https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig Big en-us 2021-04-11 15:38:31 UTC 2025-10-12 15:25:01 UTC hello@padlet.com 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404438095 This article explains how the Europeans developed a taste for exotic Asian goods like spices, drugs, silk, etc. They wanted an easier and less costly way to obtain these goods, rather trading with countries in Asia. Christopher Columbus ventured off to find an alternate trade route to the Indies. Instead, he found America in 1492. Thus, he kicked off an era of colonization within America. Other countries like England and France desired similar alternative trade. A good example was the French explorer Jacques Cartier who claimed holdings in South America when trying to navigate a maritime passage to Asia and return to France with gold. This fits with the Work, Exchange and Technology theme as it describes the factors behind why trade with Natives and European redistribution began. ]]> 2021-04-11 15:59:24 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404438095 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404438721 Heimler explains the agricultural and hunter-gatherer groups of Native Americans. He cites the Anasazi as people who used the South American environment to cultivate crops like Maize. He also talks about how midwestern Natives couldn't farm due to the arid climate, so they lived off of hunting buffalo and other animals. Finally, in the Northeast, Native Americans hunted and cultivated crops (since the animals were plentiful and the environment was well suited for tobacco cultivation). 
Heimler also touches upon the base power structure of Natives and how they created rudimentary government spheres. 
This fits in with the theme of Geography and the Environment as it describes how the Natives adapted to and used their environment to shape different, complex societies. Also, it covers the theme of American and National Identity since Heimler describes the values of Natives in North America. ]]> 2021-04-11 15:59:47 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404438721 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404438984 My reflection in the notes explains how conquest in the New World was caused by the need to outcompete other European nations. This competition was mainly over the control of maritime trade. Portuguese conquest of Africa allowed them to control African supplies, which spurred Spain to action in hopes of finding an alternative trade route to Asia. Instead, they found and colonized America. Exploiting Native Americans for their agricultural advancements. In the second chapter of my notes (https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LLu5PPuip7XzR-dc_mjsmujvD-z1-dX36UTrSvVKUuU/edit) I cite the defeat of Spain armada in 1588 as a reason why England was able to explore and conquest the New World in latter years. Of course, this battle was spurred by initial Spanish conquest of the New World, which promoted conflict since they controlled New World trade. One might argue that the conquest of the New World was strictly for the purpose of trade, but they would be wrong due to the resounding amount of conflict before and during the conquest for the purpose of controlling the New World, proving the competitive nature of said conquest. This exemplifies the theme of America in the World and Migration and Settlement as it describes European political strife over the New World and it exhibits why and how Spain and England  came to America. ]]> 2021-04-11 15:59:57 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404438984 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404439541 The Columbian Exchange stemmed from European conquest and colonization into the New World. The mere of presence of Europeans brought with them a whole slue of diseases that Natives were not accustomed to (most damaging of all was smallpox). Not only that, but Europeans brought with them Old World crops to the New World and vice versa. Spreading calorically dense New World crops to the Old World of Europe which caused an increase in population in Europe. So, one thing that can be taken away from this is that the Columbian Exchange mainly benefited Europeans, rather than Natives. Although Natives did acquire some new forms of weaponry, they suffered for the most part. This is quite similar to how Portugal dealt with Africa, since they used African resources to their advantage and the Africans suffered for it. This fits with the theme of Work, Exchange and Technology as well, since it describes the exchange of crops from the Old World to the New. ]]> 2021-04-11 16:00:16 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404439541 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404440011 Crashcourse explains how the Spanish Empire conquered the New World and used the already established indigenous peoples for slave labor. This destruction of native society led to the establishment of the racial caste system and the aforementioned slave labor in terms of encomienda.  The Spanish were at the top of the caste system and the Natives at the bottom. This belief spurred the Spanish to use Natives for labor. Crash Course argues that the Spanish Empire in America fell due to their reliance on silver. More specifically, their inflation of silver. Since they found silver in such mass quantities in the New World (at the cost of many Native American lives) they kept on mining it, disregarding the inflation that would arise. As such, when they failed in their invasion on England, they were broke and couldn't retain their American possessions. Of course some might argue that Spain lost their American possessions because they couldn't find gold (https://kidsdiscover.com/quick-reads/spain-left-england-able-colonize-u-s/). However, it is mainly due to the economic downfall of their failed invasion that they lost their empire. The themes of Social Structures and American and Regional Culture can both be exhibited here, since the Caste and Encomienda system established the social and racial hierarchy within America. ]]> 2021-04-11 16:00:32 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404440011 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404440986 In the "Black Legend" Bartolomé de las Casas condemns the Spanish mistreatment of Native Americans. He cites their greed of gold and explains that their claims of spreading religion are mere disguises for this greed. He writes this in 1552 in the midst of Spain's mad dash for gold and silver in the Americas. As a reflective philosopher and rights activist, Bartolomé de las Casas perspective is not representative of the Spanish majority but rather the argument against the Spanish majority. His publications and arguments revealed the cruelty of the Spanish Empire and how they thought Natives lesser than them. It exposed this cruelty to England, who thought of the Spanish as brutes. This turned European sentiments against Spain and was one of the reasons why Spain had to leave the New World. This exhibits the theme of Politics and Power since Bartolomé's work was used as political justification for French and English colonization. It also explains the Spanish Empire's politics in the New World (mainly economics and racial hierarchy). ]]> 2021-04-11 16:01:05 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404440986 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404441832 Jocz explains how the development of Columbus's transatlantic voyage led to the Spanish overseas conquest of the New World. He also explains how this led to the war between Spain and England which ended with the destruction of the Spanish Armada in 1588. This fits with the theme of America in the World because it shows the conquest and conflict for America by European nations. ]]> 2021-04-11 16:01:36 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404441832 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404443555 This article talks about the economic interests that led England (and other European countries) to lay claim to the colonies. The basis for commercial expansion was England's mercantilist belief, through which they establish the Jamestown colony to generate profit. From there, other colonies were established for material wealth and for sanctuary from religious persecution (in the case of the Puritans). This greatly exemplifies the theme of Migration and Settlement since it shows why England pursued colonization of North America. ]]> 2021-04-11 16:02:33 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404443555 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404443979 Crash Course explains how Jamestown started off as monetary New England colony that fell off due to lack of experience with the New World. It developed and held out for a few more years under the leadership of John Smith, showing England that North America could be colonized. So, the Chesapeake colony was established soon afterward, growing tobacco(since they were more southern) and expanding their agricultural gains through indentured servitude. Then came the smaller, proprietary colony of Maryland and the larger, more famous, Puritan Massachusetts Bay colony. There were also the free, Quaker Pennsylvania which did not impose religious order unlike the Massachusetts Bay colony. As such, this video greatly exemplifies the theme of Social Structures since it shows the development of social spheres through various colonies. Whether those spheres be free of religious obligation like Pennsylvania or fraught with it like the Bay Colony. ]]> 2021-04-11 16:02:49 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404443979 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404444465 As outlined by my notes from chapter 2 and 3( https://docs.google.com/document/d/1hoMYSiaYfywrftvDRsZY5LZ1Vqt3_UIms0mZjfp89Ow/edit) the economic distinction between the New England and Southern Colonies is the same distinction between the future 1800s Northern and Southern states. While the New England colonies relied more on trade and fishing for economic gain while the Chesapeake and southern colonies relied on tobacco cultivation. Similarly the Northern states dealt with exportation and industry/manufacturing while the Southern states delved with agriculture and cotton-farming. One might argue that these two are incomparable, since Northern states also delved into manufacturing. However, the origins of such manufacturing began in the New England colonies with the building of ships for England. As such, this exemplifies the theme of Geography and the Environment because it shows how the different colonies adapted and used their environment. ]]> 2021-04-11 16:03:07 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404444465 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404444952 Heimler explains how after the colonization of Eastern North America, a system of Triangular trade was established. New England would export New World commodities to West Africa, where those commodities would be traded for with slaves. Then, the exports would go to England through the middle passage, where the slaves would be trade for British commodities. Then, the ships would go back to New England and the process would repeat. This led to economic prosperity for England and a need for them to maintain the process through restrictive legislation, like the Navigation Acts. This pattern of trade is similar to the principle of labor established within the United States. The South would cotton to the North, who would produce textiles and send them back South and towards the Midwest. The Midwest would send other agricultural products and beaver fur  back North (who would often export those products) and South. The commodities may be different, but the triangular trade concept remains the same. As such, this exemplifies the theme of Work, Exchange and Technology since it shows the development of early Colonial American trade. ]]> 2021-04-11 16:03:24 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404444952 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404445779 This article describes the differences between the English and French relations with natives over time. It argues that the French treated the Native Americans far better than the English did. While the Native Americans were generally friendly to the English at first, the English reciprocated such kindness with relentless colonization by uprooting their native greeters. The French on the other hand established their colonies while respecting native borders. They also established friendly trade with the Native Americans. While some might say that all Europeans treated Natives in the same manner (https://www.ncpedia.org/history/early/contact), this can't be true as the French were able to share borders with the Natives without starting any major conflicts unlike the British, who underwent many wars with the Natives including King Philips war and the Pequot war. As such, this is a great example of the theme of Politics and Power because it shows how the differing Native-American policies of France and England helped their colonies develop over time. ]]> 2021-04-11 16:03:51 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404445779 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404447005 As per my chapter 4 notes, slavery was all that popular in the early British colonies. In fact, white indentured servitude was the go to. However, this fell by the wayside when the indentured servants rose up and rebelled under Nathaniel Bacon in 1679. Resulting in the need for alternative source of man-labor. The governors of the colonies got their wishes granted when rising wages in England led a lot of slaves to be pushed to America, allowing slave prices to lower substantially. So, slavery became all the craze in the South, resulting in the creation of a new social hierarchy based on economic merit. Which is why this greatly exemplifies the theme of Social Structures.]]