https://padlet.com/6560/mtlorhqm2rw1 en-us 2018-10-16 14:53:12 UTC 2018-10-16 16:38:12 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/icons/Tent.png 6560 https://padlet.com/6560/mtlorhqm2rw1/wish/293391699 - Emperor Alexius I sent envoys to Pope Urban II asking for mercenary troops from the West to help confront the Turkish threat. 
- November at the Council of Clermont in southern France, the Pope called upon Western Christians to take up arms to aid the Byzantines and rapture the Holy Land from Muslim control. 
- marked the beginning of the Crusades.   
- those who joined the Crusades wore a cross as a symbol of the church 
- four armies of troops were formed from different Western European regions
- led by Raymond of Saint-Gilles, Godfrey of Bouillon, Hugh of Vermandois and Bohemond of Taranto (with his nephew Tancred)
- departed for Byzantine in August 1096 
- In May 1097, the Crusaders and their Byzantine allies attacked Nicea (now Iznik, Turkey), the Seljuk capital in Anatolia 
- the city surrendered in late June 
- Crusaders and Byzantine leaders continued marching through Anatolia 
- captured the Syrian city of Antioch in June 1098 
- Encamping  Jerusalem in June 1099, Christians forced the besieged city’s governor to surrender by mid-July
- Despite Tancred’s promise of protection, the Crusaders slaughtered hundreds of men, women, and children in their victorious entrance into Jerusalem]]> 2018-10-16 15:01:05 UTC https://padlet.com/6560/mtlorhqm2rw1/wish/293391699 6560 https://padlet.com/6560/mtlorhqm2rw1/wish/293402887 - after the first, many Crusaders returned home 
- To govern the conquered territory, those who remained established four large western settlements, or Crusader states, in Jerusalem, Edessa, Antioch and Tripoli. 
- 1130: Muslim forces began gaining ground in their own holy war 
- 1144: Seljuk general Zangi, governor of Mosul, captured Edessa, leading to the loss of the northernmost Crusader state
- two great rulers led the second crusade: King Louis VII of France and King Conrad III of Germany 
- October: Turks annihilated Conrad's forces at Dorylaeum (site of a great Christian victory during the First Crusade) 
- Muslim forces dealt humiliating defeat to the Crusaders
- Nur al-Din added Damarcus to expanding empire in 1154 ]]> 2018-10-16 15:15:50 UTC https://padlet.com/6560/mtlorhqm2rw1/wish/293402887 6560 https://padlet.com/6560/mtlorhqm2rw1/wish/293410332 - 1187, Saladin began a major campaign against the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem
- troops virtually destroyed the Christian army at the battle of Hattin
- Outrage over these defeats inspired the Third Crusade 
- led by rulers such as the aging Emperor Frederick Barbarossa (who was drowned at Anatolia before his entire army reached Syria), King Philip II of France, and King Richard I of England (known as Richard the Lionheart) 
- September 1191: Richard’s forces defeated those of Saladin in the battle of Arsuf
- September 1192, Richard and Saladin signed a peace treaty that established the Kingdom of Jerusalem (though without the city of Jerusalem) and ended the Third Crusade]]> 2018-10-16 15:25:12 UTC https://padlet.com/6560/mtlorhqm2rw1/wish/293410332 6560 https://padlet.com/6560/mtlorhqm2rw1/wish/293455908 - Pope Innocent III called for a new Crusade in 1198
- power struggles within and between Europe and Byzantium drove the Crusaders to divert their mission in order to topple the reigning Byzantine emperor, Alexius III, in favor of his nephew, who became Alexius IV in mid-1203
- the new emperor’s attempts to submit the Byzantine church to Rome was met with stiff resistance
- Alexius IV was strangled after a palace coup in early 1204
- the Crusaders declared war on Constantinople
- the Fourth Crusade ended with the devastating Fall of Constantinople, marked by a bloody conquest, looting and near-destruction of the magnificent Byzantine capital later that year]]> 2018-10-16 16:30:15 UTC https://padlet.com/6560/mtlorhqm2rw1/wish/293455908 6560 https://padlet.com/6560/mtlorhqm2rw1/wish/293458637 - The Albigensian Crusade (1208-29) aimed to root out the heretical Cathari or Albigensian sect of Christianity in France 
- the Baltic Crusades (1211-25) sought to subdue pagans in Transylvania 
- A so-called Children’s Crusade took place in 1212 when thousands of young children vowed to march to Jerusalem
- the Fifth Crusade, put in motion by Pope Innocent III before his death in 1216, the Crusaders attacked Egypt from both land and sea but were forced to surrender to Muslim defenders led by Saladin’s nephew, Al-Malik al-Kamil, in 1221
- In 1229, in what became known as the Sixth Crusade, Emperor Frederick II achieved the peaceful transfer of Jerusalem to Crusader control through negotiation with al-Kamil. The peace treaty expired a decade later, and Muslims easily regained control of Jerusalem.]]> 2018-10-16 16:34:19 UTC https://padlet.com/6560/mtlorhqm2rw1/wish/293458637