BME-Study Tool by Calliope Spevak https://padlet.com/cspevak241/nhtnvn29qmg93d27 en-us 2022-09-12 14:52:31 UTC 2022-09-13 17:31:20 UTC hello@padlet.com Review cspevak241 https://padlet.com/cspevak241/nhtnvn29qmg93d27/wish/2292793672 -Cells are the simplest unit of living
-Cells Arise from pre-existing cells
-Cells are the basic unit of life
-Cells can be unicellular or multicellular ]]> 2022-09-12 17:14:16 UTC https://padlet.com/cspevak241/nhtnvn29qmg93d27/wish/2292793672 Eukaryote vs. Prokaryote cspevak241 https://padlet.com/cspevak241/nhtnvn29qmg93d27/wish/2292839844 Eukaryote: Complex, Cell Membrane Bound, Grows and Reproduces via Miosis and Mitosis (Protists, Plants, Fungi, Animals)

Prokaryote: Simple, No Nucleus, Not Membrane Bound, Grows and Reproduces through asexual, Reproduction(Binary Fission), Rod, Spherical, or Corkscrew Shaped. (Bacteria and Archaebacteria)]]> 2022-09-12 17:38:09 UTC https://padlet.com/cspevak241/nhtnvn29qmg93d27/wish/2292839844 Prokaryote Reproduction and Metabolism cspevak241 https://padlet.com/cspevak241/nhtnvn29qmg93d27/wish/2292854370 Autotroph- Carbon obtained directly from CO2 (Photoautotroph - Light (Chemoautotroph - inorganic oxidation (of water, minerals, nitrogen gas)

Heterotroph- Carbon obtained not directly from CO2 (Photoheterotroph - Energy from light) (Chemoheterotroph - depend on organisms for carbon)

Genetic Transfer/Bacterial Conjugation
  • Prokaryotes can grab stray DNA from the environment
  • Plasmid transfer
  • How Variation Occurs
  • Binary Fission (Rapid reproduction of 2 identical daughter cells)




]]> 2022-09-12 17:46:00 UTC https://padlet.com/cspevak241/nhtnvn29qmg93d27/wish/2292854370 Eukaryote Reproduction cspevak241 https://padlet.com/cspevak241/nhtnvn29qmg93d27/wish/2292860585 Cell Cycle
-Mitosis (Somatic, Body Cells)
-Meiosis(Gametes, Egg/Sperm)
-Variation comes from mutations]]> 2022-09-12 17:49:18 UTC https://padlet.com/cspevak241/nhtnvn29qmg93d27/wish/2292860585 Fermentation of Cells cspevak241 https://padlet.com/cspevak241/nhtnvn29qmg93d27/wish/2294594374 -Fermentation: A natural metabolic process in which microorganisms convert carbohydrates into byproducts such as alcohol, Carbon Dioxide, or acid.

-No Oxygen 
-Lactobacillus- Breaks down lactose into lactic acid 
-Penicillium-Preserves shelf life of dairy and meat
]]> 2022-09-13 15:48:52 UTC https://padlet.com/cspevak241/nhtnvn29qmg93d27/wish/2294594374 Microbial Taxonomy- Prokaryote cspevak241 https://padlet.com/cspevak241/nhtnvn29qmg93d27/wish/2294608920 -Bacteria: Unicellular, may possess flagella or movement, Lives in O2(Aerobic), Can't live in O2(Anaerobic) Facultative(Lives in either environment), Gram+ and Gram- depends on peptidoglycan. 