> 2021-04-11 16:04:23 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404447005 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404448484 This source describes the unraveling of a slave uprising conspiracy through journaled accounts. It is written by Daniel Horsmanden in 1741, when slaves were a natural part of every day life in the colonies. It shows just how paranoid people were after the failed Stono slave rebellion, and what lengths the colonists would go to to prevent such a rebellion from occuring again. It is a good example of the theme of American and Regional Culture because it shows the development of colonial culture in response to slavery. ]]> 2021-04-11 16:05:13 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404448484 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404449111 This song shows how America, from the colonial period to today, is a melting pot of different people and cultures. This helped bring European enlightenment ideas to America. From the first Irish, English, French, and Dutch settlers to the latter Asian and Eastern European immigrants, America was also built on and adopting other cultures. As such, this fits right in with the theme of American and National Identity. ]]> 2021-04-11 16:05:36 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404449111 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404449864 Jocz Productions explains this really succinctly. He says that Britain's salutary neglect and initial ignorance of colonial politics allowed the colonies to create rudimentary forms of colonial legislative bodies and early democracy. As such, the colonists viewed Britain as more of their neighbor rather than their "ruler." This fits greatly with the theme of America in the World as it showcases America's and England's relationship. ]]> 2021-04-11 16:06:05 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404449864 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404450676 Ms. H explains how the effects of North American colonization led to the recession of Native American populations along the Eastern seaboard. Not only that, but Heimler ( https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wq2jG_Ww_xc) talks about how the colonial regions differed. The New England colonies delved in trade and fishing, the Chesapeake and Southern colonies delved into slavery and agriculture, and the Middle colonies delved into agriculture and ship building. This fits good with the theme of Geography and the Environment since it shows how colonies adapted to their regional environment. ]]> 2021-04-11 16:06:32 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404450676 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404452094 This site greatly explains the societal impacts of the independence movement. Nationalism and patriotism increased sharply, the Loyalist Anglican Clergy fell in America, and ideas of Republic, Democracy, and natural rights lay at the forefront of many American minds. As such, this fits the theme of America and National Identity. ]]> 2021-04-11 16:07:17 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404452094 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404452310 As digital history explains, slavery remained an ingrained institution in the Southern colonial agrarian economy from 1754 and through to 1800. Slaves did help fight for American freedom but they didn't get much out of it. Despite liberals like Jefferson who wanted to free slaves, the major opinion on the rights of African-Americans was that they should continue to be enslaved. Northern sentiments were naturally better, but only slightly due to their lack of "need" for slaves. Since this focuses on the social issue of slavery in the late 18th century, the theme that best fits is the theme of Social Structures. ]]> 2021-04-11 16:07:25 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404452310 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404452513 The History Channel's video on the French and Indian War explains how French and English colonization of America led to a competition for rapid colonization in order to gain complete control of all of the New World's fine resources. This resulted in the 7 years war, and when England tried to impose taxes on the colonists in order to regulate trade, that caused the Revolutionary War. This is a good example of the theme of America in the World as it shows how the Seven Years War shaped America as a whole. ]]> 2021-04-11 16:07:33 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404452513 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404452625 As this Britannica article says, the American culture remained largely independent even before the Seven Years War due to an age of salutary neglect by England. However, when the Seven Years War ended and England took a more active role in the colonies, the outcry that came afterwards fueled an enlightenment movement. This enlightenment movement changed the American perception of government and freedom. Government's should be ruled by the people and should serve the people, or so the enlightenment of the ideas stipulated. These ideas were further expanded upon and applied after the Revolutionary War in order to build a new Republican government. As such, this is a good example of American and Regional Culture since it describes the shift of American mindsets from 1754 to 1800. ]]> 2021-04-11 16:07:37 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404452625 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404452843 As crash course explains, the differing ideals of elite and common, North and South, and loose and strict interpretations of the constitution formed the original parties of the Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans. Democratic-Republicans leaning more towards the pro-farmer/pro-state-government side of things while the Federalists lent more towards pro-elites/pro-strong central government. These ideas developed from the outset of Washington's cabinet and they were fostered by Hamilton (federalist) and Jefferson (Democratic-Republican). They eventually grew to become much more than those goals, changing throughout the periods. The Federalist party fell by the War of 1812. The Democratic-Republican party split into the Democrats and the Whigs, who later became the Republicans on the cusp of the Civil War. These everchanging parties embodied and continue to embody the various beliefs of the people during their times. As such, this falls greatly in the theme of Politics and Power in America as it explains the development of the early two-party system. ]]> 2021-04-11 16:07:46 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404452843 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404453191 As Mr. Locos's helpful notes outline, the competition for New World resources culminated in the Seven Years War between Britain and France. Both of them wanted North America and it's fine resources, (beaver fur, tobacco, etc)  and their world war over the Ohio River Valley only proved that. As such, this is a good example of the theme of Geography and the Environment because it shows just how the harvesting of natural resources spurred aggressive competition which became worldwide conflict.  ]]> 2021-04-11 16:07:56 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404453191 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404453534 The Constitution created a better government than the Articles of Confederation. With the Constitution, taxes were able to be collected from the people. As a result the inflated and messy economy was able to be reorganized through taxation. The Articles of Confederation, on the other hand, only served to promote the inflammatory spending without the ability to tax the people. Shay's rebellion and the Whiskey rebellion both perpetuate the clear differences between the Articles and the Constitution. The Articles didn't allow Congress to raise an army and as such, the local militia had to deal with Shay's rebellion in a bloody manner. However, with the Constitution Congress was able to raise an army and intimidate the Whiskey rebellion into submission without bloodshed. As such, the Constitution's higher government authority makes it far better than the restrictive Articles of Confederation. This showcases (again) the theme of politics and power in the United States as it shows the differences between two early governmental structures in America. ]]> 2021-04-11 16:08:09 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404453534 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404453843 As Lin Manuel Miranda's exaggerated historical musical shows, many people had various ideas on the function and structure of the federal government. Mostly, there were two camps: pro-central government Federalists and pro-state government Anti-Federalists. Although Hamilton hilariously holds monarchial ideals of government, he supports the Federalists and writes the many lengthy federalist papers to defend it. Again, this pertains to the theme of Politics and Power since it pertains to the political debate surrounding the developing of the American government. ]]> 2021-04-11 16:08:14 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404453843 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404454063 As described by my chapter 9 reflection, anti-central government sentiment gave rise to the Articles of Confederation. It established a loose confederacy of states and a weak government that could not tax those states and could not print money. It failed as perpetuated by Shay's rebellion. Which, made way for the more comprehensive and all-in-all better form of government given by the constitution. A bicameral-legislative body, a judicial branch and a President to head it off, it was the peak of Republican ideals mixed with Democratic practices. As such, this represents the theme of Politics and Power, since it shows the development of the American government. ]]> 2021-04-11 16:08:23 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404454063 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404454409 After the American Revolution, the mercantilist economy met its end. American and English trade soured for a few years before going back to normal. America and France became allies and the world was shown that the British weren't invincible. This shows the theme of Work, Exchange and Technology because of the stagnant trade relations between Britain and America. ]]> 2021-04-11 16:08:36 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404454409 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404454628 Different social groups formed. More specifically, the Patriots and the Loyalists. As described in the video, the Patriots full heartedly supported America while the Loyalists, a good 10-20% of the populous, supported their motherland. This led to mass anti-loyalist violence before and during the Revolutionary war. Patriotism became the early form of nationalism. Most of the Loyalists ended up moving back to England after the war's end. As such, this is a good example of the theme of Migration and Settlement, since Loyalists moved out of America and back to England upon the Revolutionary War. This is also a good example of the development of the theme of social structures between the patriots and the loyalists. ]]> 2021-04-11 16:08:45 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404454628 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404454691 As oversimplified explained, the British were maintaining a costly overseas war that they weren't all that committed too. Not only that, but when the French got involved after Saratoga, the British had to deal with them more than the Americans. French aid during the war was one of the main reasons as to why America won the latter battle. Although some may cite the aid of Spain and the Netherlands as well (https://wonderopolis.org/wonder/how-did-the-americans-win-the-revolutionary-war#:~:text=Ultimately%2C%20the%20Americans%20prevailed%20due,the%20Revolutionary%20War%20was%20overwhelming.) it was ultimately the aid of the French that turned the war in America's favor. This exemplifies the theme of America in the World as it shows how the Americans won the war against the British with the aid of the French. ]]> 2021-04-11 16:08:47 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404454691 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404455053 Thomas Paine's Common Sense exemplified the how and the why of colonial attitudes in regards to government and the individual. Published in 1776, right before the advent of the Revolutionary War, this document fueled the colonies and their fervor for independence. An enlightenment thinker, Paine wrote about natural rights and how the Americans should seize those rights being tread upon by the British government. It also talks about the coming of war and reality of independence. This exemplifies the theme of American and Regional Culture as it shows just how the ideas of enlightenment took form in the ideal American government. ]]> 2021-04-11 16:09:00 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404455053 