Often there are no obvious symptoms. Or almost no symptoms 

-Stage of recovery and disability
Is a period in which the immune system is seriously destroyed Causing infection and illness with various diseases
2.Meaning and example of prevention level 
-Primary prevention is explains how infection occurs and prevent.
Ex. Health education and notification to carry condoms with you.
-Secondary prevention is Screening patients who have not yet shown symptoms.
Ex.Avoid sexual behavior at risk of infection.
-Tertiary prevvention is stop transmission by treatment and stop risky behaviors.
Ex.Consult your doctor for medication to control the transmission of infection.

1.Stage of susceptibility 
       Tetanus is an infection caused by a bacterium called Clostridium tetani. The spores develop into bacteria when they enter the body.
        Common Ways Tetanus Gets Into Your Body
        - The spores can get into the body through broken skin, usually through injuries from contaminated objects. Tetanus bacteria are more likely to infect certain breaks in the skin.  

2.Stage of sub-clinical disease
        The incubation period of Clostridium tetani The incubation period is usually 3–21 days, although it may range from 1 day to several months, depending on the nature of exposure. Most cases occur within14 days. 

3.Stage of clinical disease
         Tetanus is a clinical syndrome without confirmatory laboratory tests. Characteristic symptoms of tetanus are painful muscular contractions, primarily of the masseter and neck muscles and secondarily of trunk muscles. Trismus, or lockjaw, is a common sign of tetanus.

4.Stage of recovery, disability, or death
        Cases with shorter incubation periods tend to have more severe disease and thereby a greater risk of death. Even with treatment, about 10% of people who contract tetanus die. The mortality rate is higher in unvaccinated people and people over 60 years of age.

LEVELS OF PREVENTION
Primary prevention  
        Tetanus is primarily by vaccination against Clostridium tetani. Other methods of primary prevention include appropriate wound care, avoiding injuries, decontaminating environments, controlling diabetes, ensuring aseptic gynecological and surgical procedures, aggressively managing burn and compound fracture injuries and avoiding IV drug abuse.

Secondary prevention
        Which varies with previous vaccination history, is accomplished postexposure through wound prophylaxis and administration of TIG and/or Td (4). Wounds should be cleaned and debrided as indicated.
Tertiary Prevention 
        Prevention after Disease 
        - Limits the progression of disability. 
        - Treatment of symptoms and rehabilitation vary with each specific disease.

 

: no symptoms 

-Stage of clinical

: People who have been infected Symptoms can last anywhere from 24 hours to 5 days, but on average within 1 to 2 days.

-Stage of recovery, disability, or death

: Treat it according to the severity of the symptoms, if mild, nausea, abdominal pain may heal quickly, but if severe, shock symptoms may be fatal.

2. Meaning and example of
prevention level
-Primary prevention

:Health education for example Educate yourself about cholera and how to avoid it.

-Secondary prevention 

: Screening, such as going to an examination or going to the area to determine if the risk of disease For example, check that the place has good sanitation.

-Tertiary prevention 

: Patient treatment For example, let him take medicine and choose clean food.

1.1 Stage of susceptibility : The virus is most commonly transmitted from mother to child during birth and delivery, as well as through contact with blood or other body fluids, including sex with an infected partner, injection-drug use that involves sharing needles, syringes, or drug-preparation equipment and needle sticks or exposures to sharp instruments. 

1.2 Stage of sub-clinical disease : Most people do not experience any symptoms when newly infected. However, some people have acute illness with symptoms that last several weeks, including yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice), dark urine, extreme fatigue, nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain. A small subset of persons with acute hepatitis can develop acute liver failure, which can lead to death.

In some people, the hepatitis B virus can also cause a chronic liver infection that can later develop into cirrhosis (a scarring of the liver) or liver can

1.3 Stage of clinical disease : The hepatitis B virus can survive outside the body for at least 7 days. During this time, the virus can still cause infection if it enters the body of a person who is not protected by the vaccine. The incubation period of the hepatitis B virus is 75 days on average, but can vary from 30 to 180 days. The virus may be detected within 30 to 60 days after infection and can persist and develop into chronic hepatitis B.

1.4 Stage of recovery, disability, or death : There is no specific treatment for acute hepatitis B. Therefore, care is aimed at maintaining comfort and adequate nutritional balance, including replacement of fluids lost from vomiting and diarrhoea. Most important is the avoidance of unnecessary medications. Acetaminophen/Paracetamol and medication against vomiting should not be given.

Chronic hepatitis B infection can be treated with medicines, including oral antiviral agents. Treatment can slow the progression of cirrhosis, reduce incidence of liver cancer and improve long term survival. Only a proportion (estimates vary from 10% to 40% depending on setting and eligibility criteria) of people with chronic hepatitis B infection will require treatment.

