My Conceptual Background Chapter by https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota Made with good vibes en-us 2017-03-31 16:10:24 UTC 2026-01-22 02:50:13 UTC hello@padlet.com 2.2.1 Cancer policies akanuwe https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/165648668 2017-04-10 12:22:48 UTC https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/165648668 2.3.2 Model predicting risk of incidence disease in asymptomatic individuals (see Usher Smith et al., 2015) akanuwe https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/165648911 2017-04-10 12:23:43 UTC https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/165648911 Early diagnosis relates to risk assessment - NB-define risk (see below) akanuwe https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/165649010 2017-04-10 12:24:07 UTC https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/165649010 2.3.3 Model predicting risk of a prevalent but undiagnosed disease in those with symptoms (see Usher-Smith et al., 2015) e.g some risk assessment tools designed for use in primary care consultation akanuwe https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/165649301 2017-04-10 12:25:35 UTC https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/165649301 2.5 Communicating risk [see Edwards et al., 2002 : explaining risk- turning numerical data into meaningful.... ] akanuwe https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/165653148 2017-04-10 12:46:10 UTC https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/165653148 2.4.1 Impact of positive and negative test result akanuwe https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/165653689 2017-04-10 12:49:06 UTC https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/165653689 Risk of over referral and over burdening of services akanuwe https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/165654242 2017-04-10 12:51:40 UTC https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/165654242 2.7 Theories of risk communication akanuwe https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/165654771 2017-04-10 12:54:06 UTC https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/165654771 Risk of short or long term distress akanuwe https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/165655380 2017-04-10 12:56:31 UTC https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/165655380 Risk of worry/anxiety akanuwe https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/165655688 2017-04-10 12:57:46 UTC https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/165655688 2.4 Psychological impact of risk assessment (see Shaw et al., 1999) akanuwe https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/165655935 2017-04-10 12:58:47 UTC https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/165655935 RAT akanuwe https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/165657630 2017-04-10 13:04:58 UTC https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/165657630 QCancer akanuwe https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/165657662 2017-04-10 13:05:07 UTC https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/165657662 eCDs akanuwe https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/165657689 2017-04-10 13:05:13 UTC https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/165657689 CVD risk tools, e.g. Framingham equation, QRisk akanuwe https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/165658531 2017-04-10 13:07:44 UTC https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/165658531 Cancer risk assessment tools including development and evaluation (see Usher-Smith et al., 2015) akanuwe https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/165658861 2017-04-10 13:08:49 UTC https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/165658861 2.8 Direction of travel of risk assessment tools akanuwe https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/165661491 2017-04-10 13:17:41 UTC https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/165661491 2.8.1 Direction in terms of developments in risk communication/how information is presented to patients akanuwe https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/165664135 2017-04-10 13:27:02 UTC https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/165664135 Intrusive and troubling thoughts akanuwe https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166012770 2017-04-12 04:02:28 UTC https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166012770 behavioural disturbance akanuwe https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166012829 2017-04-12 04:03:21 UTC https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166012829 Depression akanuwe https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166013019 2017-04-12 04:06:21 UTC https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166013019 Absenteesm e.g in school children akanuwe https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166013871 2017-04-12 04:20:54 UTC https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166013871 2.2 Policy and practice relating to early diagnosis of cancer in primary care (see Palmer, 2013 - the impact of national policy on early diagnosis of cancer) akanuwe https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166014066 2017-04-12 04:23:44 UTC https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166014066 2.2.2 Impact of the cancer reform strategy akanuwe https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166014633 2017-04-12 04:32:17 UTC https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166014633 Government interventions to improve early diagnosis akanuwe https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166015546 2017-04-12 04:48:38 UTC https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166015546 Current cancer policy: emphasis on early diagnosis, public awareness and individual cancers as separatediseases. akanuwe