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404455142 As oversimplified stipulates, British re-involvement in North America after an age of salutary neglect led to the Revolutionary War. The mere fact that Britain tried to tax the colonists with the Sugar and Stamp Act and regulate their expansion with the Proclamation of 1763 led to massive patriotism and opposition in North America. Enlightenment ideas stipulated the growing democracy in America. Britain's prior neglect of America allowed Americans to form their own, albeit small and rudimentary democratic bodies of government. So, when Britain tried to destroy that form of government through intervention, America declared war. Although some might argue that the revolutionary war was strictly due to America's dislike for taxation, they'd be disregarding years of prior representative democratic legislative bodies built within America that developed the idea of natural rights which the British were infringing upon. As such, this exemplifies the theme of Politics and Power in America as it shows the development of governmental bodies. ]]> 2021-04-11 16:09:03 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404455142 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404455503 The Ohio company wanted rights to the Ohio River Valley, which the French and the Native Americans also lay claim to. As a result, rising tensions led to Washington's failure at Fort Necessity and kicked off the ensuing war. Much like the Civil War, which started with a fort attack and a loss for the victors of the war. Also like the Civil War, the victors of the war got defeated and humiliated in the first half of the war during the French and Indian War. Britain only started winning in the latter half and when they did, they imposed radical legislation on the colonies, much like the Union imposing Reconstruction legislation on the South after the Civil War. This is indicative of the theme of America in the World, as it shows how the Seven Years War between Britain and France changed North America. ]]> 2021-04-11 16:09:17 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404455503 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404455615 As explained in my Chapter 7 notes, English Whig and European enlightenment ideas took America by storm when England began imposing "heavy" taxes on them. These ideas were further developed and explored in Thomas Paine's  Common Sense, which helped later spurr the Declaration of Independence in 1766. This declaration declared American independence and the natural rights of Americans to govern themselves. This helps exemplify the theme of American and National Identity as it shows the roots of the American Democracy. ]]> 2021-04-11 16:09:22 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404455615 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404457353 Liberal arts was at an all time high during the Era of Good Feelings and it gave way to multiple products, like the Patent Model. This model, made in 1837, shows captures the time period and its very essence. The creator of this model rode the high of romanticism and the resurgence of liberal art that came from rampant nationalism. They created this piece to capture that which was mentioned previously and the market revolution of the time. Showing the rise of industry and new ideas that fueled the nation. This is important because it shows the American view on nationalism, the market revolution, and liberal arts that came about from the War of 1812 and the Era of Good Feelings. Since this focuses on the changes in America as a whole, the theme that fits best here is American and National Identity. ]]> 2021-04-11 16:10:24 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404457353 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404457539 As Khan Academy explains, the advent of the Cotton gin allowed the Southerners to plant cotton, despite it's harmful effects on soil. Cotton became a crop that yielded lots of money from abroad and from the North so it was reaped in mass and a cotton kingdom of sorts was formed. At its' head, the richest of plantation owners stood and at the bottom of the ladder was the poor, slaveless yeomen farmers  and the slaves themselves. Those who lived in the deep south often reaped the benefits of the cotton empire while many others in the southwest had a hard time finding profit with farms atop of the mountains. Since this deals directly with the effects of geography on the social structure of the south, the theme that fits best here would be Geography and the Environment.]]> 2021-04-11 16:10:29 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404457539 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404457750 African Americans kept their own cultures alive while adapting to the American cultures. They might've had to go to protestant churches, but many of them still followed their own religions, like Islam. They also resisted their masters in many ways. Many slaves revolted outright, like Nat Turner when he lead his own revolution inspired by the Haitian revolution. Others revolted by practicing their culture, trying to learn how to read and write, and sabotaging their machines of work. Since this deals specifically with the society of African-American slaves in the first half of the 19th century, the theme that fits best here is Social Structures. ]]> 2021-04-11 16:10:38 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404457750 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404458009 Crash Course explains how the Second Great Awakening kicked off a string of evangelical reform movements. Sobriety and the temperance movement came first, perpetuating the ideal of moral restraint and control over ones inhibitions. This theme was consistent with other reform movements as well. The moral high ground became the main goal of most reformers. They built asylums to help the mentally disabled. But, by far the most important reform movement was the abolitionist movement. This movement, although starting off as conservative with a movement to move most slaves back to their homeland, became all the more radical with the advent of William Lloyd Garrison's The Liberator. Religion and abolition came together to preach the freedom of slaves. Seeing as how this is a direct consequence of the Second Great Awakening, the theme that fits best would be the theme of American and Regional Culture. ]]> 2021-04-11 16:10:47 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404458009 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404458324 The 2nd Great Awakening was brought about by the Market Revolution and the rise of Democratic and Individualistic beliefs. Both of these spurred from the Era of Good Feelings, which saw a return to romanticism, individualism, expanded participatory democracy, and the rejection of rationalism. All of these factors culminated in the emotional religious fervor that swept the nation by storm (more specifically, the common folk of America). The Second Great Awakening was brought about by all of these factors. Since this deals with the development of American culture, it goes well with the theme of American and Regional Culture.]]> 2021-04-11 16:10:58 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404458324 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404458616 As Mr. Locos' page explains, a new national culture developed in America due to a multitude of factors. For one, nationalism post-War of 1812 took the nation by storm in the Era of Good Feelings. The nation turned to liberal arts to express their love for the country in literature, art, and architecture, combining European beliefs with nature and rampant romanticism. African Americans also created their own culture by taking parts of their home-land cultures and combining them with American beliefs. Since this deals with the development of American culture, the them that fits best here is American and Regional Culture. ]]> 2021-04-11 16:11:07 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404458616 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404459044 As Jocz explains, the Louisiana Purchase occurred during Jefferson's first term as President. After the revolution of 1800, Jefferson wanted to run his administration by abiding strictly to the constitution, unlike his Federalist opponents. When Jefferson had the chance to purchase Louisiana after Napoleon offered him the territory, he was forced to choose between his idealistic strict interpretation of the constitution and the much more beneficial purchasing of the Louisiana territory. The reason this decision was so important was because the constitution didn't have any guidelines in regards to the purchase of large land tracts like Louisiana and Jefferson thought he might be overstepping his executive power by purchasing the land. Still, he went against the Republican ideals he once championed and used the President's power to make treaties to justify his purchase of the purchase, which garnered Federalist opposition of the purchase. This executive decision would have major consequences down the line, including the rise of Jacksonian Democracy. Since this issue surrounds the purchasing of Louisiana, the theme that fits best here would be that of Geography and the Environment. ]]> 2021-04-11 16:11:25 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404459044 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404459325 As Greene explains, Jackson came to power when the market revolution was occuring. Jefferson's agrarian vision of America had not come to pass and instead, a diverse and regionally distinct market economy had developed throughout America. This made it somewhat troublesome to only allow white landowning males to vote. So, Jackson and many of the state governments made it so that all white males could vote. This increased participatory democracy greatly and helped Jackson win and garner more support from his followers. Since this deals directly with the extension of the people's political power, this fits best with the theme of Politics and Power. ]]> 2021-04-11 16:11:33 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404459325 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404459745 As this article explains, the market revolution established a principle of labor to be followed by the three regions of America. The north became rudimentarily industrial and manufacturing based, with elites, cheap laborers, and immigrants living in the Northeast for work in the assembly line. While the South contained a planter aristocracy spurred by the cotton gin and struggling African-American slaves. Last but not least, the West contained ambitious but relatively poor whites with agrarian infrastructure and the promise for gold and exotic animals. Since this deals with social regions of America, the theme of American and Regional Culture fits well. ]]> 2021-04-11 16:11:46 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404459745 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404459979 Crash course stipulates that the market revolution fostered Hamilton's ideal america rather than Jefferson's agrarian dream. This can be seen with the change to mass production of goods and materials like textiles. Even farming became more mechanized in nature, with the advent of the cotton gin. The assembly line helped streamline production methods, making that the go to rather then the Jeffersonian independant artisan mindset fostered before the disastrous embargo act, which spurred the market revolution. This is further stipulated by the National Museum of American History (https://americanhistory.si.edu/american-revolution/market-revolution#:~:text=In%20the%201820s%20and%201830s,transportation%20like%20the%20Erie%20Canal.) which claims that the market revolution increasingly displaced independent artists. This is supported by the latter half of the century's full conversion to industrialization. Since this deals with economics, the theme of Work, Exchange and Technology fits perfectly. ]]> 2021-04-11 16:11:55 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404459979 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404460189 Monroe's Doctrine to the world established two very important things: American Isolationism and European non-intervention. Monroe delivered this doctrine in response to multiple Latin American revolutions and the threat of European intervention in South America (Russia being a prime example). This doctrine stipulated that Europe will not involve themselves in the Americas. Monroe's Doctrine set an age of isolationism into high gear, allowing America to expand and grow, politically and socially. Since it established such a well-known policy of early America, it fits well with the theme of American and National Identity. ]]> 2021-04-11 16:12:03 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404460189 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404460596 During Jackson's era, Western expansion became all the craze in the 19th century. Jackson's reign and Westward expansion led to the Panic of 1837. This is due to the fact that wild cat banks were largely corrupt and ineffective in the West. Not only that, but overspeculation in the West racked up under Jackson's era. The Tariff of Abominations also didn't help. What was meant to be a protective tariff turned out to be very detrimental for the South and the West. Jackson's forced enforcement of this tariff raised questions about government overextension. When Jackson finally pulled the plug on the Bank of America, it was over speculation in the west and the rapid fall of multiple wildcat banks that led to the Panic of 1837. Some might argue that it was solely  Jackson's war against the Bank of the US that spurred the Panic of 1837. However, Jackson's destruction of the bank only put a void in the economy. It was the domino effect caused by that void from which the western investments failed and the Panic of 1837 occurred. Since this deals with both the failure of the Western economy and westward expansion the themes of Work, Exchange and Technology and Migration and Settlement fit well. ]]> 2021-04-11 16:12:16 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404460596 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404460991 Crash course describes how Thomas Jefferson's policy shaped the policy of the next era. His peaceful coercion tactics were able to stop many conflicts and when he needed to, he was able to fight wars against people like the barbary pirates. He also had to sacrifice his strict constitution interpretation ideals to purchase Louisiana. Jefferson's policy was often times contradictory to his campaign promises of upholding the integrity of certain constitutional laws. Much debate was sparked after he passed the embargo law to deter impressment of American ships, which ended up backfiring and crashing the American economy, sparking much debate on the worst of Jefferson's early republic policies.  