https://padlet.com/jmaddox26/nezo8f3pso83p1jh en-us 2023-06-28 08:50:41 UTC 2023-06-28 15:12:37 UTC hello@padlet.com jmaddox26 https://padlet.com/jmaddox26/nezo8f3pso83p1jh/wish/2634409443 1.1.2 Evaluating Theories
1 way of evaluating a theory is by using
TEACUP:
Testable
Empirical support
Application
Clearly defined variables
Unbiased
Predicts behaviour]]> 2023-06-28 14:41:45 UTC https://padlet.com/jmaddox26/nezo8f3pso83p1jh/wish/2634409443 jmaddox26 https://padlet.com/jmaddox26/nezo8f3pso83p1jh/wish/2634413178 US fifth graders (aged 10-11) students worked on a task and were praised by their teachers after the first set of problems. Some were praised on their intelligence, some were praised on effort. 

• Students were asked to agree/disagree with mindset statements. 
• Students praised for intelligence agreed more with fixed mindset statements
• Students praised for effort agreed more with growth mindset statements 

• Students were given a chance to work on a challenging task they could learn from or an easy one they couldn't fail 
• Praise for intelligence - easy task
• Praise for effort - challenging task. 

• Next, all students worked on challenging problems followed by easy ones. 
• The intelligence praise group lost confidence after hard problems and did not dry on easy ones.
• Effort praise group did well on hard problems and continued to do well. 
• 40% of the intelligence group lied about their scores, while only q0% of the effort group lied about their results.

]]> 2023-06-28 14:47:28 UTC https://padlet.com/jmaddox26/nezo8f3pso83p1jh/wish/2634413178 jmaddox26 https://padlet.com/jmaddox26/nezo8f3pso83p1jh/wish/2634416437 One of the pioneers of Psychology was Sigmund Freud (1856-1939).
Freud studied the unconscious, which we cannot see/observe. 
Freud's main method of collecting data was his long period of working with patients (case studies). 
Freudian concepts are a very large part of western culture and psychology:

• The id, ego, superego
• projection and repression
• oedipal complex
• freudian slips
• and more

]]> 2023-06-28 14:52:34 UTC https://padlet.com/jmaddox26/nezo8f3pso83p1jh/wish/2634416437 jmaddox26 https://padlet.com/jmaddox26/nezo8f3pso83p1jh/wish/2634418021 In psychology, theories are used to provide a model for understanding human thoughts, emotions, and behaviours. 
A psychological theory has two key components: it must describe a behaviour, it must make predictions about future behaviours. 

A good theory is: 

• Based on a hypothesis
• Backed by evidence
• Testable
• Based on a series of assumptions or principles that define a way of thinking of behaviour: 

1. Biological assumptions
2. Cognitive assimptions 
3. Sociocultural assumptions

]]> 2023-06-28 14:55:32 UTC https://padlet.com/jmaddox26/nezo8f3pso83p1jh/wish/2634418021 jmaddox26 https://padlet.com/jmaddox26/nezo8f3pso83p1jh/wish/2634420862 Projection refers to a type of defense mechanism where unacceptable feelings and parts of the self are denied and instread attributed to someone else. For example: A bully may project their own feelings of vulnerability onto someone else and mistreat this person.

Adams et al (1996)
People were rated on their level of homophobia
They were shown explicit images of homosexual pornography 
Their physiological response (sexual arousal) was measured. 
A correlationion between level of homophobia and sexual arousal was found. 

]]> 2023-06-28 15:00:28 UTC https://padlet.com/jmaddox26/nezo8f3pso83p1jh/wish/2634420862 jmaddox26 https://padlet.com/jmaddox26/nezo8f3pso83p1jh/wish/2634421886 This theory argues that dreams are where we fulfil wishes that we are unable to filfil in real life. 
Thus by analysing dreams, we can find out what parts of themselves a person is repressing or denying. 

Solms (1995)
Used brain imaging
Found that damage to where the limbic system meets the cortex impairs both dreaming and wishing
Solms felt this meant there was some connection between the two. ]]> 2023-06-28 15:02:35 UTC https://padlet.com/jmaddox26/nezo8f3pso83p1jh/wish/2634421886 jmaddox26 https://padlet.com/jmaddox26/nezo8f3pso83p1jh/wish/2634424398 This theory argues that errors in language and speech (as well as in memory and actions) occurs due to an unconscious desire.
This includes errors like "spoonerisms" which are when letters are switched around in different words. Examples include Belly Jeans (Jelly Beans), Plaster Man (Master Plan)
Freud believed these slips became worse when anxious/stressed/tense. 

Motley (1985)
Wanted to see if anxiety leads to Freudian slips
Gave a male only sample a recall test of potential spoonerisms while in the presence of a "beautiful woman" or unter the threat of shock. 
Findings:
Shock rgroip made errors related to electricity 
Sexual tension group made errors linked to social arousal 
Control Group made few mistakes. ]]> 2023-06-28 15:06:58 UTC https://padlet.com/jmaddox26/nezo8f3pso83p1jh/wish/2634424398 jmaddox26 https://padlet.com/jmaddox26/nezo8f3pso83p1jh/wish/2634427259 The study took place in an elementary school.
Students were given an IQ test at the beginning of the school year. 
Teachers were told this could predict their progress for the year.
Teachers were led to believe that pupils who scored high would improve.
In truth, the tests were not connected to progress.
Teachers did not see any of the pupil's actual scores. 

18 classes from grades 1-6 (ages 6-12) were given the test. 
18 teachers (16 female, 2 male) were given lists of "bloomers" who had scored within the top 20%. 
In reality, students were randomly assigned to this list.
8 months later, the children were all tested again so researchers could see if their scores had changed.

All students identified to the teachers as "bloomers" had higher gains in scores than those in the control group "non-bloomers"]]> 2023-06-28 15:12:37 UTC https://padlet.com/jmaddox26/nezo8f3pso83p1jh/wish/2634427259