Roaring Twenties by Emily Anderson

Essential Question 1: Why did the modern culture of the 1920s cause some people to think that traditional society and morality were under attack?

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Women and Controversies

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Women in the 1920s had received new freedoms, access to higher education, and better job opportunities. They wished to express themselves in different ways and to continue fighting for equal rights. Many became "Flappers" and dressed in very modern ways. This caused them to lose traditional values and act upon their newly found freedoms. This caused people to believe that traditional society was under attack because many of the women disregarded what they were previously expected to wear and acted in ways that mortified very traditional people. Because of their new freedoms, many women's morals and values had drastically changed. Many people were strongly opposed to the idea of changing the traditional position of women.

Women as Telephone Operators

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No Husbands for Them

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"Many women are now becoming wedded to professional life, others are entering politics and will have no times for husbands and children, then quite a number have good paying positions and they prefer money, rather than matrimony.

Women's Rights Video

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Essential Question 2: How did new industries and a consumer society contribute to the roaring twenties?

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Model T and other Automobiles

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The growing use of cars gave more Americans the ability to travel farther. People were now able to work farther away from home and this eased some isolation of people living in rural areas. People were able to live in the suburbs but still have the advantages of the city. With the production of the car, assembly lines became more popular which made the auto industry efficient, fast, and cheap. This made prices lower and more people were able to afford them. The use of the assembly line for the Model T divided operations into less complicated tasks and removed unnecessary motion. The auto industry spurred growth in rubber, lead, glass, and nickel industries as well. The use of railroads and trolleys declined greatly.

Henry Ford with Two Cars

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Prohibition

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People began to think that traditional society and morality were under attack because of people's disregard to the law, specifically prohibition. Prohibition did not successfully remove the use of alcohol, but it created an underground economy to create and sell the alcohol to the consumers. Violence rose because of gangsters that fought to control the illegal market. It terrified people that this was occurring and that the government was not enforcing the law as it should. People believed that traditional society was at risk because of the violence and the lawbreaking that was occurring. President Herbert Hoover appointed a commission to try to fix the issue of law enforcement, especially with the problem of prohibition

Prohibition Bust

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Scopes Trial

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This trial occurred when a teacher was found breaking the state law that prohibited teaching evolution to students. This caused a very huge debate about whether religion should or should not be taught at schools. This cause people to question the attack on traditional society people because newer boundaries were being broken and people began doing things outside of the original rules and values of society. The Scope's trial made people question what parts of tradition are really necessary.

William Jennings Brian Undelivered Speech

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"Religion is not hostile to learning, Christianity has been the greatest patron learning has ever had. But Christians know that 'the fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom' now just as it has been in the past, and they therefore oppose the teaching of guesses that encourage godlessness among the students.

John Scopes

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Ku Klux Klan

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A group of Americans formed the Ku Klux Klan in order the attempt to pass legislation that would remove the undesired immigrants from their territory. The Klan considered Catholics, Jews, immigrants, and other groups to be un-American so they attempted to have them removed. Their dangerous and violent ways concerned people and may have been a reason that people believe that morality was under attack. The Ku Klux Klan themselves believed that the immigrants were an attack on the traditional white Protestant society so they desired to fight against it.

Ku Klux Klan March

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Letter to Department of Justice

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"They are so thoroughly organized here, that the courts , and principal officers are members, and when they want a jury, they summon no one but their own."

Sacco-Vanzetti Court Case

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Two anarchists robbed and murdered two employees of a Massachusetts shoe factory. The fact that the men were anarchist caused people to believe that they were guilty despite of the questionable evidence that they found. Their case symbolized the justice fight for certain ethnic minorities, poor, and unorthodox. This showed the development of justice for certain groups and how society was beginning to lose its traditional values in order to bring equal rights to all Americans.

Henry Ford and the Model T Video

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Birth of the Airline Industry

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The aviation expanded people's abilities to travel by an extreme amount. By 1925, postal services were permitted to carry mail. Transportation of mail and other materials enormously expanded. People were more easily to purchase things from across the country and receive them sooner. The birth of the airline industry marked the start of large commercial aviation. This contributed to the roaring twenties because it expanded the abilities and made communication much easier. The ability to communicate across the country and overseas was now much easier and greatly helped the expansion of consumer society.

