https://padlet.com/tomassian3/n1f1j6on7wrynw37 Mini Museum 2 en-us 2021-02-08 20:44:31 UTC 2025-11-07 20:34:45 UTC hello@padlet.com tomassian3 https://padlet.com/tomassian3/n1f1j6on7wrynw37/wish/1179367521 Avicenna, otherwise known as Abu Ali Sina, was not only a Persian polymath and the author of a hypothesized 450 works, but furthermore was regarded as one of the most influential thinkers of the Islamic Golden Age, living from 980-1037₄. Of the 240 of his works that have survived, his most influential was The Book of Healing, AKA The Cure, AKA Assepha-- two pages of which are pictured above₃-- which is both a scientific and a philosophical encyclopedia published in 1027₂. Along with his discussion of the relationship between the body and the mind, sensation, perception and the five senses, emotions, etc., he also includes the first known mention of hypnosis and its distinction from sleep₁. He referred to hypnosis in Arabic as al-Wahm al-Amil, and stated that a strong soul could influence others and create conditions within which another would accept the reality of hypnosis₅.


Citations :
(1) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_hypnosis#Early_history
(2) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Book_of_Healing
(3) https://hipersia.com/en/news.cfm?id=43
(4) https://hipersia.com/en/news.cfm?id=43
(5)
https://khalilcenter.com/avicennas-influence-on-science-and-psychology/]]> 2021-02-08 21:00:27 UTC https://padlet.com/tomassian3/n1f1j6on7wrynw37/wish/1179367521 tomassian3 https://padlet.com/tomassian3/n1f1j6on7wrynw37/wish/1179496552 Franz Anton Mesmer, alive between 1734 and 1815, was an Austrian physician practicing in obscure 'magnetic treatments' in Vienna₁. Having been heavily influenced by the practices of British physician Richard Mead, Mesmer was under the impression that the gravitational attraction between the planets was the greatest influence upon human health as it affected the invisible fluid flowing throughout the human body, and that stoppages or obstacles to the fluid's course were the cause of disease₂. Furthermore, he speculated the existence of an intangible force, dubbed "Animal Magnetism", that could be activated and manipulated by magnetized objects -- through a hypnotic procedure -- to impact the flow of this invisible substance within the body and even to cure disease by "restoring harmony to personal fluid flow"₂.  He postulated nearly his entire theory upon one patient experience in 1774, after having allowed her to bleed freely from one of her veins, passing magnets over her wound appeared to make her bleeding subside₁.
The treatments of Mesmer gained traction for around two years following this initial observation, as pictured above₃, where he is shown in the midst of one of his therapy sessions. These often took place in an apartment, dimly lit and filled with mirrors, with  numerous patients of patients at once who were "placed in relation by means of cords, or jointed rods, or by holding hands"₄ surrounding a large tub of magnetized water, as Mesmer moved amongst them slowly 'affecting' each with either either his hand, his wand, or even a simply glance₃. Each interaction Mesmer had with one of his patients would cause them to experience seemingly intense physiological and psychological responses, ranging from hysterical cries to cataplectic attacks. Mesmer claimed that the Animal Magnetism therapies caused the exact actions needed by the ill for their recovery₃.
By 1784, Mesmer was not only fleeing to France from accusations of fraud in Vienna, but King Louis XVI had appointed a commission of scientists to investigate his therapies, causing the invalidation of his claims due to his inability to provide scientific evidence to support them, and subsequently, the decline of the mesmerist movement he had sparked₂.