https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166016177 2017-04-12 04:58:58 UTC https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166016177 2.3 Models of risk prediction (see Usher-Smith et al., 2015) akanuwe https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166018603 2017-04-12 05:39:37 UTC https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166018603 2.3.4 Type of risk assessment tools in primary care (see Usher-Smith et al. akanuwe https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166020258 2017-04-12 06:07:17 UTC https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166020258 NICE guidelines akanuwe https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166020393 - not a risk assessment tool as such but used as guidance on decision making. ]]> 2017-04-12 06:09:22 UTC https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166020393 Are cancer risk assessment tools currently being used in primary care consultation? akanuwe https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166021496 2017-04-12 06:24:26 UTC https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166021496 Define risk communication including importance akanuwe https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166024209 2017-04-12 06:51:52 UTC https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166024209 2.5.1 Problems in communicating risks akanuwe https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166024446 2017-04-12 06:54:37 UTC https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166024446 The problems of risk language akanuwe https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166025842 2017-04-12 07:12:18 UTC https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166025842 Framing effects akanuwe https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166025908 2017-04-12 07:13:04 UTC https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166025908 2.5.2 Principles for communication of risk(see Edwards eat al.) akanuwe https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166026278 2017-04-12 07:16:59 UTC https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166026278 2.5.3 Formats (see Edwards et al) akanuwe https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166026359 2017-04-12 07:17:53 UTC https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166026359 Relative risk should not be presented in isolation. akanuwe https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166026613 2017-04-12 07:21:01 UTC https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166026613 Present­ing info as absolute risk [%tages or integers] is advocated(Skolbekken, 1998) akanuwe https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166026724 2017-04-12 07:22:19 UTC https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166026724 Number needed to treat (NNT) and Number Needed to Harm (NNH). Number Needed to Screen,Number Needed to Test, and Number (of tablets) Needed to Take (NTNT) to Prevent an adverseoutcome (Skolbekken, 1998) akanuwe https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166027471 2017-04-12 07:30:00 UTC https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166027471 Use both absolute and relative risk formats. akanuwe https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166031395 2017-04-12 08:09:05 UTC https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166031395 Risk information relevant to individuals is morevaluable than average population data (Edwards et al., 2000). akanuwe https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166031527 2017-04-12 08:10:15 UTC https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166031527 Information must be presented clearly akanuwe https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166031763 2017-04-12 08:12:45 UTC https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166031763 Visual presenta­tion of risk information. Studies suggest many patients prefersimple bar charts to other formats such as thermo­meter scales, crowd figures (for example, showing howmany of 100 people are affected), survival curves, or piecharts; other studies suggest people prefer presentations that lead to less accurateperceptions of risk (Lipkus & Hollands, 1999; Fortin et al., 2001). akanuwe https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166031920 2017-04-12 08:14:20 UTC https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166031920 Avoid overload of information. Most patients, express a strong desire for information (Ende et al., 1989). But people's ability to assimilate information varies. Consider providing and discussing information over several consultations. akanuwe https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166032778 2017-04-12 08:21:37 UTC https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166032778 2.6 Putting the principles above into practice - Good to do so but professionals should be aware of the pitfalls (e.g framing effects) - see Edwards et al., 2002. akanuwe https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166033182 2017-04-12 08:25:08 UTC https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166033182 Decision aids e.gbooklets, tapes, videodiscs, interactive computer pro­grams, or paper based charts, to help presentation anddiscussion of risk information with patients (O'Conner et al., 2002). akanuwe https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166034376 2017-04-12 08:37:10 UTC https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166034376 Websites portraying the harms or benefits associated withtreatment options e.g the treatment of oti­tis media with antibiotics akanuwe https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166034662 2017-04-12 08:40:21 UTC https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166034662 Paper based graphs can be used tosupport discussions with patients [e.g fig 3 in Edwards et al., 2002] (Edwards et al., 