-Archaea: Unicellular, Lives in extreme environments, Thermophiles(Hot temps), Halophiles(Salty), Methanogens (methane-producing), Psychrophiles (extreme cold)


]]> 2022-09-13 15:55:07 UTC https://padlet.com/cspevak241/nhtnvn29qmg93d27/wish/2294608920 Microbial Taxonomy- Eukaryote cspevak241 https://padlet.com/cspevak241/nhtnvn29qmg93d27/wish/2294614846 - Protozoa: Aerobic eukaryotes, Cellulose in cell wall, Many ways of locomotion (movement), Cilia (hair-like), Flagellates (whip-like), Pseudopodia (fake feet)

- Algae: Unicellular or multicellular, Cyanobacteria or blue-green algae, Photosynthetic, Live in damp soil, water, and on rocks]]> 2022-09-13 15:57:54 UTC https://padlet.com/cspevak241/nhtnvn29qmg93d27/wish/2294614846 Microbial Taxonomy- Fungi, Viruses, Helminths cspevak241 https://padlet.com/cspevak241/nhtnvn29qmg93d27/wish/2294622153 -Fungi: Mushroom, molds, yeast, Cell wall contains chitin, Reproduce by releasing spores, Decomposers

-Viruses: Non-Living, non-cellular entities, Consist of:
-DNA or RNA (nucleic acid)
-Surrounded by a protein coat
-Require a host to reproduce

-Helminths: Not technically microorganisms, part of life cycle is microscopic, Flatworms, Lung Fluke Disease (Paragonimiasis), Roundworms, Ascariasis (infection of small intestine)
Their parasitic tendencies are important for clinical reference


]]> 2022-09-13 16:01:49 UTC https://padlet.com/cspevak241/nhtnvn29qmg93d27/wish/2294622153 Bacterial Shapes cspevak241 https://padlet.com/cspevak241/nhtnvn29qmg93d27/wish/2294627504 Bacilli- Rod-Shaped

Cocci- Round, Spherical Shaped

Spirilla- Rigid Spiral-Shaped

Filamentous- Thread like cells that don't divide]]> 2022-09-13 16:04:33 UTC https://padlet.com/cspevak241/nhtnvn29qmg93d27/wish/2294627504 Bacteria Tests cspevak241 https://padlet.com/cspevak241/nhtnvn29qmg93d27/wish/2294640775 Gram Staining- Gram+: Thick layer of peptidoglycan, Gram-: Thin or No layer of peptidoglycan

Catalase Test- Bubbles if positive, No bubbles if negative.

Thioglycolate- 
  1. Obligate Aerobic: Love O2
  2. Obligate Anaerobic: Avoid O2
  3. Facultative: Prefer O2, but not hurt by the lack of O2
  4. Microaerophiles: Low O2 levels
Aerotolerant: They do not care
]]> 2022-09-13 16:10:59 UTC https://padlet.com/cspevak241/nhtnvn29qmg93d27/wish/2294640775 Factors that Affect Bacterial Growth cspevak241 https://padlet.com/cspevak241/nhtnvn29qmg93d27/wish/2294781698 Space-Waste

pH and Gas Concentration

Nutrients-Temperature

Water]]> 2022-09-13 17:07:32 UTC https://padlet.com/cspevak241/nhtnvn29qmg93d27/wish/2294781698 Viruses cspevak241 https://padlet.com/cspevak241/nhtnvn29qmg93d27/wish/2294784848 Structure- 
  • Consists of a nucleic acid
    • DNA or RNA 
    • This is its genetic material
    • Single or double stranded
  • Outer layer is the... 
    • Capsid: rigid structure to withstand harsh environments.
    • Envelope: can only survive in aqueous solutions (usually transmitted via fluids)
Shapes-

  • Complex, 
    • Bacteriophage: A virus that infects bacteria)
  • Helical/Filamentous 
    • Tobacco mosaic virus, Ebola
  • Spherical 
    • COVID-19, Influenza, Hepatitis B and C
    • Enveloped
  • Polyhedral
    • Poliovirus, adenovirus, rhinovirus


]]> 2022-09-13 17:09:20 UTC https://padlet.com/cspevak241/nhtnvn29qmg93d27/wish/2294784848 Pathogens cspevak241 https://padlet.com/cspevak241/nhtnvn29qmg93d27/wish/2294792659 Chain-
Organism-->Reservoir-->Portal of Exit-->Transmission-->Portal of Entry-->Susceptible Host

Spread-
Airborne- Suspended 6 ft
Common Vehicle- Contamination
Vector-Borne- From host to carrier
Direct Contact
Droplet- 3ft