Citations : 
(1) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_hypnosis#Early_history
(2)
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Franz-Anton-Mesmer
(3)
https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/history/2019/03/was-hypnotic-health-craze-elaborate-hoax-or-medical-breakthrough
(4)
https://hypnosis.edu/history/the-birth-of-mesmerism]]> 2021-02-08 21:40:26 UTC https://padlet.com/tomassian3/n1f1j6on7wrynw37/wish/1179496552 tomassian3 https://padlet.com/tomassian3/n1f1j6on7wrynw37/wish/1179609371 Despite the seeing disproving of the scientific basis of the practice of Mesmerism by the commission of King Louis XVI of Paris in 1784, the movement continued to persist well into the 1800s. James Braid, a Scottish Surgeon, became interested in the theory  on November 13th, 1841., upon witnessing  a mesmerist exhibition by Charles Lafontaine in Manchester. The theatrical performance involving the shocking of his patients with a live battery or shocking them with candles, and their being impervious to pain through the use of mesmerism₁. Braid was skeptical, recounting the inability of the mesmerized subjects to open their eyes, and launching his experimental investigation in efforts to discover the true psychological and physiological basis to this practice1.
Following a series of experiments with friends, family, patients and servants-- shown in practice in the etching by Alexandre Laurent Gsell above₃--  Braid came to a number of conclusions on the topic of the practice thus far known to the populace as Animal Magnetism and Mesmerism. He recognized that eye fixation or attention was the key to mesmerism, and that the practice truly had no basis in the Franz Mesmer's "universal fluid". Though initially incorrectly attributing the phenomenon to sleep-- "neuro-hypnotism" after Hypnos, the Greek god of sleep-- Braid soon realized the immense difference between sleep and being mesmerized, attempting to popularize the new label of "monoideism" (meaning "fixation of attention") for the term, though he had little success in this endeavor.
Braid went on to publish the book Neurypnology -- meaning "nervous sleep", the initial term he had coined for the phenomenon of hypnosis -- in 1843₂, which contained his accounts of 25 cases utilizing hypnotherapeutic treatments. 


Citations :
(1) http://www.historyofhypnosis.org/james-braid.html
(2)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_hypnosis#Early_history
(3)
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Braids-hypnosis-method-Etching-by-Alexandre-Laurent-Gsell-1860-1944-in-Lhypnotisme_fig5_266566493]]> 2021-02-08 22:25:12 UTC https://padlet.com/tomassian3/n1f1j6on7wrynw37/wish/1179609371 tomassian3 https://padlet.com/tomassian3/n1f1j6on7wrynw37/wish/1179706306 In 1892, the British Medical Association unanimously voted to endorse hypnotherapy₁. This was following the BMA had appointed a committee of nine doctors to investigate the validity of hypnotism as a therapeutic agent,  specifically scrutinizing the methods introduced by James Braid, and those employed at The Paris and Nancy schools₂. Not only did the BMA's 1892 Report on Hypnotism -- the PDF of which is included above₃ -- not only solidified hypnotherapy as an effective medical practice, but likewise rejected the theory of Animal Magnetism proposed by Franz Anton Mesmer in the 18th century, finally providing an official and written document of repudiation of the mesmerist theory and leading to the complete deposition of the mesmerist movement₂. 


Citations :
(1) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_hypnosis#Early_history
(2)
https://achilleshealing.com/2012/12/15/1892-bma-report-on-hypnosis/
(3)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0140673601862103]]> 2021-02-08 23:14:07 UTC https://padlet.com/tomassian3/n1f1j6on7wrynw37/wish/1179706306 tomassian3 https://padlet.com/tomassian3/n1f1j6on7wrynw37/wish/1179715507 In the late 19th century, two schools -- the first being the Nancy School (founded in 1860) and the second being the Salpetriere School of Hypnosis or the Paris School (founded in 1882)-- with completely opposite perspectives of the applications of hypnosis opened in France₁. Jean Martin Charcot -- the founder of The Paris School -- had been demonstrating "experimental neuroses" there between 1882-1892, utilizing hypnosis as an investigative method and putting his patients suffering from hysteria into such an 'experimental state' --hypnotized-- in order to reproduce and interpret their symptoms₂. The students at The Paris School were taught that hypnosis was actually a symptom of hysteria, and that this mental state should never be induced in an ordinary individual as it is disturbed and destabilizing, but through the induction of hypnosis in hysterical patients, it could work upon remedying itself from within₃.
On the other hand, Ambroise-Auguste Liebeault and Hippolyte Bernheim -- the founders of the Nancy School -- disagreed completely with the theories and practices being undertaken at the Paris School. Their students were taught that hypnosis is a condition that can be induced in healthy individuals, not simply those suffering from hysteria, and that being in a hypnotic state artificially increases one's tendency to respond to suggestion₄.
The two schools existed as rivals in academia until around 1891, when the proponents of the Paris School, including Charcot himself, admitted that there had been error in their ways₄. Charcot confessed to the hiring of artist-physician Paul Richer -- the man shown to be collapsed on the right beside Charcot in the painting above₅-- to reproduce the poses of afflicted patients during his carefully prepared lectures. Nearing the end of Charcot's reign within academia, his assistant, Pierre Janet, exposed him for designing his lectures to attract attention and captivate his audience through visual impressions₅, ultimately proving the accusations made toward Charcot of his operation as a showman as opposed to a teacher.