Jefferson's disastrous policy that left the country in a state of panic is similar to Jackson's reign, in the sense that Jackson's destruction of the bank led to the Panic of 1837. Since most of Jefferson's early policies were related to foreign policy, the theme of America in the World fits well with this. ]]> 2021-04-11 16:12:23 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404460991 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404461198 As my Chapter 11 APUSH Notes state, the takeover of the Democratic-Republicans changed the Republic's ideology and practicality for the next era. Peaceful coercion and isolationism was followed, which went in line with Jefferson's beliefs. However, the War of 1812 forced Madison to abandon the attempted peaceful coercion method of conflict resolution. Later on, when Andrew Jackson took over, he expanded the role of government and the executive branch greatly, giving it powers unbeknownst to others. As such, this represents the theme of Politics and Power greatly since it shows the development of the three branches throughout the first half of the 19th century. ]]> 2021-04-11 16:12:30 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404461198 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404462645 This article explains in great detail, the effects of the Civil War on American values. The Civil War destroyed the South and in doing so, destroyed the agrarian economy to such a degree, that it could never compete with Northern industrialization (which is what led to the industrial revolution). The Civil War may have freed slaves, but many Southerners still believed black people should be in chains. However, African-Americans were finally granted basic civil rights and suffrage by the end of Reconstruction as a result of the Civil War. This set the stage for the Civil Rights Movement that would take place a century later, that finally gave African-Americans civil rights (in a sense that it ensured those civil rights). America had gone through its fiery crucible and the Republican experiment had been tested. But, the Union, although broken and destroyed, was once again whole by the end of the war. Thus, the experiment held together. Barely. Since this deals with the change of America and its ideals as a whole, the theme that fits best would be American and National Identity. ]]> 2021-04-11 16:13:21 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404462645 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404462881 Reconstruction brought with it questions of Southern culture, threats of secession yet again, and party tensions so high, they seemed to reach the same levels as those of the Election of 1860. Southern plantation owners continued to own the majority of the region's land even after Reconstruction. Former slaves sought land ownership but generally fell short of self-sufficiency, as an exploitative and soil-intensive sharecropping system limited blacks' and poor whites' access to land in the South.
Segregation, violence, Supreme Court decisions (Civil Rights Cases, U.S. v. Cruikshank), and local political tactics progressively stripped away African American rights, but the 14th and 15th amendments eventually became the basis for court decisions upholding civil rights in the 20th century. Since this deals with regional conflict and strife, it fits well with the theme of American and Regional Culture. ]]> 2021-04-11 16:13:25 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404462881 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404463332 As Jocz summarizes, Radical Republican policy during Reconstruction helped secure the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments for African Americans. However, when trying to implement those amendments the Reconstruction Act, the Radical Republicans turned the South into a military regime. This embittered the South further, causing them to resist the military rule enacted during reconstruction (KKK). This all culminated in the Election of 1876, in which the Republicans had to take troops out of the South in order to secure their victory. So, by overstepping their powers, the Radical Republicans dug Reconstruction's grave and incited Southern belligerence. This fits best under the theme of politics and power. ]]> 2021-04-11 16:13:38 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404463332 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404463799 As Heimler stipulates, Lincoln's decision to enact the Emancipation Proclamation and his Gettysburg Address turned the war in the favor of the Union by not only giving them the moral high ground but by also discouraging the interference of other countries. Also, by making the war a war on slavery rather than a war to preserve the Union, Lincoln set up the groundbreaking legislation of the Reconstruction Era that would secure black rights in form of law. Since this deals with how the nation changes its ideals as a whole, the theme that best fits here is that of American and National Identity. ]]> 2021-04-11 16:13:54 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404463799 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404464384 As explained by the comedic genius, Oversimplified, the Union victory in the Civil War was due to a multitude of factors. First and most importantly, Lincoln finally found some good generals. After failed leadership led the Union to lose battle after battle, Lincoln settled on Grant as his main general. Grant's tactics, although brutish, were effective. General's Sherman total war tactics also played a heavy hand in crippling the Southern economy, which brings up the next point. The Union had more resources and men than the Confederates. As such, the Union was able to whittle the Confederate resources down and enact the Anaconda plan to strangle the South. The combined factors of Union finally getting some good leadership and their superior resources led to their ultimate victory against the Confederates. Since this focuses on the Civil War, the theme that best fits here is that of American and Regional Culture. ]]> 2021-04-11 16:14:12 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404464384 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404464500 As Heimler explains, Lincoln's victory caused the South to secede.  They did this because Lincoln represented the new, Northern, pro-abolitionist sentiments, Republican party. His victory marked the end of the Democratic reign and with the fear of having their main money-makers being taken from them, the Democrats left the Union. This is similar to how the Democrats threatened to leave upon the victory of the Republican Hayes in the Election of 1876, since in both cases, the country was on the verge of splitting apart. The only difference being that the South actually did split from the North after the Election of 1860, and the compromise of 1877 prevented the South from doing so again at the Election of 1876. Since this again, deals with the political aspects of Period 5, it fits well with the theme of Politics and Power.  ]]> 2021-04-11 16:14:17 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404464500 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404465021 As Crash Course explained, the political causes of the Civil War stemmed from the compromise of 1850, which riled up Northerners with the Fugitive Slave Law, riled up Southerners with the annexation of California as a free state, and introduced popular sovereignty for the voting on slavery. So, all-in-all, no one was happy. The Popular Sovereignty policy backfired in Bleeding Kansas, a mini-Civil War in Kansas over the vote on slavery. Kansas and Nebraska were both admitted as free states and when the Democrats began fighting amongst themselves over presidential candidacy, Lincoln took the Presidency for the Republicans in 1860. This was the final straw for the Southerners, who seceded and attack Fort Sumter a year later, causing the Civil War. Since this deals largely with politics, it can be placed with the theme of Politics and Power. ]]> 2021-04-11 16:14:35 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404465021 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404465205 As Heimler explains, the labor differences between the North and the South racked up tension between the two of them in the years leading up to the Civil War. Since the Northern economy was based in manufacturing and industry, free wage laborers were prominent there. The South, on the other hand, had an agrarian economy based on the reaping of cotton. Such laborious work was done by slaves, who were a "mainstay" of the Southern economy. This difference in economy, manufacturing vs agrarian, free wage laborers vs slavery, caused political strife that lead to the Civil War. Since this deals with economy, the theme that fits best here would be Work, Exchange and Technology. ]]> 2021-04-11 16:14:43 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404465205 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404465456 This document claims that immigration helped the Roman Catholics rise to power. This was because of the surgance of Irish immigrants, displaced by the Irish-potato famine, coming to America and working out West and in the North. This second source(http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/nineteen/nkeyinfo/nromcath.htm) stipulates this claim with a tighter focus on the growth of roman catholicism in the US. Of course, one might argue that the resurgence of catholicism was caused by the Second Great Awakening. While the Second Great Awakening did revive religious fervor, however, it was mostly in favor the Protestants. Since this deals with the growth of the catholics in America, the theme that fits best here is that of Social Structures. ]]> 2021-04-11 16:14:53 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404465456 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404465644 Wilmot delivered his proviso in front of the Congressional Globe after the Mexican-American War's end. He believed that the new territories acquired from the Mexican-American War should be free of slavery. This reignited the slavery debate that echoed throughout the 1850s all the way up to the Election of 1860. The North wanted the new territories to be free, not only to gain more political power in Congress with the addition of free-states, but to also stop the spread of slavery as a part of the abolitionist movement. Of course, the South wanted the exact opposite. This led to the Compromise of 1850, meaning that the federal government followed a similar policy to try an diffuse the tensions caused by the slave-state vs free-state argument between the North and South. However, Northerners and Southerners were so impassioned by the Wilmot Proviso, that no matter the Federal policy of arbitration put into place, the two were on a collision course that no amount of compromise could halt. Since this deals with regional identity and strife, the theme that fits best would be the theme of American and Regional Culture. ]]> 2021-04-11 16:14:59 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404465644 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404465908 As Heimler stipulates, President Polk was the main reason as to why the Mexican-American war occurred. His campaign platform was built on the policy of annexing Texas, a move that he knew very well would cause war with Mexico. Not only that, but when he came into office, he sent General Zachary Taylor to the disputed Rio Grande territory, inciting Mexican belligerence which kicked off the Mexican-American War. Polk made these very deliberate actions to incite Mexico into war because he wanted to expand the US territory further by winning the war and acquiring more land from the spoils. As such, he incited the war in the two ways mentioned above: annexing an enemy of the Mexico and trespassing on what Mexico perceived to be their territory. This obvious aggression was the main reason as to why the Mexican-American war began. Although some might argue that the Mexican-American War was started  solely because of Mexican belligerence, they would be wrong because Mexico would've been fine with Texas being an independent state and the US respecting their boundaries. It was the US and Polk who incited the conflict in the first place, not Mexico. Since this deals with both disputed territory issues and the Mexican-American War, the themes that best fit here are Geography and the Environment and America in the World. ]]> 2021-04-11 16:15:07 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404465908 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404466204 New opportunity out West spurred by tracts of land granted by Mexico (Texas) and the large territory of Louisiana prompted people to go West in search of new chances at life, farming, and economic prosperity. This is similar to the reasons as to why Asian and Latin immigrants would come to America  in the latter half of the 20th century. They came to indulge in economic prosperity, much like the western migraters of the 19th century. Seeing as how this deals with migration and settlement, the theme that fits best here would be Migration and Settlement.]]