https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki Made with fortitude en-us 2017-10-30 01:04:43 UTC 2023-02-18 12:10:02 UTC hello@padlet.com tadiwa_rukunda https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201563699  A legal rule based on constitutional law, saying that evidence collected or analyzed in violation of the defendant's constitutional rights is inadmissible for a criminal prosecution in a court of law.]]> 2017-10-30 01:05:29 UTC https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201563699 tadiwa_rukunda https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201565032 Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. Introduction. Two clauses of the First Amendment concern the relationship of government to religion: the Establishment Clause and the Free Exercise Clause.]]> 2017-10-30 01:12:29 UTC https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201565032 tadiwa_rukunda https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201565340 fair treatment through the normal judicial system, especially as a citizen's entitlement.]]> 2017-10-30 01:15:07 UTC https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201565340 tadiwa_rukunda https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201565775 the prosecution of a person twice for the same offense.]]> 2017-10-30 01:18:17 UTC https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201565775 tadiwa_rukunda https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201567239 Pure speech in United States law is the communication of ideas through spoken or written words or through conduct limited in form to that necessary to convey the idea. It is distinguished from symbolic speech or "speech plus," which involves conveying an idea or message through behavior.]]> 2017-10-30 01:27:22 UTC https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201567239 tadiwa_rukunda https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201567847 Suspect classification. A class of individuals that have been historically subject to discrimination. Any statute that makes a distinction between individuals based on any of the suspect classifications (IE. alien age, race) will be subject to a strict scrutiny standard of review before the Supreme Court.

]]> 2017-10-30 01:30:54 UTC https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201567847 tadiwa_rukunda https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201569355 De jure segregation is separation enforced by law, while de facto segregation occurs when widespread individual preferences, sometimes backed up with private pressure, lead to separation.]]> 2017-10-30 01:39:38 UTC https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201569355 tadiwa_rukunda https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201570165 reasonable grounds (for making a search, pressing a charge, etc.).]]> 2017-10-30 01:44:57 UTC https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201570165 tadiwa_rukunda https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201570842 Bakke decision [( bak -ee)] An important ruling on affirmative action given by the Supreme Court in 1978. Allan Bakke, a white man, was denied admission to a medical school that had admitted black candidates with weaker academic credentials. Bakke contended that he was a victim of racial discrimination.]]> 2017-10-30 01:50:36 UTC https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201570842 tadiwa_rukunda https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201571923 Symbolic speech is a legal term in United States law used to describe actions that purposefully and discernibly convey a particular message or statement to those viewing it.]]> 2017-10-30 01:56:31 UTC https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201571923 tadiwa_rukunda https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201572503 The incorporation doctrine is a constitutional doctrine through which selected provisions of the Bill of Rights are made applicable to the states through the Due Process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.]]> 2017-10-30 02:00:07 UTC https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201572503 tadiwa_rukunda https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201572856 Engel v. Vitale, 370 U.S. 421 (1962), was a landmark United States Supreme Court case that ruled it is unconstitutional for state officials to compose an official school prayer and encourage its recitation in public schools.

