Food Additives & VOC (BTEX) by Nurul Izzah Binti Abdul Samad https://padlet.com/izzahsamad/nik74vctip7151v8 GTK301 en-us 2020-04-13 06:16:28 UTC 2024-11-20 21:32:06 UTC hello@padlet.com 1. Food Additives izzahsamad https://padlet.com/izzahsamad/nik74vctip7151v8/wish/504181798 Substances added to food, generally in small quantities:
FOR:
  • Flavor enhancement
  • Taste preservation
  • Appearance improvement
  • Storage properties 

Definition
WHO/FAO – non-nutritious substances added intentionally, in small quantities to improve appearance, flavor, texture and storage properties.  Did not include nutritional supplements and non intentional additives
Codex Alimentarius – any substance,  including those of microbial origin not normally eaten as food stuff proper  but use causes substance or metabolites become constituent of food proper
]]> 2020-04-13 07:56:52 UTC https://padlet.com/izzahsamad/nik74vctip7151v8/wish/504181798 2. Purpose of Food Additives izzahsamad https://padlet.com/izzahsamad/nik74vctip7151v8/wish/504192901
  • to make more appealing (flavor & enhancer, colors, acidity)
  • to make more nutritious (vitamins & minerals)
  • to preserve freshness/ keep unspoiled (preservatives, antioxidants)
  • to make food easier to process (anticaking agents, humectants)
  • to keep stable during storage (stabilizer, thickener, emulsifier)
    • ]]>     2020-04-13 08:09:54 UTC https://padlet.com/izzahsamad/nik74vctip7151v8/wish/504192901     3. Disadvantages of F.A. izzahsamad https://padlet.com/izzahsamad/nik74vctip7151v8/wish/504197748
  • allergies (migraine, hyperactivity, rashes: tartrazine)
  • little is known about cumulative or combined effect of additives
  • bulking agents can deceive consumers
  • some additives destroy nutrients (suplhur dioxide destroys Vit. B)
  • sweetener can leave bitter after taste (saccharine)

    • ]]>     2020-04-13 08:14:29 UTC https://padlet.com/izzahsamad/nik74vctip7151v8/wish/504197748     4. Types of F.A. izzahsamad https://padlet.com/izzahsamad/nik74vctip7151v8/wish/504257401
  • intentional
    1. for restoration, enrichment, or fortification of the product
    2. to preserve, enhanced appearance, flavor and texture
  • incidental
    1. a substance that comes in contact with food during growth or processing (Pesticides, antibiotics, packaging materials, lubricants)
  • indirect 
    1. something present in the food package which may then be present in the food
    • ]]>     2020-04-13 09:16:56 UTC https://padlet.com/izzahsamad/nik74vctip7151v8/wish/504257401     5. Numbering of F.A. izzahsamad https://padlet.com/izzahsamad/nik74vctip7151v8/wish/504264646 Codex Alimentarius Commission assigned 'E numbers' to identify all additives, regardless they are approved for use or not.
    GRAS: Genrally Recognized As Safe (listed by US FDA)]]>     2020-04-13 09:23:51 UTC https://padlet.com/izzahsamad/nik74vctip7151v8/wish/504264646     6. Types of Intentional F.A. izzahsamad https://padlet.com/izzahsamad/nik74vctip7151v8/wish/504276622 Describe:
    a) function
    b) adverse effects
    of the following intentional F.A.:

    1. Saccharin
    2. Cyclamate
    3. Aspartame
    4. BHA/BHT
    5. MSGs
    ]]>     2020-04-13 09:36:09 UTC https://padlet.com/izzahsamad/nik74vctip7151v8/wish/504276622     7. Types of incidental F.A. (contaminants) izzahsamad https://padlet.com/izzahsamad/nik74vctip7151v8/wish/504281075 Describe:
    a) sources
    b) adverse effects
    of the following incidental F.A.:

    1. Pesticides
    2. Antibiotics
    3. Metals
    4. Plastic chemicals
    5. Formaldehyde
    ]]>     2020-04-13 09:40:38 UTC https://padlet.com/izzahsamad/nik74vctip7151v8/wish/504281075     1. VOC (BTEX) izzahsamad https://padlet.com/izzahsamad/nik74vctip7151v8/wish/505446409 VOC: Volatile Organic Compounds
    BTEX: Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, Xylene

    : Is classified as priority pollutants regulated by environmental and occupational associations around the globe. 

