https://padlet.com/alshami4/njoc9x8n9bx7c9m0 en-us 2021-04-05 19:22:19 UTC 2024-04-09 20:42:20 UTC hello@padlet.com alshami4 https://padlet.com/alshami4/njoc9x8n9bx7c9m0/wish/1384523449 In 1876, Scottish Neurologist David Ferrier published "The Functions of the Brain," a book describing his various experimental procedures on animals such as monkeys in regards to the brain, most of which were conducted in England. Ferrier's findings provided major advancements in regards to localization and function of cortical areas of the brain. Before the 19th century, the function of the cerebral cortex was unknown. However, Ferrier's experiments as described in his book helped describe the function of the cerebral cortex and provided evidence that brain function was localized. The book would cause a major shift in European beliefs regarding brain localization in the mid 19th century. The image below shows an excerpt of the title page of the book.

Source:

(1): https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laneur/article/PIIS1474-4422(16)30045-X/fulltext

(2):
https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/74/6/787

(3):
https://library.sydney.edu.au/collections/rare-books/online-exhibitions/medicine/ferrier.html









]]> 2021-04-05 19:37:17 UTC https://padlet.com/alshami4/njoc9x8n9bx7c9m0/wish/1384523449 alshami4 https://padlet.com/alshami4/njoc9x8n9bx7c9m0/wish/1384834289 Near the end of the 19th century,  British Neurosurgeon Sir Victor Horsley helped identify the localization of motor function. He discovered that motor function was localized in both pre and post-Rolandic tissue. Horsley conducted stimulation experiments on various ape species which helped him create a somatotopic map of a monkey motor cortex helping him localize motor function. 

Horsley's findings paved the way for other scientists such as Charles Sherrington and Harvey Cushing, who created more complex cortical maps in apes and humans, which eventually lead to future discoveries in ways to treat patients with degenerative diseases such as Parkinson's and Huntington's, providing major medical advancements in England and other European countries. 

The image below shows a somatotopic map of the primary motor cortex in humans, which could not have been created without Horsley's findings on the localization of motor function and mapping.


Source: 

(1):
https://thejns.org/focus/view/journals/neurosurg-focus/47/3/article-pE2.xml

(2):
https://slidetodoc.com/motor-cortex-organization-of-motor-cortex-motor-cortical/


]]> 2021-04-05 21:44:46 UTC https://padlet.com/alshami4/njoc9x8n9bx7c9m0/wish/1384834289 alshami4 https://padlet.com/alshami4/njoc9x8n9bx7c9m0/wish/1384892352 In 1855, Italian Anatomist Bartolomeo Panizza was the first to discover the functions of the Occipital Lobe. Panizza discovered that the Occipital Lobe plays an essential in vision. This finding provided more evidence towards the idea that brain function was localized in a time period in which the idea was not highly accepted in Europe. This would lead to more experimental procedures conducted around Europe to help provide more evidence towards the idea of brain localization, eventually leading to greater discoveries regarding the functions of other areas of the brain such as Wernicke's Area. The image below shows where the Occipital Lobe is located in regards to the brain.

Source:

(1): 
https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/171969/1/ZORA_NL_171969.pdf

(2):
https://brainmadesimple.com/occipital-lobe/


]]> 2021-04-05 22:17:54 UTC https://padlet.com/alshami4/njoc9x8n9bx7c9m0/wish/1384892352 alshami4 https://padlet.com/alshami4/njoc9x8n9bx7c9m0/wish/1384914874 In 1848, a major discovery of the function of the Frontal Lobe occurred due to a construction accident in Vermont in which an iron rod went through the head and destroyed a large part of the frontal lobe of construction worker Phineas Gage. After the accident, a major change in Gage's personality was noticed, providing evidence that the Frontal Lobes play a role in behavior and personality. 

The findings after the incident would provide a major advancement in the United States in regards to brain function, leading to future discoveries regarding varies parts of the Frontal Lobe such as the Prefrontal Cortex and Broca's area. The image below shows a picture of Phineas Gage after the incident.

Source: 
(1): https://thevarsity.ca/2010/01/07/explain-my-brain-frontal-lobes/#:~:text=The%20first%20major%20discovery%20of,the%20name%20of%20Phineas%20Gage.&text=Gage's%20injury%20offered%20the%20first,in%20personality%20and%20behavioural%20control.

(2): 
https://www.verywellmind.com/phineas-gage-2795244]]> 2021-04-05 22:33:04 UTC https://padlet.com/alshami4/njoc9x8n9bx7c9m0/wish/1384914874 alshami4 https://padlet.com/alshami4/njoc9x8n9bx7c9m0/wish/1384974627 Korbinian Brodmann would be the best individual to guide you through this exhibit. Brodmann was a German neurologist born on November 17, 1868 in Hohenfels, Germany. Brodmann was most well know for mapping the cerebral cortex into 52 different areas based on structure and function called "Brodmann's Areas" in his book "Localisation in the cerebral cortex" published in 1909.

Brodmann's was ahead of his time in regards to knowledge of the brain, his initial understanding of how all areas of the brain worked would lay the foundation for future research and discoveries regarding the brain. Brodmann's areas are still used today by scientists and researchers when referring to specific brain areas and functions.

Source:
(1): https://www.nature.com/articles/461884a

(2): 
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00415-010-5784-0

]]> 2021-04-05 23:15:28 UTC https://padlet.com/alshami4/njoc9x8n9bx7c9m0/wish/1384974627 alshami4 https://padlet.com/alshami4/njoc9x8n9bx7c9m0/wish/1385050546 In 1806, French Physician Julien Jean-Cesar Legallois discovered that the medullary region of the brain played a vital role in survival due to the area containing a respiratory region. This discovery was made during an experiment in which Legallois removed a section of the medulla in rabbits and found that they were unable to breathe. Legallois was then able to find that there was a respiratory center in the medulla responsible for respiration. This was a very important European discovery in the 19th century that helped European scientists get closer to discovering the function of all areas of the brain and proving the theory that brain function is localized.

The image below shows where the medulla is located in regards to the brainstem and brain as a whole.



Source:
(1): https://sciencetrends.com/functions-of-the-medulla-oblongata/#:~:text=The%20discovery%20of%20the%20medulla,rabbits%2C%20they%20continued%20to%20breathe.

(2):
https://www.neuroscientificallychallenged.com/blog/know-your-brain-medulla-oblongata




]]> 2021-04-06 00:02:59 UTC https://padlet.com/alshami4/njoc9x8n9bx7c9m0/wish/1385050546 alshami4 https://padlet.com/alshami4/njoc9x8n9bx7c9m0/wish/1385106150 A Craniotomy is a common surgical brain procedure used today most commonly in the United States, Europe, and Mediterranean countries. The procedure is conducted by temporary removing bone from the skull in order to make repairs in the brain. A Craniotomy is used to help remove blood clots, brain tumors, and repair aneurysms. 

The surgery is a highly risky procedure and requires an intensive knowledge of various areas of the brain. This surgery would not be possible without the discoveries regarding the functions of the different brain lobes and other brain areas because the surgery requires making changes in specific parts of the brain. The image below shows which parts of the brain are used in a Craniotomy.


Source: 
(1): https://www.frontrangeneurosurgery.com/is-a-craniotomy-a-serious-surgery/

(2):
https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/craniotomy



]]> 2021-04-06 00:29:01 UTC https://padlet.com/alshami4/njoc9x8n9bx7c9m0/wish/1385106150