My sweet padlet by Eli Zahavi https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy en-us 2023-01-09 17:37:23 UTC 2023-01-24 01:03:55 UTC hello@padlet.com A female anopheles mosquito infected with plasmodium protozoa, acting as a vector, bites a human elizahavi https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2438184644 2023-01-09 17:47:22 UTC https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2438184644 The mosquito excretes saliva containing plasmodium sporozoites into the humans blood elizahavi https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2438194656 2023-01-09 17:53:47 UTC https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2438194656 Sporozoites, a stage of the plasmodium life cycle, enter the body elizahavi https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2438197851 2023-01-09 17:55:51 UTC https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2438197851 Sporozoites travel to the liver, specifically the liver cells called hepatocytes, and reproduce asexually elizahavi https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2438199318 2023-01-09 17:56:51 UTC https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2438199318 The sporozoites successfully transform into merozoites, another form of the plasmodium life cycle. elizahavi https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2438203421 2023-01-09 17:59:17 UTC https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2438203421 The merozoites burst out of the liver and into the blood stream elizahavi https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2438203546 2023-01-09 17:59:21 UTC https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2438203546 The merozoites enter the erythrocytes (red blood cells or RBCs) elizahavi https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2438206064 2023-01-09 18:00:48 UTC https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2438206064 The merozoites develop into early versions of ring-like structures called trophozoites inside the RBCs elizahavi https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2438206937 2023-01-09 18:01:19 UTC https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2438206937 Most likely outcome per RBC (99.7% chance) (2) elizahavi https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2438211819 2023-01-09 18:04:15 UTC https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2438211819 Least likely outcome per RBC (0.1%-0.3% chance)(2) elizahavi https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2438214868 2023-01-09 18:05:58 UTC https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2438214868 A healthy female anopheles mosquito bites the plasmodium-infected human and sucks up male and female gametocytes elizahavi https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2438229180 2023-01-09 18:15:20 UTC https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2438229180 The male and female gametocytes fuse inside the anopheles mosquito to form zygotes in the mosquito's gut elizahavi https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2438231204 2023-01-09 18:16:38 UTC https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2438231204 The ookinetes develop into oocysts, cysts on the outside of the anopheles mosquito's gut which produce and contain sporozoites elizahavi https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2438233146 2023-01-09 18:17:50 UTC https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2438233146 The oocysts burst from the excess production of sporozoites elizahavi https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2438235864 2023-01-09 18:19:34 UTC https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2438235864 The previously healthy female anopheles mosquito is now an infected one, acting as a vector for plasmodium, and is now ready to spread plasmodium to other human hosts elizahavi https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2438238210 2023-01-09 18:21:01 UTC https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2438238210 it does this to prevent the human's blood from clotting. The excretion of saliva when mosquitos bite is normal behavior, and is not caused by plasmodium elizahavi https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2442440464 2023-01-12 15:33:51 UTC https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2442440464 The plasmodium sporozoites asexually reproduce through schizogony, a process where larger sporozoites divide into many identical cells called schizonts, which contain anywhere from 8-32 merozoites. elizahavi https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2442462130 Photo of a schizont]]> 2023-01-12 15:47:09 UTC https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2442462130 Next, one of two things can happen for each RBC elizahavi https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2442478681 2023-01-12 15:57:48 UTC https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2442478681 (2) Omorou, R., Bin Sa’id, I., Delves, M. et al. Protocols for Plasmodium gametocyte production in vitro: an integrative review and analysis. Parasites Vectors 15, 451 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-022-05566-3 elizahavi https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2442489769 2023-01-12 16:05:27 UTC https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2442489769 The trophozoites exponentially asexually reproduce merozoites, until the number per RBC is too much, bursting the RBC and introducing the new merozoites into the bloodstream. This allows for the merozoites to attack new RBCs, creating exponential reproductive growth. elizahavi https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2442491607 2023-01-12 16:06:45 UTC https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2442491607 The trophozoites can enter a sexual cycle where they produce male and female gametocytes, the germinating cells of plasmodium elizahavi https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2442491771 