːtə) , while “to my” (tə maɪ) is weakened and reduced, producing the natural rhythm of English speech. Thus, placing stress on the correct syllables in longer English words helps your speech sound more natural, making you easier to understand and more like a native speaker.

• Pausing and Phrasing:

  
  

Pausing refers to making brief stops during speech, such as between words, phrases, or sentences. Phrasing is the way words are grouped together in a sentence to reflect their meaning and how they relate to each other.

For instance,  when speaker 1 reads the sentence “ We drove the car to the park, but it started raining, so we decided to head back… ”, the speaker pauses slightly at the natural phrase boundaries which are after “park” and “raining”.

The rhythm of British English is influenced by specific ways of pausing and phrasing words. Practicing these patterns helps you develop more natural-sounding speech and strengthens your overall language proficiency ( Raenkwoncha, 2023 ).

•  Intonation: 

  
  

According to Fletcher J. (2006), Australian English speakers frequently end their sentences that are not questions with rising intonation rather than falling.

In Australian English, it is often to hear a rising intonation at the end of a sentence even though it is not a question. It is called High Rising Terminal (HRT) or “uptalk”.

For example, the speaker says “I wrote a long letter to my daughter?” with a rising tone at the end of the sentence.

The rising intonation might make the speaker sound unsure and sounds like he is asking a question but it is actually a statement. 

• Stress Patterns: 

  
  

According to Mateski M. (2023), Stress syllables are the syllables that are given extra emphasis in the speaker's tone while speaking.

Australian English and British English have many of the same stress patterns but with slight differences. AusE occasionally has more equal rhythm, which means that syllables are spread more evenly in time, and words are often stressed in the same manner.  To say it another way, a secondary stress shift might occur.

For example, "achievements" may get stronger stress on the second syllable rather than the first like /əˈtʃiːvmənts/.

Moreover, even when the location of the stress hasn't changed, the use of rising intonation (HRT) can affect how stress is heard in a sentence.  

• Pitch Range: 

  
  

According to Esen S. (2023), in the majority of global languages, pitch is an essential component of both speaking and listening. One language that’s significance depends on voice intonation is English.

Pitch is important for longer sentences as well as individual words. People who speak Australian English tend to have flatter pitch than American or Irish English, but with expressive rises in casual speech. Others may perceive the accent as monotone and more neutral.

  In British English, there are many terms that differ from other English dialects. These differences in vocabulary occur due to reflecting historical usage, cultural practices or regional preferences that evolved separately over time.

For example, British English used “pepper” while Australian English used “capsicum”. Also the British used “lorry” for truck and “flat” for apartment. These terms are commonly used in British English.

• Spelling:

  
  

Even British people are occasionally taken off guard by the variances in spelling between British English and American English . The fundamental difference is that British English retains the spelling of terms borrowed from other languages, primarily French and German, (Irfan S., 2024) .

American English spellings are primarily based on how the word sounds when spoken. Words typically spelled with “-our” instead of “-or” such as “colour” and “color”. Furthermore, British English also used more “-ise” rather than “ize” , for example, “organise” and "organize” , “realised’ and “realize”. 

AusE includes many words that are not uncommon in other English dialects. These terms usually originate from the local culture or slang.

According to Radford A. (2024), the way they tend to shorten terms has made them known well throughout the English speaking world.

For example, terms like "ankle-biter" is for kids, "barbie" for barbeque, and "whinge" that refers to complaining used in Australian English. These words are often used in Australian speech and contribute to the language's unique regional character.

• Spelling: 

  
  

British-style spelling is used by Australian English despite the possibility of differences in pronunciation. This indicates that words are spelt with “ou” rather than only “o”, such as “colour” not “color” and “re” rather than “er” in “centre” or “center”.

Another example that includes the British spelling is “realise” instead of “realize”. Australians may pronounce some words differently than British or American English speakers, even though their spelling follows the British standards.

• Pronunciation of Shared Vocabulary:

  
  

AusE often pronounce the same words differently, even when they are used in many English dialects. Words like "dance" are pronounced /dæːns/ in Australian English, as opposed to /dɑːns/ in British RP or /dæns/ in American English. Even when the vocabulary and spelling are identical or the same, these variations in pronunciation help to distinguish Australian English.

In addition, Australia is rich with linguistic diversity. Australians speak a variety of languages, around 300 different languages. According to Powell et al., (2025) even though English is not the national language of the country, English is still the most spoken language used. At home, Australians also commonly speak Mandarin, Arabic, Vietnamese, Cantonese, and Punjabi as their second language other than English. 

Sydney is the largest city in Australia and it is located on the southern coast of Australia. Tourists are often attracted to pay a visit to this city because of its very interesting infrastructure. These buildings are very famous and well-known in Sydney. The buildings that are often talked about are Sydney Opera House and Sydney Harbour Bridge. Lambert T. (2021) says that Sydney was established when the first ship from England arrived in Australia in 1788 and it was named after Thomas Townshed, Lord Sydney. 

Age: 56 years old

Occupation: Machine Operator, Forklift Driver

Nationality: Australia

Lived in: Sydney

Accent: Australian English

According to Britannica (2025) , North Devon constitutes a district within the administrative and historical jurisdiction of Devon, situated in the southwestern region of England. It is bordered to the north and west by the Bristol Channel. The principal town and administrative center of the district is Barnstaple, which is located at the estuarine head of the River Taw.

Simon L. (2018) , states that Devon is widely recognized for its diverse attractions, including its striking coastal landscapes, scenic beaches, and the iconic Devonshire cream tea, all of which contribute to its status as a favored tourist destination. Notably, it is the only county in England that encompasses two National Parks and the sole county in the United Kingdom to feature a non-contiguous coastline along both its northern and southern borders.

Simon L. (2018) , states that Devon is widely recognized for its diverse attractions, including its striking coastal landscapes, scenic beaches, and the iconic Devonshire cream tea, all of which contribute to its status as a favored tourist destination. Notably, it is the only county in England that encompasses two National Parks and the sole county in the United Kingdom to feature a non-contiguous coastline along both its northern and southern borders.

Age: 19 years old

Occupation: Student at University of Sussex , England

Nationality : England, United Kingdom

Lived in: North Devon

Accent: British English