https://padlet.com/1031311/n570vlxyhk11 By Nicole en-us 2019-06-10 12:53:53 UTC 2023-03-24 19:05:24 UTC hello@padlet.com 1031311 https://padlet.com/1031311/n570vlxyhk11/wish/366693165 The nervous system is organised in the following way:]]> 2019-06-10 12:54:58 UTC https://padlet.com/1031311/n570vlxyhk11/wish/366693165 1031311 https://padlet.com/1031311/n570vlxyhk11/wish/366693342 This spans along the brain and spinal cord, it is vital for control on responses to situations. It has a responsibility to gather sensory output collected from the body or external factors so the data can be processed and transcribed]]> 2019-06-10 12:55:58 UTC https://padlet.com/1031311/n570vlxyhk11/wish/366693342 1031311 https://padlet.com/1031311/n570vlxyhk11/wish/366693976 These are nerves which separate from the brain and spine, it enables communication of the central nervous system to the entirety of the body. It has a system which allows information to be passed in both directions; towards and away from the brain. This is achieved by the:
Sensory (afferent)
The detection of sensory stimuli information, transferred to the brain
Motor (efferent)
A pathway that transmits impulses from the brain to muscles and gland for certain directions. The response given is either through the automatic nervous system or the somatic nervous system.]]> 2019-06-10 12:59:10 UTC https://padlet.com/1031311/n570vlxyhk11/wish/366693976 1031311 https://padlet.com/1031311/n570vlxyhk11/wish/366696736 Voluntary control over actions, this includes muscular movement through skeletal tissue]]> 2019-06-10 13:11:55 UTC https://padlet.com/1031311/n570vlxyhk11/wish/366696736 1031311 https://padlet.com/1031311/n570vlxyhk11/wish/366697327 Involuntary control on actions which allows the heart to continuously pump; lungs to inhale/exhale; contraction of smooth muscle in stomach to contract and move food. It has two pathways: the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system]]> 2019-06-10 13:14:42 UTC https://padlet.com/1031311/n570vlxyhk11/wish/366697327 1031311 https://padlet.com/1031311/n570vlxyhk11/wish/366699200 When an immediate response commonly known as the 'flight or flight' response triggers the body into action]]> 2019-06-10 13:23:25 UTC https://padlet.com/1031311/n570vlxyhk11/wish/366699200 1031311 https://padlet.com/1031311/n570vlxyhk11/wish/366699413 This is the conservation of energy that occurs when the heart rate is slowed down. Intestinal and gland activity would be inclined and sphincter muscles found in the gastrointestinal tract is relaxed.]]> 2019-06-10 13:24:26 UTC https://padlet.com/1031311/n570vlxyhk11/wish/366699413 1031311 https://padlet.com/1031311/n570vlxyhk11/wish/366741512 At a resting state before an action potential occurs, all gated channels for sodium and potassium ions are shut. It is able to open and shut and depends on the voltage variation along the plasma membrane. Positive and negative charges are divided from each other by the membrane, this is changed when energy is needed to create a potential. When a neuron becomes stimulated, it charges an electrical impulse which travels along its axon to surrounding neurons. All neuron provide there own separate charges and require an even to trigger the action that gathers the charges together. Millivolts is the unit of potential energy accumulated by separate charges. The charge difference is measured by the membrane potential, the larger difference in both negative and positive areas results in a higher millivoltage and potential. Migration of ions necessary for all electrical activity within neurons to transmit long-distance signals along an axon requires a bigger change to trigger voltage gated channels. Slight change in membrane potential occurs when some sodium channels open. A stimulus causes the sodium channels to open, this increases charge within the membrane. A sufficient amount of change is needed to reach the threshold level, otherwise the neurons return to a resting state.
Action potential steps
Step 1 (Stimulus) - Action potential occurs when a stimulus triggers the plasma membrane. The action potential travels from the cell body towards the axon on the specialised receptor neurons.
Step 2 (Depolarisation)- The action potential has resulted in the cell to depolarize and causes an incline in the membrane voltage to allow it to breach the threshold value (-55mV). If the threshold potential hasn't reached past -55mV, this results in a failed initiation and an action potential can't be received. During this threshold, the voltage-gate for sodium channels in the membrane open to allow sodium ions to saturate the cell. This cause the membrane potential to increase quickly to +44mV. After a short amount of time, the sodium channels become unresponsive towards to voltage and in turn it prevents the influx of sodium ions. 
