1. Nurul Athirah binti Ariffin Kamal (MS2417120919)

2. Nurul Izzaty Akhtar binti Syahril Anwar (MS2418122911)

• When a secondary or tertiary alcohol reacts with the reagent, it forms a secondary or tertiary alkyl chloride.

• The alkyl chloride is not soluble in the original layer.

• The upper layer is clear and colourless which is water.

• The lower layer is alkyl chloride which insoluble in water.

• Thus, the two layers are formed.

Suggest the chemical test to differentiate 1-propanol and 2-propanol. Include chemical equations and observations to support your suggestion.

Chemical test : Lucas Test

Observation :

1-propanol : No cloudy solution formed even after 5 minutes heating.

2-propanol : Cloudy solution formed within 10 minutes after heating.

• The formation of two layers in the Lucas Test is due to the formation of a secondary or tertiary alkyl chloride.

• The upper layer is clear and colourless which is water.

• The lower layer is alkyl chloride which is insoluble in water.

• Thus, the two layers are formed.

Suggest the chemical test to differentiate 1-propanol and 2-methyl-2-propanol. Include chemical equations and observations to support your suggestion.

Chemical test : Lucas Test

Observation : 1-propanol does not form cloudy solution even after heating while 2-methyl-2-propanol forms cloudy solution immediately

• When a secondary or tertiary alcohol reacts with the reagent, it forms a secondary or tertiary alkyl chloride.

• The alkyl chloride is not soluble in the original layer.

• Water which is clear and colourless forms the upper layer.

• Alkyl chloride which insoluble in water forms the lower layer.

• Thus, the two layers are formed.

Suggest the chemical test to differentiate 1-pentanol and 2-methyl-2-propanol. Include chemical equations and observations to support your suggestion.

Chemical test: Lucas Test

Observation: 1-pentanol does not form cloudy solution within 10 minutes of heating.

Observation: 2-methyl-2-propanol forms cloudy solution immediately.

• When a secondary or tertiary alcohol reacts with the Lucas reagent, it forms a secondary or tertiary alkyl chloride and water.

• The upper layer is clear and colourless which is water.

• The lower layer is alkyl chloride which insoluble in water.

• Thus, the two layers are formed.

Suggest the chemical test to differentiate 1-butanol and cyclobutanol. Include chemical equations and observations to support your suggestion.

Chemical test : Lucas Test

Observation:

• 1-butanol does not form cloudy solution even after heating for 10 minutes. (primary alcohol)

• cyclobutanol forms cloudy solution within 10 minutes after heating. (secondary alcohol)

2-pentanol

Ans: Secondary

Ans:To identify the class of alcohol

Ans: 2-methyl-2-butanol

Ans: Orange solution turns to green

Ans: Arrange the chemical reagent in orderly.

3. The observation was recorded.

Tertiary alcohol reacts the fastest with Lucas reagent as it is able to form a tertiary carbocation that is highly stable, primary alcohol does not give any result with Lucas reagent because primary carbocation is the least stable.

During the reaction of 2-methyl-2-propanol with Lucas reagent, the formation of two layers immediately is due to the insolubility of 2-methyl-2-chloropropane formed in the aqueous solution.

Alcohol X is a tertiary alcohol because Alcohol X forms cloudy solution immediately with two layers formed after reacting with Lucas reagent.

(B) Oxidation

1-butanol is a primary alcohol that is oxidised to 1-butanoic acid. Orange colour of chromic acid turns green due to the reduction of Cr₂O₇ to Cr³⁺.

2-butanol is a secondary alcohol that is oxidised to 2-butanone and cannot be further oxidised.

(C) Confirmatory Test For Phenol

Phenol forms white precipitate, 2,4,6-tribromophenol when reacted with bromine water.

Tertiary alcohol reacts the fastest with Lucas reagent as it is able to form a tertiary carbocation that is highly stable, primary alcohol does not give any result with Lucas reagent because primary carbocation is the least stable.

During the reaction of 2-methyl-2-propanol with Lucas reagent, the formation of two layers immediately is due to the insolubility of 2-methyl-2-chloropropane formed in the aqueous solution.

Alcohol X is a tertiary alcohol because Alcohol X forms cloudy solution immediately with two layers formed after reacting with Lucas reagent.

(B) Oxidation

1-butanol is a primary alcohol that is oxidised to 1-butanoic acid. Orange colour of chromic acid turns green due to the reduction of Cr₂O₇ to Cr³⁺.

2-butanol is a secondary alcohol that is oxidised to 2-butanone and cannot be further oxidised.

2-methyl-2-propanol is a alcohol that does not undergo oxidation because there is no hydrogen atom on the carbon atom attached to the OH group.

(C) Confirmatory Test For Phenol

Phenol forms white precipitate, 2,4,6-tribromophenol when reacted with bromine water.

Tertiary alcohol reacts the fastest with Lucas reagent as it is able to form a tertiary carbocation that is highly stable, primary alcohol does not give any result with Lucas reagent because primary carbocation is the least stable.

During the reaction of 2-methyl-2-propanol with Lucas reagent, the formation of two layers immediately is due to the insolubility of alkyl chloride formed in the aqueous solution.

Alcohol X is a tertiary alcohol because Alcohol X forms cloudy solution immediately with two layers formed after reacting with Lucas reagent.

(B) Oxidation

1-butanol is a primary alcohol that is oxidised to 1-butanoic acid. Orange colour of chromic acid turns green due to the reduction of Cr₂O₇ to Cr³⁺.

2-butanol is a secondary alcohol that is oxidised to 2-butanone and cannot be further oxidised.

(C) Confirmatory Test For Phenol

Phenol forms white precipitate, 2,4,6-tribromophenol when reacted with bromine water.

Tertiary alcohol reacts the fastest with Lucas reagent as it is able to form a tertiary carbocation that is highly stable, primary alcohol does not give any result with Lucas reagent because primary carbocation is the least stable.

During the reaction of 2-methyl-2-propanol with Lucas reagent, the formation of two layers immediately is due to the insolubility of 2-methyl-2-chloropropane formed in the aqueous solution.

Alcohol X is a tertiary alcohol because Alcohol X forms cloudy solution immediately with two layers formed after reacting with Lucas reagent.

(B) Oxidation

1-butanol is a primary alcohol that is oxidised to 1-butanoic acid. Orange colour of chromic acid turns green due to the reduction of Cr⁷⁺ to Cr³⁺.

2-butanol is a secondary alcohol that is oxidised to 2-butanone and cannot be further oxidised.

2-methyl-2-propanol is a alcohol that does not undergo oxidation because there is no hydrogen atom on the carbon atom attached to the OH group.

(C) Confirmatory Test For Phenol

Phenol forms white precipitate, 2,4,6-tribromophenol when reacted with bromine water.

2. Make sure to keep the chemical reagents closed because it is volatile.

3. Make sure the temperature of water bath is within 70-80°C.

4. The colour change was recorded.

5. The class of alcohol X was deduced.

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