> 2021-04-11 16:15:16 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404466204 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404466512 As this assignment shows, sectional conflict brewed long before the Mexican-American war, but it was renewed after that due to the polarizing Wilmot Proviso. The Proviso proposed to outlaw slavery in all new territories acquired from the war, and it sparked a stormy debate in congress that culminated in the Compromise of 1850. This entered California as a free state, outlawed the slave trade in washington, revitalized the fugitive slave law, and introduced the concept of popular sovereignty for slave-state vs free state decisions. This backfired when Bleeding Kansas occur, causing a mini-civil war in Kansas over the voting on slavery. All of this culminated in the election of 1860, which Lincoln won, causing the South to secede and for the civil war. The effects of the civil war would cause sectional strife right up until the end of reconstruction with the election of 1876 and the compromise of 1877. Since this assignment focuses heavily on the political reasons for the civil war, the theme that fits best would be Politics and Power. ]]> 2021-04-11 16:15:26 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1404466512 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506675803 As Crash Course explains, the US had lots of natural resources that could be reaped for the benefit of industrialization. Not only that, but the surgance on new immigrants from Southern Europe helped the growth of urbanization, especially in the North. The US also became favorable to businesses, sporting laissez-faire economics and allowing said businesses to grow unimpeded. The US became the biggest industrial power due to the railroads and the commerce they brought to each region of the US. Since this deals with economic growth, the theme that fits best here is Work, Exchange and Technology. ]]> 2021-05-09 17:14:42 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506675803 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506676322 As Heimler explains, the farmers of the South and the West became ten times more efficient due to the mechanization of farms. The production of crops increased and their prices decreased, putting pressure on small farmers. Industrial companies raised prices on goods and railroad companies charged farmers extra for travel. The farmers resisted with the Grange movement. Both the Pacific Railroads act, which allowed the government to grant land to railroads, and the homestead act, which granted western settlers 160 acres of land out west, encouraged western expansion. However, the mechanization of farms allowed for larger farms to buy out smaller farms who couldn't get by in the West. These farmers suffered in a way similar to the slaveless farmers of the pre-Civil War days. The yeomen farmers weren't powerful enough to stand up to the planter aristocracy, much like how the smaller farmers weren't able to stand up to the larger plantation owners and the railroads. However, the key difference is that the farmers of the Gilded Age organized into the aforementioned Grange movement and later, the Populist party, to resist farmer oppression from government and business. Since this deals with migration west and the general Western region's effects on farmers, the themes that fit best are Geography and the Environment and Migration and Settlement. ]]> 2021-05-09 17:14:55 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506676322 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506678006 As this assignment helped me see, the industrial revolution changed the entire basis of the American economy. Railroads interconnected the national market, which promoted the growth of cities thus increasing urbanization which in turn, increased industrialization which in turn, garnered immigration which in turn, increased industrialization. I think I've made my point. Industrialization grew so easily because often times, it's products would end up fueling it further. This made America the strongest industrial power by the end of the Gilded Age. The theme that fits best here is Work, Exchange and Technology since this talks about the growth of industrialization. ]]> 2021-05-09 17:16:18 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506678006 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506678487 The major parties of this era were the Democrats and Republicans. There beliefs relied on lingering Civil War loyalties, as stipulated by Heimler. While Democrats were mainly southerners who championed states rights and racial segregation, the Republicans were mainly Northerners and more industrial than their opponents. However, both parties didn't really have a strong legislative agenda. The only issues that surrounded party politics was the patronage system, which came under fire after  Garfield's assassination. This system was fixed by the Pendleton  Act of 1881. Another issue was the gold standard vs silver greenbacking. The Populist party drove this debate forward and the Democrats adopted Populist ideals while the Republicans remained close to the Gold Standard. Seeing as how this deals directly with politics, the theme that fits best here would be Politics and Power. ]]> 2021-05-09 17:16:39 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506678487 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506678689 American politics continued to serve its role of domestic sustenance with laissez-faire economics. But it changed with urban politics and urban city machines. Local urban city machines were corrupt and filled with graft, as seen with Boss Tweed. He ran a political machine and stayed in power thanks to help from "bribed" immigrants. Thanks to that power, he was able to scam the US out of millions of dollars. Government laissez-faire politics might've seemed like a big change, but the US had already been letting the economy grow on its own, ignoring the organization of economy with things like bank of the US. It was just more notable during this time due to the growth of corrupt industrial monopolies and trusts. Politics also emphasized the issue of gold vs silver during the Gilded Age, although gold won in the end. Seeing as how this deals directly with politics, the theme that fits best here would be Politics and Power. ]]> 2021-05-09 17:16:50 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506678689 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506678931 As Heimler stipulates, the reform movements that rose in opposition to industrial capitalism were socialism, advocates of the social gospel, and populism. Socialism rose as the anti-capitalist ideology. The sharing of wealth was the name of the game. However, it never took off, even after Eugene Debs created the Socialist Party and tried running for President on it. The social gospel opposed the corruption of industry by spreading religious charity and fervor to the poor and working class. The Populist Party empowered farmers to face off against their corporate overlords in a valiant but failed reform movement. Since this deals with the development of the nation as a whole, it fits best with the theme of American and National Identity. ]]> 2021-05-09 17:17:03 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506678931 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506679135 The Homestead Act provided 160 acres of free land for anyone willing to travel west. It's important because it not only shows the attraction of western migration, but it shows the increase of economic opportunity and its effects on American society. Most Americans in the Gilded Age migrated to where the money was. Whether that be West with farming using the land given by the Homestead Act, written to attract people West after the Civil War, or that be in the Eastern cities where the industrial machine ran unopposed, Americans---immigrants included--chased after economic opportunity in what can be seen as the early "American Dream". However, that dream of economic prosperity proved disappointing to most as it yielded little profit. Urbanization and western migration led to increased economic opportunity, which caused low-wage workers to follow that opportunity and more often than not, be disappointed by the results. The theme that fits best here would be Work, Exchange and Technology and Migration and Settlement. ]]> 2021-05-09 17:17:14 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506679135 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506679599 As Heimler explains, the resurgence of immigration from South Europe and Asia garnered a negative response from working class Americans. Nativists rose to "defend their American culture" from immigrants. They were made up of working class Americans who were angry that immigrants were working at lower wages and therefore stealing their jobs. The nativists were also made up of many protestant christians who despised the ideas of sharing the country with Irish catholics. The Chinese along the West Coast also received poor treatment, being banned from immigration thanks to the nativist driven Chinese Exclusion Act. The nativist reaction to immigration in the latter 19th century is extremely similar to American reactions to immigration in the latter 20th century and the early 21st century. Many thought and still think that Latin and Asian immigrants are taking their jobs and ruining the American economy, when in fact they are doing neither and actually improving the economy immensely. Since this deals with the development of America's national identity and nativist politics, the themes that fit best here are American and National Identity and Politics and Power. ]]> 2021-05-09 17:17:26 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506679599 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506680036 As Crash Course explains, the demand for agricultural products due to cities and the need to move westward increased as a result. Cities grew as a result of immigration from the Southern ends of Europe. As such, cities became ethnically diverse and immigrants would often find their kin in sectionalized areas of cities. They would work in the cogs of industrial machines. By taking low-wage jobs in mass, industrialization was able to occur at a rapid pace. Since this deals with migration and immigration, the theme that fits best here would be Migration and Settlement. ]]> 2021-05-09 17:17:46 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506680036 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506680340 Andrew Carnegie's story is that of rag's to riches and he grew up from poor immigrant Irishmen to rise to the top of the steel industry. In this essay, created the notion of “gospel of wealth.” Carnegie believed that the wealthy had an obligation to give back to society. He donated a large portion of his fortune to education, local libraries, world peace, and scientific research. Of course, this view wasn't held by many industrial capitalists, who would've much rather prefer to keep their money to themselves. Amongst the rich, a belief of social darwinism took root, and thus they convinced themselves that the poor were poor because they didn't work hard. Carnegie wasn't much better in this regard and while he did support the gospel of wealth, that only gave back to society in forms of promotional education rather than actual charity work or anything of the sort. This is important because it shows the limits of empathy that most industrial capitalists showed during the Gilded Age to the poor and the common man. Such mocking sentimentalities led to the wildly successful progressive movement. Since this focuses on the classes and how they view each other, a theme that fits well here is Social Structures. ]]> 2021-05-09 17:18:02 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506680340 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506680600 As Heimler stipulates, the advent of railroad technology was the main reason as to why the industrial revolution was successful. Without railroads, the US wouldn't have prospered industrially due to lack of commerce in Southern and Western regions, as well as the lack of transportation of goods that make so many things possible in industry, including oil, gold, and steel. Railroads also opened up mass production and mass consumption, allowing the national market to prosper with the aforementioned transportation of goods to consumers who built cities around railroads, thus fueling urbanization which in turn, fueled further industrialization. One might argue that communication was what made the industrial revolution prosper. Although communication was important, its preliminary stage in the Gilded Age (that stage being the telegram) wouldn't have been that effective on the national level and it wouldn't have helped the growth of consumer culture, since consumer culture at the time was catered to exportation abroad rather than on the homefront. Since this deals with technological development and exportation abroad, it fits best with the themes of Work, Exchange and Technology  and America in the World.]]