Citations :
(1) https://chicago.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.7208/chicago/9780226058009.001.0001/upso-9780226057958-chapter-3
(2) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salp%C3%AAtri%C3%A8re_School_of_Hypnosis
(3)
https://hypnosis.edu/history/charcots-salpetriere-school
(4) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_School
(5)
https://lithub.com/in-search-of-hysteria-the-man-who-thought-he-could-define-madness/]]> 2021-02-08 23:18:51 UTC https://padlet.com/tomassian3/n1f1j6on7wrynw37/wish/1179715507 tomassian3 https://padlet.com/tomassian3/n1f1j6on7wrynw37/wish/1179875272 Today, the uses of hypnotherapy are extremely widespread, ranging from the treatment of pain, to that of gastro-intestinal disorders, to relief from nausea, to aid with childbirth, and even treatment of hemophilia1. It does so by creating an exceptionally relaxed state of focused attention, allowing its therapeutic uses to be tailored to an abundance of unique cases and situations₂. Despite the all-encompassing reach of hypnotic treatments being utilized by patients every single day, there are some uses that are being attempted, but have shown inconclusive results, as described in the article shown above₂ in a review from the year 2000 of 59 studies deriving mixed results about whether hypnotism can be utilized in smoking cessation. In this literature review --published in Volume 48 of The International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis-- it was recognized that "while hypnosis was more successful than no treatment, it was generally equivalent to other smoking-cessation methods"₂. Similarly to this, the article states that though research on the benefits of hypnosis is being conducted, and the positive effects are widely known and recognized, graduate schools are not generally seizing the opportunity to incorporate the practice into psychology programs, not seriously considering it as truly effective psychotherapy.


Citations :
(1)
https://www.apa.org/topics/hypnosis/media#:~:text=Hypnosis%20has%20been%20used%20in,hemophilia%20and%20many%20other%20conditions.
(2)
https://www.apa.org/monitor/2011/01/hypnosis]]> 2021-02-09 00:43:19 UTC https://padlet.com/tomassian3/n1f1j6on7wrynw37/wish/1179875272 tomassian3 https://padlet.com/tomassian3/n1f1j6on7wrynw37/wish/1180047294 I believe the most qualified docent for my presentation is Dave Hills, also known as 'The World's Greatest Hypnotist'. While he does partake in some hypnotic endeavors on the sillier side -- including over 6000 Comedy Hypnosis shows that he has performed in the past two and a half decades -- he likewise is a certified Master Hypnotist, having earned his Doctorate in Clinical Hypnotherapy, having aided more than 3000 individuals improve their quality of life using his treatment methods₁. I likewise  trust that Hill is best suited to convey this information as he appeared on a MythBusters episode in 2015 -- as shown in the artifact above₂ -- and actually proved to improve the hosts' memory through the use of hypnosis (he hypnotized them all-- Grant, Tory, and Kari-- in less than 15 seconds), causing them to confirm the myth to be true₁! Dave Hill offers services such as medical, dental, forensic, sports, education, and regression hypnosis, and thus, his knowledge upon the subject would surely be enough to not only understand the historical basis around which his craft was formed, but in what ways previous hypnotists have been incorrect in their procedures and theories to get to what hypnotism has become in practice today.


Citations :
(1)
https://www.briality.com/read-5-best-modern-hypnotists/
(2)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5wLP7fHpuNk]]> 2021-02-09 02:17:26 UTC https://padlet.com/tomassian3/n1f1j6on7wrynw37/wish/1180047294