2.       It is an intensive, tiring process, often involving hours of data collection each day. However, it enables the gathering of rich data within a reasonably natural context. Can lead to significant insights. (Bartkowiak- Theron and Sappey 2012: 8)

3.       Controlled observation is when observation takes place according to definite prearranged plans, involving experimental procedure. 

4.       “A method of research in anthropology which involves extended immersion in a culture and participation in its day to day activities…difficulty of negotiating the relationship between participating and observing has been a subject of length debate.” Calhoun, C. J, 2002, Dictionary of Social Sciences 

5.       4 types of observation: 

Natural- Spontaneous behavior is recorded in a natural setting. 

Controlled- behavior is observed under controlled lab conditions. 

Participant- the observer has direct contact with the group of people they are observing.

Non- Participant- The researcher does not have direct contact with the people being observed. 

·       Also referred to as diary studies

·       Can be used to research sensitive issues where participants might be guarded in their responses

·       Uses creative and structured tools to gather input from selected participants who complete activities provided in kits; can take quite a bit of time to complete and return kits for analysis

·       Activities can include taking pictures, making drawings, marking points on a map, daily activities

·       Can bring participants together to discuss findings and gather further insights

·       Could provide content for discussion in a focus group

·       6-12 participants

·       A wider range of views than a one-to-one interview; a richer , deeper quality of information than a large-scale survey

·       Raises additional issues

·       Usually a facilitator, an observer, and participants

·       V common in market research e.g. fashion. Becoming very common in teaching.

 

Interviews are generally conducted by professional researcher who poses series of usually open ended questions in a pre-determined order, conducted in person. 

 

Interviews have an ethical dimension which concern interpersonal interaction and produce information about human experience and opinion. There are three main areas of ethical concerns: informed consent, confidentially, and the consequences of the interviews. 

Email interviews: 

Can empower interviewees to tell a story in a private space where there is freedom and time to relate their narrative. 

 

Gives the opportunity to reflect and edit – read and re-read responses before returned to the interviewer, potentially allowing a deeper understanding of the interviewees’ thinking. 

 

Possible drawbacks to email interviewing: over economical or non-responses 

Telephone 

Online  

Can be a written interview  

Types of questioning 

Closed Questions 

Limitations  

Strengths 

Open Questions 

Limitations  

Strengths  

Overall strengths and weaknesses 

Limitations  

Strengths  

 
Source: https://www.simplypsychology.org/questionnaires.html

Methods: Drawing and Visualisation 

 
Thinking with drawing

Creating visual data as part of research 

 

It includes visual mapping, creative visualisation and drawing as a research method 

 

Where visual information and interpretation can assist in seeing opportunities and possibilities 

 

Used in planning 

Relationship between the mode of production in that art form and choosing visual research 

 

Visualisation as a way of bringing everyone’s ideas together (part of the process) to aid understanding 

A way to externalise ideas - a communicative tool 

 

Creative drawing as research, using drawing to investigate a philosophical concern, 

Creative visualisation opportunities - CVO workshops, a way to gather or sum up the findings from a workshop 

Would this include photography and video documentation? 

There is a drawing research network 

 

There is not much data on this method in academic research method textbooks. The information for this definition came from advertising and product design webpages. In such contexts, one is tracking what people do in order to understand how to facilitate this better or to intervene in some way.

Definition researched by: Yi, Beth, Stella and Max