> 2021-05-09 17:18:12 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506680600 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506680870 As Khan Academy explains, proponents of the "New South" wanted to industrialize and modernize the South, much like the North. Henry W. Grand was the biggest supporter of this concept.  Khan Academy also claims that the South failed to industrialize. Although the South did gain some industrialize terms of textile mills and tobacco industries, they remained largely agrarian, sticking to tenant and sharecropping. Even Heimler's history ( https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t9FZzMo8R-U&list=PLEHRHjICEfDWvmaCOVrEIh30TbHTuuLMf&index=3) supports this viewpoint, though he takes a more positive spin on the New South side of things, saying that the New South vision was successful in quite a few isolated cities in the South. Of course, one might claim that the South did some aspects of industrialization better than the North, and they would be correct! The South outpaced the North in terms of textile mills and textile production. Still, it lagged behind in pretty much every other aspect compared to Northern industries. Since this deals with the regional culture of the South post-Civil War, the theme that fits best here is American and Regional Culture. ]]> 2021-05-09 17:18:22 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506680870 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506682868 The US identity was shaped by 4 significant periods/events during the first half of the 20th century: the Progressive Era, WWI, the interwar years, and WWII. The Progressive Era allowed for major reform movements to take the US by storm. This died down by WWI, which focused more on economic growth, which led into a resurgence of conservative economics when America reverted to isolationism in the 1920s. This conservatism led to the Great Depression and the resurgence of progressive-esque ideals through the New Deal and new liberalism that democrats provided under FDR. WWII brought the US out of the Great Depression and made them a world power. This deals with the theme of American and National Identity. ]]> 2021-05-09 17:20:05 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506682868 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506683106 As Heimler explains, the mobilization of defense industries and the US involvement in the victory of the war allowed the US to become the world's greatest superpower. However, at the Yalta conference, US-Soviet tensions heightened after the Soviets claimed Eastern European nations against US and British interests. This led to the advent of the Cold War and the Marshall Plan. The US involvement during the war extended afterwards in world affairs through the United Nations. The theme that fits best here is America in the World. ]]> 2021-05-09 17:20:16 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506683106 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506683306 As Sal explains, the Russian counterattack, the Allied offensive through Italy, and the American victories in the Pacific throughout 1943 allowed the Allies to topple the Axis Powers. The bulk of the German forces were pushed back from Stalingrad thanks to the Russian winter and new Russian tanks. America used island-hopping strategies to defeat the Japanese throughout the Pacific. The Allied forces pushed up from the underbelly of Italy and began to gain ground once again on the European front. Thus, began the fall of the German, Italian, and Japanese powers that had once dominated the war. Since this deals with the second world war, the theme of America in the World.]]> 2021-05-09 17:20:27 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506683306 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506683625 As Crash Course explains, mobilizing for the war changed American society. Federal spending increased sharply and increased GDP greatly, pulling America out of the Great Depression. The Defense Industries were doing well until they went shorthanded on labor due to the men going off to war. So the women took their place. Black Americans participated in the Double V campaign to push for victory in the war and victory in civil rights back home. Mexican farm workers were allowed to enter the US without any legal process due to farming shorthandedness. The Japanese were put in internment camps from executive order 9066 due to Japanese paranoia post-Pearl Harbor. Korematsu vs the US ruled that the Japanese relocation was constitutional. Since this deals with internal developments within America as a whole, the theme that fits best is American and National Identity. ]]> 2021-05-09 17:20:43 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506683625 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506683839 As Heimler explains, the New Deal amidst the Great Depression ended the conservative age of the 1920s. The New Deal transformed the US into a Limited Welfare State. This also had the effect of changing party loyalties. The once liberal Republicans who became conservative were now the complete opposite of the formerly conservative but now liberal Democrats. As such, blacks began supporting the Democrats during the New Deal. One can say that the New Deal expanded the aims of the modern liberalism. Since this deals with politics, it fits well in the thee of Politics and Power. ]]> 2021-05-09 17:20:54 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506683839 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506684339 As Crash Course explains, the end of WWI brought about the 1920s. The roaring 20's saw the rise of conservative Republicans with their laissez-faire economics and deficit spending which set Herbert Hoover up for a horrible economic crash. In part, the depression was due to Hoover as well since he let the Hawley-Smoot Tariff pass, which raised duties so high that the stock market crashed and the world went into a Great Depression due to post WWI debt loops and the stock market crash. The Great Depression caused the American economy to recede. It hit farmers hard, who's products although plentiful, sold for little to nothing. The wave of bank failures also had a big part to due with the cause and effects of the depression on the economy. The US economy only started a minimal recovery when FDR took control and enacted his costly but well thought out New Deal legislation. The US economy made a full recovery during WWII. This fits great with the theme of Work, Exchange and Technology. ]]> 2021-05-09 17:21:21 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506684339 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506684653 As seen in the Great Gatsby , the resurgence of pop culture came about after the end of WWI when America turned back to isolationism and the Great Migration moved black culture up North while technological innovations turned the country into one of consumers. Radios, talk shows, movies, cars, jazz, music, the harlem renaissance, the whole shebang. This fictional story, written by F. Scott Fitzgerald who had lived in the 1920s and was reminiscing about them in the days of the Great Depression, is extremely important because it shows off the culture of the time while pushing the theme of the almighty and failing American Dream to its forefront. The theme this best fits with is American and Regional Culture since it deals with pop culture as a whole. ]]> 2021-05-09 17:21:38 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506684653 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506684976 Heimler claims that it was the creation of Henry Ford's assembly line method that drove most of the industrial innovations of the 1920s. This is supported by Ford's wildly successful car industry, and the radio industry that followed along with the oil industry. This viewpoint is supported by Crash Course (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VfOR1XCMf7A&list=PLLOMKjLJ2n2Mpqndgk-C6HWz-GB6RA5YO&index=6), with the added information that older industries adopted the Ford assembly line to survive in the age of consumerism. Of course, one might claim that the laissez-faire economics of the government allowed for these innovations to come to pass in the 1920s, but they would be wrong considering how that was just a method of dealing with business from a federal stand, which is to stay that stand was to not deal with business at all and let it run its course. It didn't allow for these innovations so much as the increase in productivity provided by the assembly line, which wasn't constricted to the 1920s as the laissez-faire economics favoring government was. The theme that best fits here is the theme of Work, Exchange and Technology since this deals with the growth of technology. ]]> 2021-05-09 17:21:54 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506684976 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506685239 As Khan Academy explains, African Americans moved North to escaped Jim Crow laws and to seek new job opportunities provided by the advent of both World War 1 and World War 2. The World Wars caused a slow-down in immigration, which wasn't helped by the immigration quota act that was later passed. This allowed internal migration to occur. The Great Migration is similar to the Sunbelt Migration that happened post-WWII in Period 8-9 due to the rise of economic opportunities in suburban and urban areas of the South, spurred by defense industries from WWII. Both migrations were made to follow the economic opportunities provided by wartime industries. Since this deals with both migration and regions, the best theme for this would be Migration and Settlement and American and Regional Culture. ]]> 2021-05-09 17:22:08 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506685239 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506685758 The US entered the first World War mainly due to the zimmerman telegram, as supported by Oversimplified's summary. Although Woodrow Wilson was already strained due to German belligerence on American ships, Germany kept backing out before it could reek too much havoc. They didn't want the US to involve themselves in the war, so they always stopped short of aggravating the US to that point and after they sank ships that had US citizens on them, like the Arabic  or the Lusitania, they opted for arbitration with the US. However, by sending the Zimmerman Telegram and inciting Mexico to attack the US, Wilson was forced to declare war, despite wanting to be neutral ever since the war's start. One might argue that had Germany continued with it's ship sinking, the US would've entered the war. However, with Wilson's unwillingness to break neutrality and German arbitration, that proved to be highly unlikely. The theme that fits best here would be that of America in the World. ]]> 2021-05-09 17:22:26 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506685758 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506686064 According to this article, conservationists called for federal supervision of the nation's resources which had been overused by the general population and the industries of America, mostly for private gain. In President Theodore Roosevelt, the conservationists found a sympathetic ear and man of action. Conservation of the nation's resources, putting an end to wasteful uses of raw materials, and the reclamation of large areas of neglected land have been identified as some of the major achievements of the Roosevelt era. Since this fits with the political aspects of environmental conservation, the theme that fits best would be Geography and the Environment. ]]> 2021-05-09 17:22:41 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506686064 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506686546 Heimler claims that the progressive movement made real ground on the national level thanks to the presidency of Teddy Roosevelt. This can be seen with Roosevelt's Pure Food and Drug Act, his trust busting, and a majority of his square deal reformations. This claim is also stipulated and supported by crash course (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F7flSW1PGsA&list=PLLOMKjLJ2n2Mpqndgk-C6HWz-GB6RA5YO&index=3). However, Roosevelt was also a big supporter of imperialism, a very anti-progressive foreign policy. Though this did not impede his popularity with progressives, it does show his conservative side. Since this deals with the progressive movement as a whole and the social movement behind it, the theme that best fits here is Social Structures. ]]> 2021-05-09 17:23:00 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506686546 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506686748 In this document, Mckinley voices his decision to annex the Philippines, despite his earlier dispositions to such an action. He cited his reason to annexing the Philippines was to "uplift and Christianize" the Filipinos and to also protect them from the influence and tyranny of other European powers. This is important because it shows how imperialism led to annexation of territories and how those territories were regarded in terms of being part of America or simply a "territory of America." In the case of the Filipinos, they received the latter treatment more often than the former. Mckinley was pressured into making this decision by his imperialist backers and the yellow press. This fits most closely with the theme of American and National Identity because it shows the development of America through the annexation of acquired territories from imperialistic conquest.

