Concept: Actions that started in the past and continue in the present.

Use: For = duration, Since = starting point.

Structures: (+) Subject + have/has + past participle + for/since
(–) Subject + haven’t/hasn’t + past participle + for/since
(?) Have/Has + subject + past participle + for/since?

Examples:
(+): She has lived here for five years.
(–): They haven’t worked together since 2018.
(?): Have you studied English since last week?

Concept: Expresses preferences about past actions.

Use: Would rather + subject + had/hadn’t + past participle.

Structures: (+) Subject + would rather + subject + had + past participle
(–) Subject + would rather + subject + hadn’t + past participle
(?) Would you rather + subject + had + past participle?

Examples:
(+): I would rather you had finished your homework earlier.
(–): She would rather he hadn’t said that.
(?): Would you rather they had joined us yesterday?

Concept: Questions about experiences, changes, or actions relevant in the present.

Use: With question words: what, where, how, why, who, how long.

Structure: Question word + have/has + subject + past participle?

Examples:
What have you done today?
Where has she gone?
How long have they lived here?

Concept: Expresses actions that will happen in the future.

Use: Spontaneous decisions, predictions, promises or warnings.

Structures:
(+) Subject + will + base verb
(–) Subject + won’t + base verb
(?) Will + subject + base verb?

Examples:
(+): I will call you tomorrow.
(–): She won’t go to the party.
(?): Will they visit us next week?