    ]]>     2020-04-14 00:47:30 UTC https://padlet.com/izzahsamad/nik74vctip7151v8/wish/505446409     2. Sources of BTEX izzahsamad https://padlet.com/izzahsamad/nik74vctip7151v8/wish/505449787
  • BTEX are contained in various household and industrial products such as paints and paint thinners, adhesives, nail polish, tobacco, and automobile products. 
  • The general population is exposed to these chemicals mainly through inhalation of ambient air; dermal exposure to products containing these solvents is also possible. 
  • Ingestion of drinking water contaminated with these chemicals is another possible pathway. 
  • Refinery and industry workers have a risk of occupational exposure.
  • According to the US EPA, the most likely source of BTEX pollution in the environment is due to leakage from underground gasoline storage tanks into ground water, leaching from landfills, and discharge from factories and refineries. 
    • ]]>     2020-04-14 00:51:55 UTC https://padlet.com/izzahsamad/nik74vctip7151v8/wish/505449787     3. Tasks on BTEX: izzahsamad https://padlet.com/izzahsamad/nik74vctip7151v8/wish/505452025 Describe:
    a) IARC classification
    b) adverse effects
    of the following BTEX type:

    1. Benzene
    2. Toluene
    3. Ethylbenzene
    4. Xylene
    ]]>     2020-04-14 00:54:41 UTC https://padlet.com/izzahsamad/nik74vctip7151v8/wish/505452025     Aletha Paneerselvam 139679 alethapan22 https://padlet.com/izzahsamad/nik74vctip7151v8/wish/507916343 Yoshini Palawisamy 139708]]> 2020-04-15 07:52:40 UTC https://padlet.com/izzahsamad/nik74vctip7151v8/wish/507916343 4. XYLENE https://padlet.com/izzahsamad/nik74vctip7151v8/wish/508414683 a) IARC classification
    • Stand for International Agency for Research on Cancer. 
    • Have devised a system of categories to evaluate the carcinogenicity of an agent to humans. 
    • Consists of 5 groups which are;
      • Group 1 (Carcinogenic to humans) because even its shows less sufficient evidence for human compare to animal but it has strong evidence in exposed humans that the agent acts in the mechanism of carcinogenicity. There are up to 111 agents such as cadmium, dioxins, and chromium (VI).
      •  Group 2A (Probably carcinogenic to humans) as there are limited and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and animals respectively. 66 agents are classified as Group 2A including acrylamide and red meat. 
      •  Group 2B (Possibly carcinogenic to humans) as there may be limited and less than sufficient for humans and animals respectively and 285 agents are categorized as Group 2B such as lead. 
      •  Group 3 (Not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans) shows inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity for both humans and animals and up to 505 agents are classified as Group 3 including the XYLENE that assigned to us together with sulphur dioxide and melamine. 
      • Group 4 (Probably not carcinogenic to humans) as there are lack of evidence in both humans and animals and consists only 1 agent. 

    • XYLENE is classified in Group 3 because it is proven that the XYLENE is not the pre-dominant exposure for cancer in the previous studies which are;
      • Two community case-control study (Brain cancer group and several types of cancer group
      • Two industry nested case-control study (Central Nervous System tumor group and one of the several sites group).
    • The results found in all of the studies are not strong enough to establish whether there is an association with xylene exposure. 