]]> 2022-09-13 17:13:00 UTC https://padlet.com/cspevak241/nhtnvn29qmg93d27/wish/2294792659 Pathogens- Virulence cspevak241 https://padlet.com/cspevak241/nhtnvn29qmg93d27/wish/2294802976 Factors-
Invade the Host-->Cause Disease-->Evade Host defenses
Adherence Factors-use pili to stick to cells
Invasive Factors- easier invasion of host cell
Capsules- Protection
Endotoxins- released when cell dies
Exotoxins- Secreted- neurotoxins, cytotoxins, enterotoxins
Siderophores- Iron binding







]]> 2022-09-13 17:19:08 UTC https://padlet.com/cspevak241/nhtnvn29qmg93d27/wish/2294802976 Medications for Viruses cspevak241 https://padlet.com/cspevak241/nhtnvn29qmg93d27/wish/2294805595 Antibiotics-
-Used for a Bacterial infection
-Common Bacterial Infections: 
Bronchitis, ear infections, UTIs
-Common Antibiotics: Doxycycline, Penicillin, Amoxicillin

Antivirals-
-Used for a viral infection
-Common Viral Infections:
Influenza, HIV, Herpes
-Common Antivirals:
Tamiflu, Retrovir, Zovirax




]]> 2022-09-13 17:20:40 UTC https://padlet.com/cspevak241/nhtnvn29qmg93d27/wish/2294805595 Growing Bacteria cspevak241 https://padlet.com/cspevak241/nhtnvn29qmg93d27/wish/2294812285 How?

  1. First, we need to make sure we practice aseptic technique.
  2. Second, we need a media to grow them on.
  3. Third, we’ll need to wipe surfaces with a sterile applicator (looks like a really long Q-Tip or cotton swab).
  4. Fourth, we would inoculate the agar plate using a spreading technique.
  5. Fifth, wrap plates in parafilm and incubate 48-72 hours!

Medias
-LB Agar: Not very selective
-Potato Dextrose: Grows Bacteria and Fungi
-Yeast-Mannitol: Soil
-Sheep's Blood: Blood
MacConkey: Lactose Fermentation



]]> 2022-09-13 17:24:10 UTC https://padlet.com/cspevak241/nhtnvn29qmg93d27/wish/2294812285 Counting Bacteria cspevak241 https://padlet.com/cspevak241/nhtnvn29qmg93d27/wish/2294815947 Hemocytometer:
-Cells that are white (not filled in with blue) are living cells!
-Solid blue cells are dead cells.
-Equation for Total Viable Cells:
(Average Viable Cells) x 10,000 x DF
(DF = Dilution Factor)






]]> 2022-09-13 17:26:09 UTC https://padlet.com/cspevak241/nhtnvn29qmg93d27/wish/2294815947 Plating Cells cspevak241 https://padlet.com/cspevak241/nhtnvn29qmg93d27/wish/2294824178 Preparing Petri Dish:
-Always read directions on how to prepare the agar!
-On the petri dish, write this on the agar side:
  • Your Name
  • Date
  • Time
  • Sample 
  • DO NOT WRITE ON THE lid

Plating Techniques:
  1.  Triple-Z
  2.  4-Quadrant Streak

Incubation:
  1. Wrap parafilm around the edges of the petri dish.
  2. Place dish into incubator (can stack dishes to save time).
  3. Make sure plates are turned upside down!



]]> 2022-09-13 17:30:12 UTC https://padlet.com/cspevak241/nhtnvn29qmg93d27/wish/2294824178 Plating Viruses cspevak241 https://padlet.com/cspevak241/nhtnvn29qmg93d27/wish/2294826153 -Can be cultured, but it looks a little different
-Viruses can be grown in vivo (inside a whole living organism) or in vitro (in a test tube, agar plate, cell culture flask)
-On agar plates: Bacteriophages need a bacterial lawn first! They will not grow without any cells to infect.

]]> 2022-09-13 17:31:17 UTC https://padlet.com/cspevak241/nhtnvn29qmg93d27/wish/2294826153