Step 3- (Repolarization)- A number of potassium channels open so potassium ions seep out of the cell down its electrochemical gradient. This causes a decline in the membrane potential so the membrane returns to normal resting state. 
Step 4- (hyperpolarisation)-These voltage-gated potassium channels open for a short period of time so the membrane can return to its resting potential. As a result the membrane becomes more negative than it's resting potential. 
Step 5- (Resting-state)- The voltage-gated potassium channels bein to close and the membrane potential alleviates, the sodium channels then return to their normal state where channels are closed and receptive to voltage. The cycle repeats when an action potential is stimulated once more. ]]> 2019-06-10 16:25:50 UTC https://padlet.com/1031311/n570vlxyhk11/wish/366741512 1031311 https://padlet.com/1031311/n570vlxyhk11/wish/367799051 2019-06-16 20:27:06 UTC https://padlet.com/1031311/n570vlxyhk11/wish/367799051 1031311 https://padlet.com/1031311/n570vlxyhk11/wish/367799589 2019-06-16 20:34:50 UTC https://padlet.com/1031311/n570vlxyhk11/wish/367799589 1031311 https://padlet.com/1031311/n570vlxyhk11/wish/367802515 2019-06-16 21:13:21 UTC https://padlet.com/1031311/n570vlxyhk11/wish/367802515 1031311 https://padlet.com/1031311/n570vlxyhk11/wish/367803005 The nervous system is essential for different areas of the body to communicate with each other. Fast electrical impulses transmit information to the brain to allow a decision to be made upon certain events. There're also other responsibilities of the nervous system performed for the regulation of the pumping of the heart. This occurs within in the automatic nervous system as this action is of involuntary control. Two divisions of the nervous system control this system, the sympathetic nervous causes the acceleration of the heart rate by releasing hormones and inhibits parasympathetic stimulation. Exercising along with factors including stress, caffeine and becoming excited can cause the heart rate to increase, but exercising will elevate the heart rate for an extended period of time. Heart rate will remain elevated depending on the duration in which the person has continued exercising. When the individual starts exercising, the body inhibits parasympathetic stimulation, this allows the heart rate to increase. After exercise has become more vigorously, the sympathetic system becomes involved and further accelerates the heart. The secretion of neurotransmitter molecules cause the heart rate to increase. The continuous 
participation of cardiovascular exercise over a long period of time can decrease the resting heart rate by causing an incline in the heart size, contractile strength and the amount of time the heart is saturated with blood. The decline in heart occurs from an increase in parasympathetic nervous system activity by inhibiting sympathetic nervous system activity. The parasympathetic nervous system decreases the heart rate by increasing the resting potential. 
When the heart beats faster, more blood is being pumped around the body at a faster rate, the sympathetic nervous system is involved to further increase heart rate as exercise progressively continues. Hormones including catecholamines, epinephrine and norepinephrine are released by the sympathetic nervous system to increase heart rate. The parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) releases the hormone acetylcholine to slow the heart rate.

]]> 2019-06-16 21:21:38 UTC https://padlet.com/1031311/n570vlxyhk11/wish/367803005 1031311 https://padlet.com/1031311/n570vlxyhk11/wish/367804108 The organisation of the endocrine system occurs through the release of hormones from a gland/ organ which is then delivered to various areas through blood. These hormones are necessary to control or manipulate a particular area in the body for a certain outcome  Types of glands/organs required in the endocrine system include:
Pineal gland- The gland is responsible in secreting hormones as well, it synthesizes and regulates hormones such as melatonin
Hypothalamus- This is a gland found within the brain, it transmits signals (via chemicals) to the pituitary gland to release certain hormones 
Pituitary gland- It's located opposite the hypothalamus. The pituitary gland is required to control other glands by secreting other hormones. Those hormones in turn produce hormones to proceed with a biological process.
Thyroid gland- It produces certain hormones to allow cells in the body to function regularly. Hormones include T3 and T4.
Parathyroid gland- This consists of four different glands situated in different areas of the body, it can regulate calcium levels. The hormone produced includes PTH.
