- Bangladeshi "climate migrants": The family of Bibi Salma, a Bangladeshi, has lost their home three times. The country has long suffered from natural disasters due to its low-lying terrain, criss-crossed by rivers. Increasingly frequent tropical cyclones, floods and river erosion have left the impoverished delta nation of 170 million people facing the largest wave of displacement in human history. They have been forced from their flooded homes and displaced to places such as the slums of the capital, Dhaka.

- Residents of Mustang, Nepal: Mustang, in the trans-Himalayan highlands of western Nepal, began experiencing the effects of increasing climate change in the 1980s. Droughts led to a reduction in glacial meltwater, drying up of riverbeds, massive crop die-offs, and a shorter and heavier rainy season, accompanied by devastating flash floods. By the end of the 1990s, droughts and floods were occurring more frequently, and villagers were under severe pressure to survive and move away from their original villages.

- Inhabitants of small islands off the coast of Panama: Gadisugdubu Island in the San Blas Archipelago off the Caribbean coast of Panama is experiencing rising sea levels due to global warming and decades of coral reef destruction. Every winter when strong winds whip up the waves, the sea floods the streets and pours into the homes of the indigenous people. Despite the Guna's attempts to shore up the island's edges, the water kept coming in. Eventually, the island's Guna people had to relocate to a new government-built community across the sea.

It is in the shape of a disc, up to 1,000 metres in diameter, with streamlined buildings of varying heights. The upper part of the city is exposed to the sea and is indistinguishable from a land building; the lower part is submerged underwater and can drift on the surface of the sea like a ship. It could drift from the equator to the South Pole or the North Pole in response to changing ocean currents. This design can accommodate a large number of people, with facilities such as sea gymnasiums, amphitheatres, hospitals, outdoor parks, golf courses, etc. The underwater portion is made of fully transparent materials, so that the residents can enjoy the undersea scenery while eating, and switch freely between "land life" and "undersea life". The underwater part is made of translucent materials, allowing residents to enjoy the beauty of the seabed while eating, and to switch freely between "land life" and "underwater life". At the same time, the use of solar energy and tidal energy to provide environmentally friendly energy, to achieve "zero emissions", living waste through recycling, to reduce the impact on the environment.

Jordanian crossover designer Abeer Seikaly designed an emergency shelter consisting of high-strength plastic tubes moulded into sinusoidal curves and woven into a stretchable fabric film that opens for storage and shrinks for portability. The hollow tubes can be used for services such as heat transfer, electrical conductivity, or water transfer, and are able to adapt to a variety of climatic conditions. The designers describe the project as a tent for refugees who bring back what is left of their belongings from their homes and settle into an unknown land, allowing them to escape the turmoil for a while and start a new life.

In 2023, more than 5 million IDPs and 1 million refugees returned home globally. However, according to a report by the European Union's climate watchdog, from June 2023 to June 2024, the global average temperature for a single month has been the highest recorded for the same period for 13 consecutive months. Some experts predict that 2024 could "trump" 2023 as the "hottest year".

In February 2023, a U.S. Census Bureau report showed that more than 3 million adults in the U.S. were forced to evacuate their homes due to hurricanes, floods and other events in the past year, equivalent to 1.4 per cent of the adult population in the U.S., including 11 per cent of the adult population in Louisiana.

In 2022, a record 59.1 million people were internally displaced. By the end of 2022, the number of people displaced by war, conflict, climate change, and other factors had reached 108.4 million, up 19.1 million from the same period the year before, the largest increase ever.

In 2021, 59.1 million people were internally displaced, thus setting a new record. Disasters have triggered the majority of internal displacement over the past 15 years, with the annual number of such displacements far higher than the number of conflict- and violence-related displacements. 2021 will be no exception, with 23.7 million internal displacements (mainly from the Asia-Pacific region) caused by weather-related events such as floods, storms and hurricanes. These numbers are highly likely to increase in the coming years in the absence of climate action due to the expected impacts of climate change.

She told us about a volunteer activity she participated in during her exchange abroad, the theme of which was to help local refugees. She showed us a lot of photos in which the children looked confused and fearful, while the adults looked tired and helpless.

She said that the refugees used to have a happy life, but because of war and disaster, they were forced to leave their homes and wander around. They had nothing to eat, no place to live, their children could not go to school, and many of them could not get medical treatment even when they were sick.

I was deeply touched by my sister's story, which was the first time I had such a real understanding of the tragic situation of refugees. Since then, I began to take the initiative to look up information about refugees on the Internet and watch relevant documentaries and reports.

In a class discussion, the teacher mentioned the refugee issue and asked us to research and discuss it. Together with my classmates, I consulted a lot of information to analyse the causes of refugees and possible solutions.

Through this in-depth research, I gained a more comprehensive understanding of the refugee problem. It is no longer a distant news report, but a real life that needs our attention and help. Since then, I have developed a strong interest in the subject of refugees and hope that I will have the opportunity to do something for them in the future.

2. Gained a deeper understanding of the complexity of the climate refugee problem.

   For example, it was learnt that it is not only a change of living environment, but also involves the rupture and reconstruction of cultural and social relations.

3. These two works have also prompted me to think about a multifaceted strategy to address the issue of climate refugees, not only in terms of providing material assistance, but also in terms of paying attention to their psychological needs and cultural heritage.

4. Influenced my understanding of the issue of climate refugees and made me realise that it is not just an environmental or political issue, but a global challenge that involves human dignity, rights and the future. Made me more concerned about the impact of climate change on vulnerable groups and the responsibility each of us has in dealing with it.

   
   

5. The importance of the concept of sustainable development, both in terms of energy utilisation and resource recovery, requires consideration of the long-term impact on the environment.