-> Glomerular capillary loss
-> Uncontrolled blood glucose levels 

->  High blood pressure

->  Unfiltered protein molecules by glomeruli. 

->  When glomerular capillaries are compromised such as albumin can escape into the blood filtrate.

->  As a result, albumin is eliminated in the urine

-> It often starts with no symptoms

-> Severe exhaustion

-> Headaches

-> Nausea

-> Frequent urination

-> Itchy skin.

-> Controlling hypertension 

-> Limiting sodium consumption.

The kidneys are no longer able to filter metabolic wastes from the blood properly.

o   Nausea

o   More or less frequent urination

o   Blood in the urine

o   Muscle cramps

o   Anemia 

o   Swelling of the extremities

o   Shortness of breath owing to fluid accumulation in the lungs 

The only therapeutic options are kidney transplantation

kidney from minerals in the urine. The majority of kidney stones consist of crystals of calcium salts. 

o   Kidney stones typically leave the body in the urine stream. 

o   A small stone may pass through the ureters and other urinary tract organs without causing symptoms and go undetected. 

o   A larger stone may cause pain when it passes through the urinary tract.

o   If a kidney stone grows large enough, it may block the ureter. 

o   Blockage of a ureter may cause a decrease in kidney function and damage to the kidney. A kidney stone that causes pain is generally treated with pain medication until it passes through the urinary tract.

A stone that causes a blockage may be treated with lithotripsy. 

infection in which the urinary bladder becomes infected by bacteria (typically Escherichia coli), rarely by fungi.

 Symptoms 

o   Pain with urination

o   Frequent urination

o   Feeling the need to urinate with an empty bladder.

o   Blood in the urine

o   Bladder infections are treated mainly with antibiotics.

 Using a diaphragm like this one as a barrier method of birth control may increase the risk of a woman developing a bladder infection following sexual intercourse
Risk factors for urinary bladder
o   Sexual intercourse (with diaphragm contraception)

o   Diabetes
o   Obesity

It is very common, especially at older ages and especially in women. 

In a person with male anatomy, urinary incontinence is most commonly caused by an enlarged prostate gland or treatment for prostate cancer.

 In genetically female individuals, there are two common types of urinary incontinence with different causes: stress incontinence and urge incontinence. 

o   Urinary incontinence is caused by loss of support of the urethra, usually due to stretching of pelvic floor muscles during childbirth.

o   It is characterized by leakage of small amounts of urine with activities that increase abdominal pressure, such as coughing, sneezing, or lifting. 

o   Kegel exercises to strengthen the pelvic muscles. 

More serious cases may call for surgery to improve support for the bladder. 

·       Blood is pumped out of the body and passed through a dialyzer (artificial kidney) to filter waste and excess fluids.

·       The cleaned blood is then returned to the patient's body.

·       Typically done in a dialysis center, usually 3 times a week, each session lasting 3-5 hours.

·       The patient's abdominal cavity is filled with a dialysis solution that absorbs waste and excess fluids through the peritoneal membrane.

·       The solution is drained and replaced multiple times a day.

·       Can be done at home, offering more flexibility.

1.     Physical Activity: After strenuous exercise or physical activity, GFR can increase temporarily due to increased blood flow and cardiac output.

2.     Pregnancy: During pregnancy, GFR typically increases, which is a natural adaptation to the increased metabolic demands of the mother and the developing fetus.

3.     Some Medications: Certain medications, like angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), may increase GFR as part of their mechanism to reduce blood pressure.

1.     Kidney Disease: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a leading cause of decreased GFR. Over time, kidney function deteriorates, resulting in a lower GFR.

2.     Dehydration: GFR may decrease when the body is dehydrated, as the kidneys reduce filtration to conserve water.

3.     Certain Medications: Some medications, especially nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), can reduce GFR by affecting the renal blood flow and glomerular function.