US Mail Plane

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Credit

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The use of individual borrowing increased and people's attitudes toward debts changed as they became able to pay the debts over time. 75% of automobiles and 60% of radios were bought using credit. These payment plans encouraged consumers to buy goods, knowing they could end up paying for it later in time. This actually ended up putting consumers in more debt because of their over-assumption of what they were able to pay.

Credit in the 1920s

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Hamlin Memorandum

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"He said Congress never intended us to act as a regulator of the New York exchange, and that we had no power/to so unless commerce, business and agriculture were being injured or in danger of injury and even then he had some doubts as to our power."

Radios

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A special circuit was created in 1913 that gave the ability to send long-range sound transmits. The use of radios exploded in the 1920s and it was used to advertise, entertain, and for news purposes. The radio industry gained a lot of money from the production of these radios and the huge expansion of its use over the country. Radios were another very fast way of sending information and it contributed to the roaring twenties by encourage consumers to buy more things. Producers were able to advertise to more people this way and more things were then able to be sold.

Radio Advertisement Quote 1929

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"It is the instrument invariably chosen by those who demand the utmost possible fidelity and realism in the reproduction of music and the voice."

Family Listening to the Radio

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Mass Advertising

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Mass advertising contributed to the consumer society that American became because advertisements influenced consumers to buy certain products. Since there was no limitation to advertisements in the 20s, the producers would go to extreme measures to get people to have interest in their product. The producers would have clever sayings and appeal to audiences because of the easiness or efficiency that their product might have. Advertising was very important because consumers most likely not have bought as much.

Essential Question 3: How Did Popular Culture, the Arts, and Literature change in the 1920s?

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Georgia O'Keeffe

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Georgia O'Keeffe was considered one of the greatest modernist painters and during the 1920s. She painted landscapes and flowers. She created a large group paintings inspired by urban areas and it became the highest selling series of paintings in that time. Georgia O'Keeffe is an example of the more contemporary works of art that became more popular in the 20s and she played a very important role in the development of modernism.

Painting by Georgia O'Keeffe

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"I have but one desire as a painter – that is to paint what I see, as I see it, in my own way, without regard for the desires or taste of the professional dealer or the professional collector." -Georgia O'Keeffe

Carl Sandburg

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Sandburg was important to the development of the arts during the 1920s because the expansion of his writing. Sandburg made platform appearances which increased the popularity of his literature. He brought together over 300 works for The American Songbag. His writings about Abraham Lincoln received harsh criticism as well because of its extreme inaccuracy. This also increased the awareness of the importance of accuracy in that time. His phenomenal poems about the realities of life greatly influenced and inspired the people of the 1920s.

"Chicago" by Carl Sandburg

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Carl Sandburg

F. Scott Fitzgerald

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Fitzgerald was a very famous writer during the 20s and he wrote a famous novel called the Great Gatsby. It was an astonishing portrayal and also critique of the Jazz Age. This was considered a brilliant piece of literature but it did not bring him financial success. Fitzgerald set new standards for 1920s literature and his works helped further develop the production of literature and art for the future.

F. Scott Fitzgerald Photo

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Quote by Fitzgerald

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"Life is essentially a cheat and its conditions are those of defeat; the redeeming things are not happiness and pleasure but the deeper satisfactions that come out of struggle."

Movies and Radio Shows

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Movies and radio shows in the 1920s were very important to the development of entertainment. Entertainment enable producers to share their ideas and messages with people. Movies and radio shows were very helpful economically as well. Movies and radio shows gave people new ideas and the development of films showed America's development over time.

Essential Question 4: How did African Americans influence American Society in the 1920s

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Babe Ruth

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The Red Sox became one of the most successful teams of its time because of the famous player, Babe Ruth. Babe Ruth changed the way baseball was to be played and changed the way baseball was viewed. Babe Ruth contributed to the entertainment aspect of sports. Sports were becoming more popular in entertainment and the popularity of Babe Ruth cause even more of an increase in this popularity. Babe Ruth was very important to the shift in popular culture because of the standards he set for baseball players all over the country and how he contributed to the entertainment aspect of sports.