    • As in animal experimental such as rats, hepatic cytochrome P450 content and the activities of certain conjugation enzymes are increased upon inhalation exposure to meta-xylene but there is no confirmed evidence of genetic activity for any of the isomers. 

    b) Adverse effect of XYLENE
    • Irritation to eyes, nose and throat
    • Nausea
    • Vomiting
    • Acute pulmonary edema.
    • Difficulty in breathing
    • Respiratory depression
    • Systemic toxicity by ingestion or inhalation
    • Damage to lung and nervous system  (headache, dizziness, ataxia, drowsiness, excitement, tremor, and coma)
    • Ventricular arrythmias
    • Reversible hepatic impairment

    NURSHATIRA BINTI KHAMAROLLAH 139699
    NURIN HASYA BINTI MOHD NASIR 139698

    ]]>     2020-04-15 13:02:19 UTC https://padlet.com/izzahsamad/nik74vctip7151v8/wish/508414683     ASPARTAME dinizaip https://padlet.com/izzahsamad/nik74vctip7151v8/wish/508567630 2020-04-15 14:10:24 UTC https://padlet.com/izzahsamad/nik74vctip7151v8/wish/508567630 METALS nursyafiqah15545755 https://padlet.com/izzahsamad/nik74vctip7151v8/wish/510480221 amira and syafiqah ]]> 2020-04-16 11:47:31 UTC https://padlet.com/izzahsamad/nik74vctip7151v8/wish/510480221 MSG https://padlet.com/izzahsamad/nik74vctip7151v8/wish/510993586 MUHAMMAD HARITH BIN ZAIDI (139686) 
    NUR FARAH AMALIENA BINTI MOHD ZAHID (139694)

    ]]>     2020-04-16 15:33:04 UTC https://padlet.com/izzahsamad/nik74vctip7151v8/wish/510993586     Benzene https://padlet.com/izzahsamad/nik74vctip7151v8/wish/511925993 2020-04-17 01:42:21 UTC https://padlet.com/izzahsamad/nik74vctip7151v8/wish/511925993 Antibiotics https://padlet.com/izzahsamad/nik74vctip7151v8/wish/511930722 Syamimi binti Abd Rahman
    Nur Hannani binti Abdul Ghani]]>     2020-04-17 01:46:57 UTC https://padlet.com/izzahsamad/nik74vctip7151v8/wish/511930722     Intentional F.A (BHA/BHT) https://padlet.com/izzahsamad/nik74vctip7151v8/wish/512881211 Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and the related compound butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) are phenolic compounds that are often added to foods to preserve fats and oils and keep them from becoming rancid.
    BHA and BHT may have some antimicrobial properties, too. BHT is even sold in supplements, as an antioxidant
    Function:
    • as a deforming agent for yeast
    • stabilize fat
    • retain food smell, color and flavor. 
    Adverse effect
    • possibly carcinogenic to human if high intake
    • potential to weaken endocrine distruptor
    • may impact such organ as lung, liver, kidney, thyroid.
    • act as tumor promoter
    • may mimic estrogen and prevent expression of male sex hormone
    Nor Aishah bt Ahamad 139688
    Nur Faqrisya binti Samsudin 139693
    ]]>     2020-04-17 13:45:49 UTC https://padlet.com/izzahsamad/nik74vctip7151v8/wish/512881211     https://padlet.com/izzahsamad/nik74vctip7151v8/wish/513124695 2020-04-17 15:24:49 UTC https://padlet.com/izzahsamad/nik74vctip7151v8/wish/513124695 https://padlet.com/izzahsamad/nik74vctip7151v8/wish/514206826 2020-04-18 11:11:26 UTC https://padlet.com/izzahsamad/nik74vctip7151v8/wish/514206826 Plastic Chemicals https://padlet.com/izzahsamad/nik74vctip7151v8/wish/515631633 Nurul Shahira binti Mohd Zin (139703)
     Wan Siti Hajar binti Wan Mohd Amin (139707)     ]]>     2020-04-19 16:32:24 UTC https://padlet.com/izzahsamad/nik74vctip7151v8/wish/515631633     Toluene https://padlet.com/izzahsamad/nik74vctip7151v8/wish/516333478 2020-04-20 03:14:18 UTC https://padlet.com/izzahsamad/nik74vctip7151v8/wish/516333478 CYCLAMATE nuraliaaalias98 https://padlet.com/izzahsamad/nik74vctip7151v8/wish/516510184 2020-04-20 06:01:03 UTC https://padlet.com/izzahsamad/nik74vctip7151v8/wish/516510184 Pesticide https://padlet.com/izzahsamad/nik74vctip7151v8/wish/516760886 2020-04-20 08:12:59 UTC https://padlet.com/izzahsamad/nik74vctip7151v8/wish/516760886