1. Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic

1. psychodynamic approach originated in later 1800s, with hysteria

2. mainly refers to the collective of theories that tried to explain how personalities arise

3. Freud tried to copy psychodynamic approach with hypnotization, etc.

1. did NOT work

2. tried new approach: psychoanalysis or psychoanalytic theory (first refers generally to his system of treatment, the latter is the term for his explanation of personality and mental disorders

1. Psychoanalytic: UNCONSCIOUS- at center of theory

2. ** According to psychoanalytic theory, personalities arise because of attempts to resolve conflicts between unconscious sexual and aggressive impulses and societal demands to restrain these impulses**
   

3. Freud believed people have three levels of consciousness: conscious, or what the person is paying attention to, preconscious, all info outside a person's awareness but available if needed, and most significantly, the unconscious. (Think of the iceberg of conscious v. unconscious- Freud believed the unconscious influences vast majority of behavior

4. Unconscious: a vast reservoir of often unacceptable and frequently hard-to-tolerate thoughts, feelings, desires, and memories.

5. Unconscious: In Freudian theory, this is the psychic domain of which the individual is not aware but that is the storehouse of repressed impulses, drives, and conflicts unavailable to consciousness.

2. Neo-Freudians:
1. Karen Horney disagreed with penis envy- suggested womb envy
2. Carl Jung-unconscious has 2 layers: personal unconscious (like Freud's idea) and collective unconscious (memories of human past in all)
3. Alfred Adler - Individual psychology (striving for superiority, many have the inferiority complex --> leads to compensation)

1. Personality is not driven by unconscious conflicts and defenses against anxiety, but rather by needs,to adapt, learn, grow and excel.

2. those who advocated this theory saw mental disorders as stemming from unhealthy situations rather than unhealthy individuals

3. Really emphasized the positive in human nature

1. He created the hierarchy of Needs

2. self-actualization was the highest of needs and was modeled by people such as Abraham Lincoln, Einstein, Thoreau, and Eleanor Roosevelt

3. Several characteristics that are shared by these people:

   • Awareness and acceptance of themselves
   • Openness and spontaneity
   • The ability to enjoy work and see work as a mission to fulfill
   • The ability to develop close friendships without being overly dependent on other people
   • A good sense of humor
   • The tendency to have peak experiences that are spiritually or emotionally satisfying
   
   

Personality Theory 02:16:12
Psychoanalytic Theory 02:52:11
Neo-Freudians 07:44:00
Humanistic Theory 09:31:02

Myers, D. (2007). Personality. In Psychology (8th ed.). New York: Worth.

Personality Trait Theory. (n.d.). Retrieved February 26, 2015, from https://explorable.com/personality-trait-theory

Zimbardo, P., Johnson, R., Weber, A., & Gruber, C. (2006). Personality. In Psychology: AP* edition. Boston, Mass.: Allyn & Bacon.

1. Cardinal Traits- traits that completely dominate a persons life

-Mother Theresa is "Christ-like"

2. Central Traits- general characteristics

3. Secondary Traits- traits only displayed in specific situations

B. Raymond Cattell

-16 personality questionnaire

-warmth

-reasoning

-emotional stability

-dominance

-liveliness

-rule-consciousness

-social boldness

-sensitivity

-vigilance

-abstractedness

-privateness

-appprehension/apprehensiveness

-openess to change

-self-reliance

-perfectionism

-tension

C.Hans Eysenck: three dimensions of personality

-introversion-extraversion

-neuroticism-emotional stability (moodiness vs. even-temperedness)

-Psychoticism- difficulty dealing with reality, hositle, manipulative, anti-social, non-empathetic https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PRxYaK9fgl8

D. As a result of Cattel and Eysenck theories, the Big Five-Five Factor Model was created:

1. Conscientiousness - hardworking, reliable, ambitious, punctual and self-directed.

2. Agreeableness - natured, kind-hearted, helpful, altruistic and trusting.

3. Neuroticism - emotionally unstable, may develop psychological distress

4. Openness to Experience - imaginative, curious, creative and may have unconventional beliefs and values.

5. Extraversion - active, sociable, talkative, optimistic, empathetic

A. Bandura: behavior-cognitivist psychologist who attended The University of British Columbia

-observational learning

-environment causes behavior, behavior can also cause environment

-reciprocal determinism

-third factor: person’s psychological processes

-contrasted skinners belief that thinking only occurs inside a “black box”

-internal vs. external locus of control, internal achieve more in school, externals feel more depression

-learned helplessness is the passive resignation a person learns when they can't change a repeated situation

B. Walter Mischel:

-individual behavior influenced by specific attributes of a situation and how he perceives the situation

-argued people only behave similarly whenever actions are probable to get same results

-individuals have differences- values and expectancies must be considered while trying to predict our behavior and personality

Five variables that contribute to conditions of a situation that allow us to predict behavior:

1.competencies- intellectual capabilities and social skills

2.cognitive strategies- differing perspectives of a situation

3. expectancies- expected results of different behaviors according to a persons mind

4.subjective value- the value of possible outcomes of behaviors

5.self-regulatory systems- groups of rules and standards that people adapt in order to regulate their behaviors