2023-01-12 16:06:51 UTC https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2442491771 . elizahavi https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2442959548 2023-01-12 23:46:04 UTC https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2442959548 The male and female gametocytes maturation is started by the cooling of the warm human blood elizahavi https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2442975625 2023-01-13 00:21:47 UTC https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2442975625 The zygotes develop into ookinetes, which exit the mosquito gut walls elizahavi https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2442977417 2023-01-13 00:25:24 UTC https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2442977417 The sporozoites travel to the mosquitos salivary glands elizahavi https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2442981048 2023-01-13 00:30:29 UTC https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2442981048 Humans start showing symptoms of plasmodium when merozoites reproduce in the RBCs. The average incubation period, from mosquito bite to symptoms, is 7-30 days (CDC) elizahavi https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2442991688 2023-01-13 00:44:46 UTC https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2442991688 The merozoites feed on the hemoglobin in RBCs, consuming more than half of a RBC's hemoglobin in less than 24 hours (1) elizahavi https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2442994449 2023-01-13 00:48:59 UTC https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2442994449 (1) Pishchany G, Skaar EP (2012) Taste for Blood: Hemoglobin as a Nutrient Source for Pathogens. PLOS Pathogens 8(3): e1002535. elizahavi https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2442996331 2023-01-13 00:51:54 UTC https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2442996331 START HERE elizahavi https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2444977204 Zoom out to make sure you see all content ]]> 2023-01-15 22:09:29 UTC https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2444977204 COLOR KEY elizahavi https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2444993528 2023-01-15 22:20:10 UTC https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2444993528 PURPLE = KEY elizahavi https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2444994390 2023-01-15 22:21:24 UTC https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2444994390 BLACK = INFORMATION elizahavi https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2444994493 2023-01-15 22:21:47 UTC https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2444994493 BLUE = EXTRA INFORMATION elizahavi https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2444994729 2023-01-15 22:22:39 UTC https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2444994729 GREEN = REFERENCES elizahavi https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2444995012 2023-01-15 22:23:31 UTC https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2444995012 RED = SPLIT PATH elizahavi https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2444995252 2023-01-15 22:24:21 UTC https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2444995252 5 types of Plasmodium can infect humans (Stanford Medicine): elizahavi https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2445001653 2023-01-15 22:45:56 UTC https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2445001653 Plasmodium falciparum—can lead to liver and kidney failure, convulsions, and a coma. elizahavi https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2445001681 2023-01-15 22:46:03 UTC https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2445001681 Plasmodium malariae elizahavi https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2445001720 2023-01-15 22:46:10 UTC https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2445001720 Plasmodium vivax elizahavi https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2445001744 2023-01-15 22:46:16 UTC https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2445001744 Plasmodium ovale elizahavi https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2445001771 2023-01-15 22:46:20 UTC https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2445001771 Plasmodium knowlesi—can only be spread to humans through macaques elizahavi https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2445001795 2023-01-15 22:46:27 UTC https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2445001795 Zoonotic elizahavi https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2445006227 2023-01-15 22:57:16 UTC https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2445006227 Very life-threatening elizahavi https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2445006354 2023-01-15 22:57:39 UTC https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2445006354 Less life-threatening elizahavi https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2445006393 2023-01-15 22:57:46 UTC https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2445006393 Sickle cell anemia's relation to Malaria elizahavi https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2445010376 On the left, the chart is depicting where Malaria is present in Africa. On the right, the chart is depicting where and the severity of Sickle cell anemia in Africa.]]> 2023-01-15 23:11:31 UTC https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2445010376 Sickle cell anemia elizahavi https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2445103682 2023-01-16 02:25:54 UTC https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2445103682 Resistance to malaria elizahavi https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2445106127 Sickle cell anemia (SCA) provides natural resistance to malaria as someone afflicted with SCA will have irregular hemoglobin which malaria cannot feed off of. This reduces the food supply of malaria, making a person with SCA become resistant to malaria.

