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      <title>Critical Thinking Essay by </title>
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      <description>Caribbean Integration and Globalization</description>
      <language>en-us</language>
      <pubDate>2019-04-16 01:56:13 UTC</pubDate>
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         <author>akesh_heera</author>
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         <description><![CDATA[<div>       The countries of the Caribbean share a similar history of colonialism, eurocentrism, slavery, indentureship schemes and the exploitation of our resources and people. After years of the Triangular Trade system and other British regimes, the islands of the Caribbean were left significantly underdeveloped with exhausted and near depleted resources. However, the people of the Caribbean worked assiduously to rebuild their societies and promote continued development while the era of globalization simultaneously propelled. Anthony Giddens defined globalization as the intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa (Tejada 1). The advent of globalization provided a myriad of opportunities for Caribbean countries including the ability to export goods and services worldwide. However, these countries could not derive the full benefit from global trade since they were competing with larger countries who were engaging in mass production at cheaper prices due to economies of scale. It was believed that regional integration would, among other things, assist in competing on the global market as one stronger and unified entity. As such there have been numerous attempts at achieving Caribbean integration such as the implementation of CARIFTA, the Caribbean Free Trade Association and the most successful, the Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM). It is imperative to note that in today’s world of globalization, efforts at Caribbean integration still have relevance for Caribbean development but this does not mean that we should not all aspire to be citizens of the global village as globalization is indispensable with development in these times. Caribbean integration promotes: a Caribbean identity, economic, educational and legal development.  </div><div>       Firstly, Caribbean integration assists in promoting a Caribbean identity. Grace and Woodward defined identity as a multi layered concept relating to the groups we belong to (social identity), to the way we portray ourselves to the outside world (personal identity) and to our own subjective sense of knowing who we are (ego identity). Colonialism hindered the creation of a unique Caribbean identity since the British ideals were considered to be superior during that era. However, upon gaining independence, the countries of the Caribbean entered into numerous agreements which sought to strengthen the bonds between each other and promote regional integration. Though some attempts have been unsuccessful, others have been achieving the objectives they set out to achieve. For example, CARICOM is the oldest surviving integration movement in the developing world with twenty member countries. Such agreements help to shape our identity and assist us in departing from the British culture, norms and values that we were forced to adopt. It has been noted that there is not a single identifiable homogenous Caribbean identity (Garcia 57). However, regional integration assists in promoting a single identity through the cohesion of the nations from working together. Apart from the Caribbean appearing more competitive on the global export market, the Caribbean may also marketed as a tourist destination as a whole. The miscellany of races, colours and cultures can be regarded as one diverse and unique Caribbean culture.  This is where globalization plays a significant role since it is globalization which will facilitate the promotion of this Caribbean identity to the remainder of the globe, bringing in the demand for our goods, services and tourism products. Globalization assists in introducing people to new cultures and facilitating greater acceptance of the different identities which exist. It promotes international understanding, collaboration and harmony with the cultural diversity from across countries and regions (Bakhtiari 97) . However, it can also be a threat to our identity if we decide to completely adapt to global trends and global culture. Globalization is culpable for an increased level of identity confusion as people struggle to find the delicate balance between local culture and global culture (Cheng 4).   Therefore, it is imperative that we aspire to be citizens of the global village whilst ensuring that our unique identity is preserved. As noted above, a balance between Caribbean integration and globalization can promote a Caribbean identity.</div><div>       In addition, Caribbean integration assists in economic development. Economic development is a process of structural transformation with continuous technological innovation and industrial upgrading, which increases labour productivity, and accompanied improvements in infrastructure and institution, which reduce transaction costs (Lin 1). It essentially encompasses the overall welfare of a country with economic growth only being one aspect of economic development. Taking CARICOM Single Market and Economy (CSME) for example, its main objective is to create an economic space without trading restrictions so as to allow for the free movement of goods, services, people, capital and technology. CSME, as a device of integration promotes  employment, investments and the production of goods and services.  This regime is of much relevance since there is an inequitable distribution of resources throughout the countries of the Caribbean. It will therefore promote a more efficient allocation of resources thereby promoting economic development. However, globalization plays a significant role in economic development primarily through the establishment of multinational corporations. Multinational corporations are companies with their headquarters in one country with factories and operations occurring in many other countries. These corporations contribute to economic development through the corporate taxes they pay (used to fund government projects), providing employment opportunities for citizens and even by their sponsorships and public relations schemes (For example, setting up charities and providing scholarships for students). These corporations also provide specialist training to employees, facilitating their holistic development and thereby improving the human resources available in the country.  