199). akanuwe https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166034975 2017-04-12 08:42:56 UTC https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166034975 Booklets,tapes, and other materials could be available if patients want them. akanuwe https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166035661 2017-04-12 08:50:42 UTC https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166035661 Patients could be referred to reference sources such as the Data­base of Individual Patient Experiences, the UK National electronic Library for Health, and HealthCrossroads (see Box 2 in Ewards et al 2002). akanuwe https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166035710 2017-04-12 08:51:15 UTC https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166035710 Health Crossroads explores multi­ple decision points at different times in the patient's “career.” akanuwe https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166035994 2017-04-12 08:54:46 UTC https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166035994 Time is a problem in the short term. External sources may enable much of information gathering from outside consultations. Discussions will still be required, but an investment of time at the decision making stage may result in more succinct dis­cussions in the future—and then save time. akanuwe https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166036449 2017-04-12 08:59:27 UTC https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166036449 2.7.1 Risk Perception and Communication Unplugged: Twenty Years of Process [Baruch Fischhoff: Risk Analysis, vol. 15(2) 1995] akanuwe https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166038946 2017-04-12 09:25:03 UTC https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166038946 8 developmental stages akanuwe https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166039521 2017-04-12 09:29:54 UTC https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166039521 1st Developmental Stage: "All We Have to Do is Get the Numbers Right" akanuwe https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166039606 2017-04-12 09:30:50 UTC https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166039606 2nd Developmental Stage: "All We Have to Do is Tell Them the Numbers" akanuwe https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166039654 2017-04-12 09:31:29 UTC https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166039654 3rd Developmental Stage: "All We Have to Do is Explain What We Mean by the Numbers" akanuwe https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166039751 2017-04-12 09:32:24 UTC https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166039751 4thh Developmental Stage: "All We Have to Do is Show Them That They've Accepted Similar Risks in the Past" akanuwe https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166039824 2017-04-12 09:33:00 UTC https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166039824 5th Developmental Stage: "All We Have to Do is Show Them That It's a Good Deal for Them" akanuwe https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166039896 2017-04-12 09:33:41 UTC https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166039896 6th Developmental Stage: "All We Have to Do is Treat Them Nicely" akanuwe https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166040099 2017-04-12 09:35:21 UTC https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166040099 7th Developmental Stage: "All We Have to Do is Make Them Partners" akanuwe https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166040378 2017-04-12 09:37:58 UTC https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166040378 2. Trust, Emotion, Sex, Politics, and Science: Surveying the Risk-Assessment Battlefield [Paul Slovic: Risk Analysis, vol. 19(4) 1999] akanuwe https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166041420 2017-04-12 09:48:51 UTC https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166041420 3. Risk and Recreancy: Weber, The Division of Labor, and Rationality of Risk Perceptions.William Freudenburg, Social Forces, Vol. 71(4) 1993. akanuwe https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166041720 2017-04-12 09:51:15 UTC https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166041720 2.8.2 Direction in terms of use/implementation in primary care, e.g are cancer risk assessment tools currently being used in primary care consultation? akanuwe https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166042481 2017-04-12 09:58:22 UTC https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166042481 Scoping review to explore the evidence around use of cancer risk assessment tools in primary (CHAPTER 3) akanuwe https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166042570 2017-04-12 09:59:16 UTC https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166042570 CHAPTER 2 CONCEPTUAL BACKGROUND akanuwe https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166607497 2017-04-17 18:21:15 UTC https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166607497 Osteoporosis (fracture risk) FRAX, QFracture nsiriwardena1 https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166951638 2017-04-19 08:28:59 UTC https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166951638 Diabetes risk e.g. Know your risk (Diabetes UK), QDiabetes nsiriwardena1 https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166952219 2017-04-19 08:32:56 UTC https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166952219 Breaking bad news: principles nsiriwardena1 https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166952526 2017-04-19 08:35:09 UTC https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166952526 2.3.1 Prevention: primary, secondary, tertiary nsiriwardena1 https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166952613 2017-04-19 08:35:50 UTC https://padlet.com/akanuwe/mz6s2yr2tota/wish/166952613