A carrier of SCA, meaning someone with only 1 abnormal hemoglobin gene, will have less natural malaria resistance than someone with 2 abnormal hemoglobin genes, someone fully afflicted by SCA]]> 2023-01-16 02:30:10 UTC https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2445106127 Natural selection of SCA in malaria-afflicted regions elizahavi https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2445108132 Since sickle cell anemia (SCA) provides resistance to malaria, places most afflicted by malaria—like Western Africa—will have a higher concentration of SCA traits in their people because of natural selection. Those without SCA have a higher chance of dying from malaria, meaning those with SCA will outlive those with normal hemoglobin, allowing for a more dense SCA population.

This can be seen in the connected chart]]> 2023-01-16 02:33:50 UTC https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2445108132 INTERVENTION METHOD: Pre-erythrocytic vaccines elizahavi https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2445131599 Pre-erythrocytic malaria vaccines are able to stop sporozoites in the blood, or if the sporozoites have already reached the liver, destroy infected liver cells. 

These vaccines work by introducing the body to circumsporozoite (CS), the dominant protein on sporozoites. This elicits an immune response from the body and trains it to fight off future CS in the blood or liver. 

This intervention method is great because it destroys malaria in one's body before symptoms show.]]> 2023-01-16 03:10:37 UTC https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2445131599 This intervention method works between: elizahavi https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2445132236 2023-01-16 03:11:49 UTC https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2445132236 INTERVENTION METHOD: Blood-stage vaccines elizahavi https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2445144268 These vaccines are for use at malaria's most destructive stage, the infiltration of the blood. These vaccines target the merozoites in the blood, reducing the amount that can infect more RBCs. Those with blood-stage vaccines will still show symptoms, but they will be significantly better than normal.

This vaccine aims to give the body natural immunity to merozoites, allowing it to fight off plasmodium in the blood.

The vaccine currently provides a short-lived natural immunity to merozoites, which means patients require frequent blood-stage vaccines to keep their immunity. A significant development of this vaccine would be a version that provides patients permanent merozoite immunity, giving them complete malaria immunity.]]> 2023-01-16 03:34:03 UTC https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2445144268 ORANGE = INTERVENTION METHODS elizahavi https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2445144908 2023-01-16 03:35:19 UTC https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2445144908 This intervention method works between: elizahavi https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2445148119 2023-01-16 03:38:46 UTC https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2445148119 INTERVENTION METHOD: Transmission blocking vaccines elizahavi https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2445154708 Transmission blocking vaccines are still in development and do not exist yet. These vaccines would aim to prevent mosquitos from becoming infected when biting people afflicted with malaria. These vaccines do not stop the progression of malaria in humans, but rather the spread of malaria to its mosquito vector.]]> 2023-01-16 03:47:54 UTC https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2445154708 (3): Jeffrey D. Sachs. “The Economic Burden of Malaria.” Jeffrey D. Sachs, Jeffrey D. Sachs, 18 June 2020, https://www.jeffsachs.org/journal-articles/24g2tkd479x2rw5xyhalgzkfrfkzmw. elizahavi https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2446141257 2023-01-17 00:02:51 UTC https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2446141257 INTERVENTION METHOD: Creation of infrastructure elizahavi https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2446145434 Each year, malaria curbs economic growth in a country by 1.3% (3). Over time, this can add up to lost growth totaling billions. A universal prevention method for malaria is the creation of infrastructure that allows for other intervention methods to be delivered to malaria-afflicted regions. Most of these regions are in less developed areas, meaning that currently, any possible intervention methods that exist cannot be delivered to these regions.

The creation of infrastructure will aid the rollout of other malaria intervention methods, hopefully stopping the spread of malaria.]]> 2023-01-17 00:11:06 UTC https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2446145434 This intervention method works anytime, and is not directly intervening in any step of malaria's life cycle elizahavi https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2446147427 2023-01-17 00:14:59 UTC https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2446147427 This intervention method works between: elizahavi https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2446147753 2023-01-17 00:15:43 UTC https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2446147753 REFERENCES elizahavi https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2446149107 2023-01-17 00:18:07 UTC https://padlet.com/elizahavi/n4471i2pf2knn1hy/wish/2446149107