Babe Ruth Quote

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"The way a team plays as a whole determines its success. You may have the greatest bunch of individual stars in the world, but if they don't play together, the club won't be worth a dime."

Babe Ruth

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Great Migration

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African Americans in the South moved North to attempt to escape segregation. They wanted to find better job opportunities and to lead better lives in general. The North offered many more opportunities than the South, but there was still segregation. The Great Migration influenced the American Society because it greatly changed race populations in northern cities and largely affected diversity as well as how African Americans were treated.

Photo taken during the Great Migration early 1920s

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Harlem Renaissance

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The Harlem Renaissance was the growth of the African American arts that started in the New York City neighborhood of Harlem. The pride, political organization, and development of the arts thrived in Harlem. The renaissance influenced American society by showing the importance of their racial pride and enlightening other races the importance of equality. The Harlem Renaissance was very important to the culture of African Americans because it encouraged the pride they should have in their race. Harlem became a place for the African Americans to be almost entirely free of the social discrimination and it was a place many African Americans were able to recognize their culture and the extent of their abilities.

Harlem Renaissance Video

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Claude McKay Excerpt from Poem about the Harlem Renaissance

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Oh, Kinsmen! We must meet the common foe;
Though far outnumbered, let us show us brave,
And for their thousand blows deal one deathblow!
What though before us lies the open grave?
Like men we’ll face the murderous, cowardly pack,
Pressed to the wall, dying, but fighting back!

Zora Neale Hurston

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Hurston was a very influential writer and moved to New York City to pursue a writing career. She published various poems and writing about the Harlem Renaissance and about African American life. Hurston's writings inspired people to be take pride in their race and to continue to pursue equality. This created and impact and was part of the collected effort towards equal rights for all races. Her works showed society of the poor conditions that African Americans have experienced in their lives and thus helped in encouraging equality for everyone.

Citations

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"Yankees Acquire Babe Ruth, 1920." Historic U.S. Events. Detroit: Gale, 2014. U.S. History in Context. Web. 28 Feb. 2015.

"Zora Neale Hurston." Feminism in Literature: A Gale Critical Companion. Ed. Jessica Bomarito and Jeffrey W. Hunter. Vol. 6: 20th Century, Authors (H-Z). Detroit: Gale, 2005. U.S. History in Context. Web. 28 Feb. 2015.

Appleby, Joyce Oldham. The American Vision. New York: Glencoe McGraw-Hill, 2003. Print.

"Louis Armstrong." Dictionary of American Biography. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1994. U.S. History in Context. Web. 28 Feb. 2015.

Zora Neale Hurston

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Zora Neale Hurston Quote

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"It would be against all nature for all the Negroes to be either at the bottom, top, or in between. We will go where the internal drive carries us like everybody else. It is up to the individual."

Jazz, Blues, and Theater: Louis Armstrong

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Louis Armstrong introduced improvisational form of early jazz. He broke away from the traditional New Orleans style and inspired people to explore the freedom of creating their own jazz. He inspired many other artists during this time to improvise as well. This was a breakthrough from old standards of music and Armstrong made a huge impact in the entertainment industry. Armstrong changed the music industry and had an incredible influence on jazz artists in the future.

Louis Armstrong Quote

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"I never tried to prove nothing, just wanted to give a good show. My life has always been my music, it's always come first, but the music ain't worth nothing if you can't lay it on the public. The main thing is to live for that audience, 'cause what you're there for is to please the people."

Louis Armstrong

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Photo of NAACP Headquarters

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NAACP

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The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People was a group that was dedicated to achieving equal rights. They battled continuously against discrimination and segregation. These efforts led to the anti-lynching legislation. The NAACP's successes caused an effect in decision making in congress and affected national politics. The NAACP had a huge influence in American society because of its constant fight for equal rights and its achievements for the rights of African Americans.

Emily Anderson

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Henry Ford Quote

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"One of the greatest discoveries a man makes, one of his great surprises, is to find he can do what he was afraid he couldn't do.