Thymus- The thymus is necessary for the development of T-cells in the lymphatic system, it occurs through the hormone secretion called thymosin to mature the T-cell
Adrenal glands- These glands are found above the kidneys, it is needed to regulate many processes including metabolism. Certain hormones such as cortisol are produced here and secreted to stimulate cells.
Pancreas- Hormones including insulin and glucagon are secreted here to maintain blood glucose levels. When levels are too low glucagon is released, if levels are getting higher, insulin is released. 
Gonads- This is an organ needed to produce gametes, it would include testis and ovaries. Production of the steroid hormone is the main responsibility of the gonad.]]> 2019-06-16 21:38:52 UTC https://padlet.com/1031311/n570vlxyhk11/wish/367804108 1031311 https://padlet.com/1031311/n570vlxyhk11/wish/367804963 There are many responsibilities of the nervous system, examples include the regulation of blood sugar levels in the body, metabolism, reproduction, needed for homeostasis of water (and other factors), nutrient/electrolyte balance of blood, body defenses and growth and development (sleep-wake cycle and stress).
How the endocrine system controls blood sugar levels
Hormones maintain a balance of blood sugar levels in the pancreas, the hormones that control this balance are insulin and glucagon. Sugar collected from the digestive system is used and beta cells secrete insulin, this decreases the blood sugar through the incline of the rate in which cells store sugar. It is either stored as glycogen or as fat for later use. 
If the blood sugar becomes too low, the alpha cells secrete glucagon instead, this raises blood sugar level by using storage of sugar in cells. This then triggers the release of glucose molecules back into blood. ]]> 2019-06-16 21:51:44 UTC https://padlet.com/1031311/n570vlxyhk11/wish/367804963 1031311 https://padlet.com/1031311/n570vlxyhk11/wish/367806020 The nervous systems uses action potentials to transcribe information, they're fast but not very long-lasting. Information is relayed through electrical impulses along a neuron. However, the endocrine system uses hormones to deliver a message, they are transported through blood and requires more time to reach the target area. The effect the hormones cause are long-lasting in comparison to an action potential. 
Stress is a main factor for both the nervous and endocrine systems function together. The sympathetic system responds to stress by releasing hormones to increase heart rate, this leads blood away from organs of the digestive tract and towards muscles. All other responses to stress are displayed by the endocrine system. The hypothalamus in the brain is always monitoring activity throughout the body and observes blood. Action potentials cause by a nerve impulse trigger neurons found in the hypothalamus to release peptide which in turn causes the secretion of CRH. CRH binds to binds to receptors along the outside of the target cell, this triggers the pituitary gland to secrete ACTH. ACTH moves through transport in the bloodstream to adrenal cortices, a structure by the adrenal glands above the kidneys. The ACTH hormone then links to receptors on cells found in the adrenal cortex which triggers the secretion of glucocorticoid along with mineral corticoid hormones. These are necessary in managing stress. These hormones are contributed to major stress, especially cortisol, by stimulating the sympathetic nervous system. Blood pressure increases as glucose is being sent to the bloodstream, it also causes a decrease in systems considered 'non-emergency'. Hormonal stress compared to electrical needs more time to occur, the effects take longer to dissipate and require enzymes to be disassembled in the blood. ]]> 2019-06-16 22:05:44 UTC https://padlet.com/1031311/n570vlxyhk11/wish/367806020 1031311 https://padlet.com/1031311/n570vlxyhk11/wish/367808116 2019-06-16 22:35:13 UTC https://padlet.com/1031311/n570vlxyhk11/wish/367808116 1031311 https://padlet.com/1031311/n570vlxyhk11/wish/367808212 A nerve cell responds to stimuli, once detected it transmits signals. It is surrounded by glial cells. These cells are needed for a range of functions for the nervous system such as support, nutrition and insulation, there are a large variety of these neuroglia with different responsibilities and locations. These axons transmits electrical impulses originating for the cell body and away, towards other cells
The sensory neuron majority are unipolar 
Motor neurons majority are multipolar 
Interneurons send signals between the sensory and motor neurons and are mostly multipolar]]> 2019-06-16 22:36:35 UTC https://padlet.com/1031311/n570vlxyhk11/wish/367808212 1031311 https://padlet.com/1031311/n570vlxyhk11/wish/370309496 2019-07-05 12:30:05 UTC https://padlet.com/1031311/n570vlxyhk11/wish/370309496