]]> 2017-10-30 02:03:02 UTC https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201572856 tadiwa_rukunda https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201573185 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483, was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional.]]> 2017-10-30 02:05:40 UTC https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201573185 tadiwa_rukunda https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201573537 In Miranda v. Arizona (1966), the Supreme Court ruled that detained criminal suspects, prior to police questioning, must be informed of their constitutional right to an attorney and against self-incrimination.]]> 2017-10-30 02:08:06 UTC https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201573537 tadiwa_rukunda https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201574000 The Equal Protection Clause is part of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The clause, which took effect in 1868, provides that no state shall deny to any person within its jurisdiction "the equal protection of the laws".]]> 2017-10-30 02:11:34 UTC https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201574000 tadiwa_rukunda https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201574566 Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643 (1961), was a landmark case in criminal procedure, in which the United States Supreme Court decided that evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment, which protects against "unreasonable searches and seizures," may not be used in state law criminal prosecutions in state courts, as ...]]> 2017-10-30 02:15:56 UTC https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201574566 tadiwa_rukunda https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201575242 Southern state legislatures employed literacy tests as part of the voter registration process starting in the late 19th century. Literacy tests, along with poll taxes and extra-legal intimidation, were used to deny suffrage to African Americans.]]> 2017-10-30 02:22:06 UTC https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201575242 tadiwa_rukunda https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201575831 In institutions of higher education, affirmative action refers to admission policies that provide equal access to education for those groups that have been historically excluded or underrepresented, such as women and minorities.]]> 2017-10-30 02:25:26 UTC https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201575831 tadiwa_rukunda https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201576395 Laws were state and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States.]]> 2017-10-30 02:28:51 UTC https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201576395 tadiwa_rukunda https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201576677 The Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Pub.L. 88–352, 78 Stat. 241, enacted July 2, 1964) is a landmark civil rights and US labor law in the United States that outlaws discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.]]> 2017-10-30 02:30:44 UTC https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201576677 tadiwa_rukunda https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201577145 Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973), is a landmark decision by the United States Supreme Court on the issue of abortion. ... Arguing that these state interests became stronger over the course of a pregnancy, the Court resolved this balancing test by tying state regulation of abortion to the third trimester of pregnancy.]]> 2017-10-30 02:34:00 UTC https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201577145 tadiwa_rukunda https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201577732 Dred Scott v. Sandford, 60 U.S. 393, also known simply as the Dred Scott case, was a landmark decision by the United States Supreme Court on US labor law and constitutional law]]> 2017-10-30 02:38:36 UTC https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201577732 tadiwa_rukunda https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201577971 Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 US 537 (1896) was a landmark constitutional law case of the US Supreme Court decided in 1896. It upheld state racial segregation laws for public facilities under the doctrine of "separate but equal".]]> 2017-10-30 02:40:17 UTC https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201577971 tadiwa_rukunda https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201579200 Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335, is a landmark case in United States Supreme Court history. In it, the Supreme Court unanimously ruled that states are required under the Sixth Amendment to the U.S. ...]]> 2017-10-30 02:48:56 UTC https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201579200 tadiwa_rukunda https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201579526 Rational basis review is a test courts may ise to determine the constitutionality of a statute or ordinance. To pass rational basis review, the challenged law must be rationally related to a legitimate government interest.]]> 2017-10-30 02:51:26 UTC https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201579526 tadiwa_rukunda https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201579888 Free Exercise Clause refers to the section of the First Amendment italicized here: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof...]]> 2017-10-30 02:53:48 UTC https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201579888 tadiwa_rukunda https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201580089 Prior restraint (also referred to as prior censorship or pre-publication censorship) is censorship imposed, usually by a government, on expression that prohibits particular instances of expression.]]> 2017-10-30 02:55:24 UTC https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201580089 tadiwa_rukunda https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201580420 Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602, was a case argued before the Supreme Court of the United States. The court ruled in an 8–1 decision that Pennsylvania's Nonpublic Elementary and Secondary Education ...]]> 2017-10-30 02:58:10 UTC https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201580420 tadiwa_rukunda https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201659092 Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.]]> 2017-10-30 11:22:48 UTC https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201659092 tadiwa_rukunda https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201659560 A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.]]> 2017-10-30 11:24:44 UTC https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201659560 tadiwa_rukunda https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201660020 The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.]]> 2017-10-30 11:26:36 UTC https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201660020 tadiwa_rukunda https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201661933 Racial segregation, especially in public schools, that happens “by fact” rather than by legal requirement. For example, often the concentration of African-Americans in certain neighborhoods produces neighborhood schools that are predominantly black, or segregated in fact ( de facto ), although not by law ( de jure ).]]> 2017-10-30 11:35:21 UTC https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201661933 tadiwa_rukunda https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201670294 No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation]]> 2017-10-30 12:04:59 UTC https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201670294 tadiwa_rukunda https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201670877 Korematsu v. United States, 323 U.S. 214 (1944), was a landmark United States Supreme Court case concerning the constitutionality of Executive Order 9066, which ordered Japanese Americans into internment camps during World War II regardless of citizenship.]]> 2017-10-30 12:06:57 UTC https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201670877 tadiwa_rukunda https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201671632 In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defense.]]> 2017-10-30 12:09:06 UTC https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201671632 tadiwa_rukunda https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201672424 Seditious speech is speech directed at the overthrow of government. It includes speech attacking basic institutions of government, including particular governmental leaders. Its criminalization dates back at least as far as the Alien and Sedition Act.]]> 2017-10-30 12:11:12 UTC https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201672424 tadiwa_rukunda https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201673364 In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.]]> 2017-10-30 12:14:00 UTC https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201673364 tadiwa_rukunda https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201674000 Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.]]> 2017-10-30 12:15:43 UTC https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201674000 tadiwa_rukunda https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201674767 All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.]]> 2017-10-30 12:17:51 UTC https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201674767 tadiwa_rukunda https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201675582 Defamation is an area of law that provides a civil remedy when someone's words end up causing harm to your reputation or your livelihood. Libel is a written or published defamatory statement, while slander is defamation that is spoken by the defendant.

]]> 2017-10-30 12:19:46 UTC https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201675582 tadiwa_rukunda https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201676269 Under common law, to constitute defamation, a claim must generally be false and must have been made to someone other than the person defamed. Some common law jurisdictions also distinguish between spoken defamation, called slander, and defamation in other media such as printed words or images, called libel.]]> 2017-10-30 12:21:30 UTC https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201676269 tadiwa_rukunda https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201677630 case dealing with freedom of speech and freedom of assembly.]]> 2017-10-30 12:25:11 UTC https://padlet.com/tadiwa_rukunda/mulcx2dqhyki/wish/201677630