]]> 2021-05-09 17:23:11 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506686748 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506686927 As Heimler explains, the closing of the Western frontier led to a larger focus on Imperialistic conquest for the country. This sparked a debate between imperialists and anti-imperialists (later, many anti-imperialists turned progressive). Both of these groups argued for their causes using religious backing, racial backing, and constitutional argumentation. This argument lay into the post-WWI roaring 20's, in which America took a backseat to foreign politics after years of imperialism and wars. This conservative change of the Republicans led to the Great Depression that preceded WWII, during which America decided that the anti-interventionist, isolationist route wasn't working out all that well for them. So, they interfered in WWII. Similarly, they continued to interfere in world politics and wars beyond Period 7 and well into Period 8 with conflicts like the Korean War and the Vietnam war. This increase in war intervention is similar to early imperialism in the sense that these wars weren't fought for the American people but rather, fought for the "oppressed people" that the Americans supported. Whether that be the Cubans or the Southern Vietnamese, both sides suffered due to American intervention. Since this focuses on foreign politics and imperialistics policy debates, the theme that fits best here is Politics and Power. ]]> 2021-05-09 17:23:20 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506686927 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506687309 America's growth into a world power was made possible by numerous things. Mainly, the shifting stances on the World Wars is what made the US so "high and mighty" on the world stage. After remaining neutral in the first part of the first World War, America was able to mobilize its insanely effective industrial-wartime-economy and sweep the enemy with vast resources. Thus, they looked like heroes to the allies, in large part thanks to Wilson's morale high ground. Similarly in World War II, when all seemed lost for Britain, America entered the war after being attacked at Pearl Harbor. With this entrance, they were able to openly support their British Allies and defeat the Germans and the Japanese. The combination of industrial defense industry successes, timing of mobilization, and post-war politics made the US a world leader after World War II. Since this deals with the world wars, the theme that best fits here is America in the World. ]]> 2021-05-09 17:23:33 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506687309 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506688890 Heimler's insane final review covers the major events of Period 8, including the overall Cold War, the Korean War and the Vietnam War, the Civil Rights movement and its expansion to other movements, etc. All of these affected the national identity as two cultures clashed within America, vying for dominance: mass-culture and counter-culture. Of course, there was far more nuance to these issues than just the labels that were provided here. But in brief, Period 8 showed America not to trust their government entirely, to question different sects of society, and it helped America develop their Civil Rights legislation, their women's rights legislation, and their environmental legislation. This fits with the theme of American and National Identity since it deals with change in America as a whole. ]]> 2021-05-09 17:24:47 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506688890 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506689388 As Jocz explains, the religious movement expanded into progressive-esque movements in  the 20th century. Civil Rights was christianity driven, as was much of the feminist movement and the early 20th century temperance movement. This fits with the theme of Social Structures since it deals with religious movements. ]]> 2021-05-09 17:25:05 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506689388 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506689967 As Heimler explains, the US was choked of oil due to OPEC shutting them out through reduction of oil exports. So, alternative sources of energy were searched for. First, nuclear energy was sought which was quickly abandoned after the 3-mile incident. The environmental movement took the lead afterwards. Nixon created the environmental protection agency (EPA) to address environmental concerns. The clean air act helped reduce air pollution. This fits well with the theme of Geography and the Environment since it is dealing with environmental policies. ]]> 2021-05-09 17:25:27 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506689967 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506690692 As Crash Course explains, in opposition to liberal policies, conservatism resurged in the 1970s and 1980s due to Nixon and Reagan. This resurgence arised from Johnson's unpopular Vietnam War, which many Americans fervently hated due to the fact that no ground had been made in many years due to aggressive North Vietnamese counterattacks. Not only that, but many critics of Johnson's overspending allowed Conservatives to push their economic policy reform in an effort to balance the budget. Of course, this silent majority of conservatives was also opposed due to the staunch corruption (watergate) that they brought about. This fits best with American and National Identity since it describes the changes in America as a whole. ]]> 2021-05-09 17:25:51 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506690692 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506690904 As Crash Course explains, in response to the Montgomery Bus Boycott, the government ended the requirement for blacks to yield their seats to white passengers. But this was just the beginning. In response to rampant civil rights protests and anti-civil rights violence, Johnson passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and 1965, finally ending discrimination and securing and enforcing voting rights for blacks. The Supreme Court also expanded Civil Rights with Loving vs Virginia, which federally allowed interracial marriage. This fits with the theme of Politics and Power since it deals with domestic Civil Rights legislation. ]]> 2021-05-09 17:26:02 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506690904 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506691205 As Heimler explains how Southern states resisted the Civil Rights movement heavily, as seen in the Montgomery bus movement. Civil Righters included many youthful blacks who marched with MLK to protest civil rights. Of course, they were met with brutal force from Southern leaders like Bull Connors. Many white northerners also supported the movement. Of course, there were more militant, radical civil righters like Malcolm X and the black power movement that came after MLK's death. This fits with the theme of American and Regional Culture since it discusses domestic culture and movements. ]]> 2021-05-09 17:26:13 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506691205 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506691984 The Immigration Act of 1965 eliminated the previous immigration quota, added on labor certification requirements, and provided aid to those seeking asylum. This law was written under the administration of Lyndon B. Johnson as a part of his Great Society program, which pushed liberal legislation and reform such as this. This act allowed for the immigration of Asians and Latin Americans to spike, which explains the reason as to why immigration was dominated by these minority groups in the latter half and the early part of the 20th and 21st centuries. Since this deals with immigration, the theme of Migration and Settlement fits well. ]]> 2021-05-09 17:26:53 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506691984 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506692124 As Jocz productions explains, the policy debates surrounding the government were changed often to conform to liberalism or conservatism according to the alignment of the executive administration. So, under Johnson's administration, government size and spending increased dramatically with the Great Society. The Great Society was extremely similar to the New Deal in the sense that it provided mass legislation to try and fix the economic and social woes of the nation. Then, conservatism resurged with Nixon, similar to the resurgence of conservative Republicans in the 1920s through limited government and economic reform. This fits with the theme of Politics and Power since it deals with domestic and foreign policy debates. ]]> 2021-05-09 17:27:01 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506692124 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506692317 As John Greene stipulates, the Vietnam war was an unneeded war that happened solely due to the US fear of the domino theory. The Gulf of Tonkin incident supports this point tremendously.It supposedly occurred in 1965 when North Korean war boats attacked US patrol ships in the Gulf of Tonkin, kicking off the Vietnam War. Except, this never happened. The Gulf of Tonkin situation was made up to justify going to war against Northern Vietnam, because Johnson and the rest of Congress feared that if Vietnam became communist, so to would the other Asian countries. This is stipulated by the Gulf of Tonkin resolution. One might argue that the Vietnam War began due to the need to defend the South Vietnamese, but they would be wrong since we're looking at the US involvement in the war, which would've been neutral had it not been for fear of the domino effect. The Vietnam War caused domestic strife in America due to broadcasting of the war and government corruption being exposed (Pentagon Papers). Since this deals with the Vietnam war, the theme it best fits with is America in the World.]]> 2021-05-09 17:27:11 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506692317 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506692469 As Heimler explains, due to the destruction of many empires during WWII, decolonization occurred world-wide upon the eve and throughout the Cold War. This fed directly into US democratic/capitalist expansion and Soviet dictatorial/communistic expansion. This became escalated quickly when it came to matters of Cuba. The failed bay of pigs invasion led directly to Cuban embracement of soviet communism and the cuban missile crisis two years later. Vietnam and Iranian affairs are also great examples of this. The domino theory drove American politics when supporting secondary wars during the cold war (Vietnam, Korea, etc). This fits well with the theme of America in the World since it deals with the Cold War. ]]> 2021-05-09 17:27:19 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506692469 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506692658 As Khan Academy's sub-unit on Civil Rights from 1945-1960 explains, Civil Righters of the time sought to make the promises of Reconstruction come to fruition through government enforcement and legislation. To this degree, they were somewhat successful. They got Truman to desegregate the military. The 24th Amendment was passed and the poll taxes(which barred blacks from voting) was abolished. Brown vs the Board of Education reversed the Plessy vs Ferguson decision and decided that separate facilities were inherently unequal. But this was not enforced until much later due to Southern resistance to Civil Rights. All of this is starkly similar to the Reconstruction Era. After acquiring basic legislation, blacks and Republicans tried to enforce that legislation but more often than not failed to do so, which is similar to what happened in the 1940s and 1950s. Since this deals with society and the domestic civil rights movement, the theme that fits best here would be American and National Identity.]]