As developing countries, it is imperative that the countries of the Caribbean employ significant efforts to achieving developed status. Both integration and globalization play a significant role in achieving economic development. <br>          Continuing with economic development, Caribbean integration promotes increases in the standard of living of citizens. The  standard of living refers to the financial health of a population measured in by per capita income and the consumption of goods and services by individuals or households (Colgate 1).  Regional integration creates larger markets for local businesses which inevitably leads to expansion within the region and even across the globe (which is made possible via globalization). With such expansions, more employees will be required, leading to an increase in the employment levels in the region.  Citizens will be earning an income, allowing them to enjoy a higher standard of living through the consumption of better quality goods and services. Individuals would therefore be able to afford better health care, meet their security needs, further their education and by extension achieve the higher tiers on the Maslow's hierarchy of needs (Kremer and Hammond 1).  </div><div>         Furthermore, legal development may be facilitated via Caribbean integration. Prior to the establishment of the Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ), the final court of appeal for all the countries of the Commonwealth Caribbean was the Privy Council. This dual jurisdiction court was envisaged to become the final court of appeal for the countries of the Commonwealth Caribbean hereby abolishing appeals to the Privy Council and encouraging legal development in the Caribbean. Although Belize, Guyana, Dominica and Barbados are the only countries that have adopted the CCJ as their final court of appeal, it is hoped that more nations do the same in the future. It would allow for the creation of an indigenous jurisprudence, thereby departing from the law that is inherently British in nature since our judges would be independent in their thinking (Antoine 331).  Our laws would reflect the pluralism and diversity in our societies which the British laws do not account for since their societies were not as diverse as ours and their laws having Ecclesiastical influences. It cannot go unnoticed however that gobalization has allowed governments to ratify to international treaties and agreements. It has allowed for certain rights, for example human rights to be recognized internationally (Woods 1). These international treaties are of paramount importance since they guide the rights of human beings and the type of treatment that is acceptable. Therefore globalization also plays a significant role in legal development. Nevertheless, it is important that the Caribbean strives to promote integration via a common legal body as it would allow for progress in the justice system as well as overall development in each sector of the country. Once again it can be seen that both Caribbean integration and globalization are fundamental in achieving development.<br>        Moreover, Caribbean integration is integral to achieving developments in education.  Education is a major concern for all societies. As the foundation and essential driving force of economic, social, and human development, education is at the heart of the change that is dramatically affecting our world in the </div><div>areas of science, technology, economics, and culture (Bakhtiari 96). Prior to Independence, the education system, similar to all tenets of society, was inherently British imperialist in nature. It has often been called a 'British education' mainly because students were taught the history, literature and geography of the colonizers with the overall syllabus geared toward maintaining British hegemony (Coates 347). However, the Caribbean has achieved significant success in departing from this highly influenced 'British education' to creating an education system that is more reflective of Caribbean values. This integration has been achieved mainly through the establishment of the University of the West Indies as well as the Caribbean Examinations Council (CXC). The UWI has campuses across the Caribbean, offering a plethora of courses which have been strategically designed to meet the demands of the Caribbean. For example, the Caribbean Civilization course is a regional course which utilizes history (derived from revisionism) to educate all students about the Caribbean, its people and culture. Similarly, the Caribean Examinations Council is the regional examination body which has aligned their objectives and syllabi to reflect the demands of the Caribbean. On the other hand, globalization has allowed students from the Caribbean to pursue foreign degrees whether it be online based or physical. This allows for students to be introduced to degrees that may not be available in the Caribbean, which can add to the quality of the human resources available as well as a catalyst for  further research when they return. New technologies and sectors may be developed as a result of this, further contributing to Caribbean development. <br>     In retrospect, Caribbean integration still has relevance for Caribbean development in Today's world of globalization. Caribbean integration promotes: a Caribbean identity, economic, political, educational and legal development. However, this does not mean  that we should not aspire to be citizens of the global village as globalization also facilitates development in these areas. A balance between both can significantly assist in furthering the development of the Caribbean. </div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2019-04-16 02:03:14 UTC</pubDate>
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