1) Pre-Independence Era (1815–1864)

2) Post-Colonial Influence & Education (1865–1944)

3) Post-WWII and EU Integration (1945–present)

Tsagouria (2005)

1) Post-WWII Influence

2) Media and Technology

3) Education and Employment

• No distinction between /ɪ/ and /iː/

• /æ/ pronounced as [a] or [e]

• /ɚ/ pronounced as the closest vowel

2. Consonant Sounds

• Difficulty with /h/ (too weak; Greek χ is stronger, like clearing the throat)

• /tʃ/ and /dʒ/ replaced by [ts] and [dz]

• /ʃ/ replaced by [s]

• /ʒ/ replaced by [z]

• Nasals (/ŋ/) pronounced as [n] or [ŋɡ]

3. Stress & Rhythm

• Syllable-timed rhythm

• Stress shifts

4. Intonation

• Limited pitch variation

-Verbs inflected with Greek morphology.

• Standard American English (SAE): “I scan”

  Greek: σκανάρω (scan + Greek verb suffix -άρω)

• Nouns are assigned grammatical gender (masculine - feminine - neuter) and case.

• Narrowing/Broadening: Meanings may shift.

  -e.g., "κόμικ" (comic) often refers only to comic strips, not stand-up comedy.

• Calques (AKA "loan translation"): Direct translations of English phrases.

  -e.g., "δωρεάν λήψη" (free download).

Domains of Borrowing

Loanwords cluster in:

• Technology: "ιντερνέτ" (internet), "σμαρτφόν" (smartphone).

• Business/Pop Culture: "μάρκετινγκ" (marketing), "ρέιβ" (rave).

• Everyday Life: "τζιν" (jeans), "σάντουιτς" (sandwich).

"It was a very difficult period for us. The quarantine affect us, of course. But...we try harder. We give our best. So, we have a difficult season to finish, and we continue as a team, thank you very much."

Phonological Characteristics (Pronunciation)

1. Vowel Substitutions: Greek does not distinguish between many English vowel sounds

2. Consonant Substitutions

3. Stress and Syllable Timing

Morphosyntactic Characteristics (Grammar & Structure)

-Prepositions

-Word Order

Lexical Characteristics (Word Choice)

-Direct Translations from Greek

-Missing Auxiliaries

(See examples of images and videos in following tabs).

Οκέι = OK (the English letter-pronunciation spelled out in Greek)

σάιτ = site (website) [neuter grammatical gender]

κλικάρω [κλικ + -άρω] = to click

newsletter

λίστα [λιστ = list + -α] -- η λίστα [feminine grammatical gender]

τα πακέτα [πακέτ + -α] = the packets

(το πακέτο = the packet / τα πακέτα = the packets---neuter grammatical gender / singular & plural forms)

"σεφ" = chef [ /ʃɛf/ → [sɛf] -- Palatal fronting

"ΠΟΠ" = pop (popular)

"THERE IS NO FAILURE IN SPORTS" 💪 Giannis Antetokounmpo delivers INSPIRING MESSAGE after Bucks exit!

There is no failure in sports! [Because Gianni is getting emotional, aka “frustrated,” I can detect his Greek accent even more! Nevertheless, his answer is spot on!]

https://www.facebook.com/reel/1760547117845994

https://www.tiktok.com/@ygvassilakis/video/7124639977786346758?lang=en

These conflicting ideologies reflect a tension between embracing global trends and preserving linguistic and cultural traditions. ​These perceptions influence how English is used in different contexts, with some embracing it for its global appeal, while others advocate for preserving the purity of the Greek language.​

Source:

https://greekcitytimes.com/2024/11/01/greek-universities-expand-english-language-degree-programs-10-available-now-more-expected-next-year-to-attract-global-students/

Source:

https://greekcitytimes.com/2024/11/01/greek-universities-expand-english-language-degree-programs-10-available-now-more-expected-next-year-to-attract-global-students/

-David Crystal

Sources:

• https://slideplayer.com/slide/4551471/

• https://culturaldiplomacy.org/academy/pdf/research/books/nation_branding/English_As_A_Global_Language_-_David_Crystal.pdf

• Global Impact:
  Crystal recognizes English's growing influence as a communication tool in various fields, including international business, academia, and diplomacy. 

• Non-Native Speakers:
  He emphasizes the increasing dominance of non-native speakers in the English language, which influences its evolution and standardization. 

• Language Variation:
  Crystal acknowledges the emergence of new varieties and dialects of English as the language spreads globally, impacting its pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar. 

• Future of English:
  While recognizing the inevitable changes, Crystal suggests that English will likely continue to be a dominant global language, though potentially with new forms and variations. 

Importance of Local Languages:
Crystal also emphasizes the need to support and preserve indigenous languages, recognizing their cultural and community significance.

Greece is placed in the "Expanding Circle"