> 2021-05-09 17:27:29 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506692658 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506692854 As Heimler explains, mass culture came about due to the rise of McCarthyism, mass consumerism, credit cards, and entertainment. McCarthyism, with its wild accusations of communistic maleficence, made people conform to the norms of society to avoid such accusations. Mass consumerism united the nation under the drive to reach the "ideal" American lifestyle. That is, a lifestyle with ease and obedience. Credit cards stimulated mass consumerism with the ability to commit to deficit spending without worry of economic repercussions, so long as one payed back debt over time. Lastly, television and music united the nation under mass culture and showed America what the "ideal family" looked and acted like. However, their where many detractors to mass culture who united under the "counter-culture" movement. They acted against societal norms deliberately as a protest against conformism. Since this deals with society and culture, the theme that fits best would be Social Structures. ]]> 2021-05-09 17:27:39 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506692854 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506693930 As my notes stipulate, migration was mainly caused due to the rise of suburbia. The rise of suburbia occured in the Southern sunbelt  states. With it came lower housing costs and better access to the interstate highways. As a result, the Defense Industries of WWII moved to the sunbelt states and the people followed their jobs to the states. Of course, urbanization had taken its toll on housing costs in the North as well, which may explain why so many people moved down South in droves. Now, the reason as to why this is so important is because it drew up the regional ethnic lines that we see today. Since the Great Migration brought many blacks north prior to the sunbelt migration, we see them far more along with more minorities in general up in the North rather than in the South, where white suburban families lay in the sunbelt states. Some may argue that the Great Migration was more significant to migration and ethnic regional patterns seen post-1945, however both the Great Migration and the Sunbelt Migration are equally as important in terms of divvying up regional ethnic lines. This division is not possible without both migrations. Since this deals with regional ethnicity and migration and settlement, and ethnic lines, the themes that best fit here are Migration and Settlement, American and Regional Culture, and Geography and the Environment. ]]> 2021-05-09 17:28:33 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506693930 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506694261 Khan Academy's sub-unit on the economy after 1945 explains the causes of economic growth. Mainly, those causes being the lasting success of the defense industries post-war. Khan Academy claims that the GI bill deliberately excluded African Americans. They argue that since the program was federally funded, its implementation was directed at the state and local level by the Veterans Administration (VA), which was almost entirely white and closely affiliated with the pro-segregation American Legion. As a result, blacks got the treatment of the "separate but equal" educational programs and facilities (which were never equal in the slightest). Heimler on the other hand, (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gd-ebcBSV8k&list=PLEHRHjICEfDWhNFWxbvPY_FihVyhZEtR7&index=3) paints this bill in a much more positive light. He talks about how it gave veterans government-funded education and loans, which Khan Academy stipulates as well while pointing out the racial bias occurring within the program. Some might claim that the African Americans didn't benefit at all from the bill, and although veteran blacks didn't get the same treatment as whites, they still got to take advantage of the bill and get vocational training instead of university courses. This fits with the theme of Work, Exchange and Technology since it deals directly with the economy. ]]> 2021-05-09 17:28:52 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506694261 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506694496 This Collier magazine covering the Army-McCarthy Hearings laments over the ridiculous and embarrassing nature of the hearings. Of course, the writer of this magazine is covering the events after they had already taken place, meaning that McCarthy no doubt failed to win his accusation battle against army. However, in his failing, he made the whole of Congress and American Democracy look foolish on national and international television from which the hearings were broadcast. It goes to show the effects of rampant anti-communist paranoia in the late 1940s and throughout the 1950s. What had once been caused by fear of spy rings in the US turned into a massive witch hunt led by Joseph McCarthy to oust the menace of communism, when in reality McCarthy probably only got a scarce number of accusations correct. Still, he pursued them with the backing of many Americans because of how he portrayed communism as the ultimate enemy. But, this nature, as seen in the article, didn't go well in his favor when he challenged the US military. The themes that fit best here are Politics and Power and Social Structures since this deals directly with internal politics and the social movement of McCarthyism. ]]> 2021-05-09 17:29:02 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506694496 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506694698 As Heimler explains, the US entered the Cold War with the aim to contain the spread of communism. So, they enacted the Truman (AKA containment) Doctrine. They would help underdeveloped countries in an effort to turn them democratic to stop the spread of communism. This can be seen with how the Western powers wanted to strengthen Germany. The Marshall Plan for European recovery was also part of the containment policy that the US had adopted. This containment policy is similar to the Northern containment policy in opposition to slavery in the pre-Civil War days, as seen with the Wilmot Proviso. The North wanted to stop the spread of slavery in order to prevent the South from gaining more power and more states. Similarly, the US wanted to the Soviets from spreading communism so that they could prevent the Soviets from gaining more power and they wanted to stop Soviet expansion. Of course there were other policies during the war, like the scorched earth policy which later switched to the flexibility policy as to avoid total nuclear warfare over smaller proxy wars, thanks to JFK's logical reasoning. But the containment policy remained a constant and consistent goal throughout the Cold War. This fits best with the theme of America in the World since this deals with the Cold War.]]> 2021-05-09 17:29:10 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506694698 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506695965 The US entered a new age of war. That is to say, they entered the Cold War. This war pitted the US against the Soviets in every way possible: militarily, ideologically, politically, and economically. Ideology and economy are more important in terms of the societal change that occured from 1945 to 1980. The US stood for democracy and capitalism, while the Soviet Union stood for communism and dictatorial regimes. This distinction during the war was further emphasized in US society during the war and the ideology of the US was challenged by the "communist menace". This fits with the theme of American and National Identity  since it talks about the identity of America as a whole during the war. ]]> 2021-05-09 17:29:49 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506695965 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506697379 As Crash Course explains, the 9/11 attacks united the American people in the war on terrorism. This made Americans more receptive to invasive government attempts to root out terrorism in the homeland, giving the US the Patriot Acts. The debate on climate change sharply increased and so did the debate on economics. These debates became more prevalent when the presidency of Trump polarized the country. This fits with the theme of America and National Identity since it deals with changes in America as a whole. ]]> 2021-05-09 17:30:59 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506697379 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506697666 As Heimler explains, the war on terror was caused by the terrorist attacks on the Twin Towers on 9/11/2001. This attack shook the country and spurred Bush to declare a war on terror in the Middle East. Thus began the controversial Iraq and the Afghanistan wars. Meanwhile, domestically the US dealt with the 2008 financial crisis and the presidency of Donald Trump in which the COVID-19 pandemic hit the country hard and left countless Americans jobless. Since this deals with American politics, the theme that fits best here would be that of Politics and Power. ]]> 2021-05-09 17:31:13 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506697666 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506698074 As Heimler stipulates, immigrant's work has only benefited the American economy. Mexican immigrants have taken lots of low-wage agricultural work in the sun-belt states that many others aren't willing to do and thus they stimulate the economy. This is supported by the Institute for the Study of Labor, who say that Mexicans have not detracted from the economy in the slightest. Some nativists might argue that immigrants are taking their jobs  and that the economy is suffering because of that. However, as mentioned previously, immigrants are more often than not, working jobs that no one else is willing to work. Even if their jobs were being taken, the argument that immigrants were and are having a negative effect on the American economy is just wrong due to the multiple studies done from the Institute of for the Study of Labor.  Since this deals with immigration and geography, the themes that best fit here are Migration and Settlement and Geography and the Environment.  ]]> 2021-05-09 17:31:34 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506698074 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506698294 This article explains the evolution of the internet. It is written by a modern journalist, whose seen and/or researched the evolution of the internet as a whole throughout American and world history. It is important because it shows how the development of the internet revolutionized communication, work, and daily life within America and throughout the world. Since this deals with social changes, it fits best with the theme of Social Structures.]]> 2021-05-09 17:31:45 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506698294 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506698561 Heimler claims that Reagan ended the war through diplomatic peace-making and a renewed arms race. The INF agreement stipulated Reagan's attempts at making detente with the Soviet Union by destroying missiles. While the star wars program, however improbable it might've been, did renew the arms race with the Soviets. Both of these factors, economics and diplomacy, lead to the fall of the Soviets during Bush's time. This is stipulated by Crash Course(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L-K19rVDxoM&list=PLaWB7HAtihqB-kV8sP1mlZIJnd6MwlAIO&index=2). Some might argue that it was because the Cold War ended in Bush's time that Bush was the reason as to why the Cold War ended. However, given all the work that Reagan did to pressure the Soviet Union, it's obvious that it was him that ended the Cold War. Since this talks about the Cold War's end, the theme that fits best here would be America in the World.  ]]> 2021-05-09 17:31:59 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506698561 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506698675 As explained by Crash Course, Reagan's reaganomics and resurgence of conservationism sparked continuing policy debates about government size and policy in regards to government. Reagan's lowering of taxes using the Tax Reform Act sparked backlash from liberals around the country and that backlash was "validated" by the recession that happened early in Reagan's term. Except, that wasn't really Reagan's fault but rather, his predecessor, Carter's fault for spending so much money on the Energy program. In fact, Reaganomics did expand the economy in a positive manner. Reagan's prosperity as a conservative President is a direct contrast to Hoover's failure as one. While Reagan easily got the country out of recession, Hoover didn't even attempt to interfere when the Great Depression occured, garnering him more hate than he had already had. Since we're dealing with internal developments and economics, the theme that fits best here would be that of Work, Exchange and Technology. ]]> 2021-05-09 17:32:05 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506698675 23jamaly https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506698888 After America "suffered" through Jimmy Carter's Presidency, with the Iran-Hostage Crisis and the oil-crisis, Reagan breathed new air into conservative politics. He entered a new arms race against the soviets to outspend them and corner them diplomatically, which ended up working. However, his federal deficit spending set the stage for stock market crashes and corruption. When Bush took the reins, the persian gulf crisis kicked off what many believe to be the true start of America's war on Terror with Operation Desert Storm. Of course, it would be the tragedy of 9/11 that kicked off the War on Terror in the 21st century. Domestically the US struggled to get their welfare programs and housing crisis under control. So, post-1980s, the fall of the Soviet Union led to more focus on the Middle East and the 9/11 attack kicked off the War on Terror while America dealt with welfare issues and economic recession at home. Seeing as how this deals with foreign policy and domestic policy, the themes that fits best here would be American and National Identity, Politics and Power, and America in the World. ]]> 2021-05-09 17:32:15 UTC https://padlet.com/23jamaly/ms0js4rm3r1d2eig/wish/1506698888