(2)  Meaning and example of prevention level 
2.1 Primary prevention : Health education, annual health check and protect yourself all the time.
2.2 Secondary prevention : Hepatitis B infection can be prevented by getting vaccine and HBIG (hepatitis B immune globulin) soon after coming into contact with the virus. Persons who have recently been exposed to HBV should get HBIG and vaccine as soon as possible and preferably within 24 hours, but not more than 2 weeks after the exposure. The hepatitis B vaccine is the mainstay of hepatitis B prevention. WHO recommends that all infants receive the hepatitis B vaccine as soon as possible after birth, preferably within 24 hours – followed by two or three doses of hepatitis B vaccine at least four weeks apart to complete the series. Timely birth dose is an effective measure to reduce transmission from mother-to-child.  
2.3 Tertiary prevention : Patients need treatment to reduce their risk of developing severe liver disease. And prevent it from spreading the infection to others. The treatment depends on the suitability of the patient. Using antiviral therapy, interferon drug or liver transplantation, etc.

Stage of natural history of disease?
 1.Stage of susceptibility 

     1.1Relation between
-Host—Agent—Environment
     1.2Risk Factor
-Host(Low immunity)
-Susceptibility ,related to (age)from infants to 80years overall (sex) female-man (Life style)Having sex with an infected person without wearing a condom , sharing a toothbrush razor nail clipper , being pounded from work(Culture etc)The use of tattoo needles according to the body or the color used for the tattoo together and the ear piercing for some tribal groups that have followed each other.
     1.3Environment
-(workplace)with the patient working in it too (toilet) public toilets people use a lot of toilets.
2.Stage of sub-clinical disease
      2.1Have sex with someone who has hepatitis
     2.2 When infected the incubation period for hepatitis B is 6-8weeks. Patients with hepatitis infection.There may be no symptoms or signs of acute hepatitis but are mild.
3.The stage of clinical disease
    3.1Hepatitis B symptoms:divided into 2 phases-Acute phase patients begin to have symptoms 1-4 months after being infected.
     3.2 Fever, jaundice, yellow, eyes, abdom  inalienable pain in the right frame
      3.3 Other symptoms include nausea, vomiting loss of appetite, fatigue, rashes, joint pain
      3.4 Chronic phase
4.State of Recovery Disability
      4.1Hepatitis B it is acute specific treatment may be required. But the chronic type may need antiretroviral or other drugs.The doctor must evaluate the treatment regularly. And assess the treatment regularly and assess the response of the virus this may take several months or even years of continuous treatment.High mortality
Meaning and example of prevention level
1.Levels of Prevention
  - Educate yourself about Hepatitis B.Including self defense
  - Immunization in infants and children at 10 months of age 
2.Secondary prevention 
   - Fever, jaundice, yellow eyes fatigue, rashes, joint pain/began to show the obvious preliminary.
3.Tertiary prevention
   -Treatment is a doctor specializing in the liver that treats is by giving antiretroviral drugs.Along the drug to stimulate the immune system in the patient’s body.Including keeping all the infection out of the patient’s body.🍀 


 

         

    

 1.Stage of natural history of disease
Global Situation: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, also known as SARS; SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome), the first outbreak in Guangdong province of China around the end of 2002, with pneumonia cases found. Which does not respond to antibiotics Later pneumonia outbreaks occurred in Vietnam, Hong Kong, Singapore, Canada. Came from a doctor who cares for a patient in Guangdong Province Traveled to Hong Kong While having a fever And stayed at a hotel before being taken to hospital and later died It appears that many people in the hotel are infected. And brought the infection back to their country or the city they traveled until as of July 6, 2003, the epidemic spreads to 29 countries, including 8,098 cases of illness and 774 deaths. 9.6 each
             Disease Situation in Thailand: Until 9 July 2003, 1 confirmed case was found. In March 2003, the patient was an Italian physician who went to investigate the disease in Hanoi and became ill. While traveling to Thailand No infection was found among doctors and nurses, and no epidemic was found in the community.

1.1  Stage of susceptibility 
  - 2-10 Day

1.2  Stage of subclinical disease
- no symtoms

 1.3  Stage of clinical disease

-People develop symptoms 2-7 days after being exposed to the virus, some may have an incubation period of up to 10 days. Initially, symptoms were similar to influenza. And may have symptoms associated with the following:

-A fever above 38 degrees Celsius

-Dizziness, headache

-Very tired

-Body aches

-Anorexic

-Diarrhea

-Lung and respiratory infections have occurred. This leads to a dry cough, sore throat, difficulty breathing and a risk of hypoxia.

1.4  Stage of recovery and disability
 2. Meaning and example of prevention level
2.1 Primary prevention 
- wear a mask to cover the mouth and nose in crowded places or places with epidemic disease.
- Wash your hands regularly with soap or hand sanitizer containing at least 60% alcohol
- Wear disposable rubber gloves. If contact with the patient's secretions, fluids or feces is necessary
- Clean personal items such as utensils, towels, sheets or clothing of someone infected with the virus with cleaning products and hot water.
- Use disinfectant to clean the area contaminated with secretions.             2.2 Secondary prevention 
  - Using a ventilator To increase the oxygen level in the body of patients with breathing problems.
-Antibiotic use To treat infection in patients with symptoms of pneumonia or bacterial pneumonia.
-Steroid medication to reduce swelling of the lungs
-Antiviral drugs such as ribavirin may be used.
2.3 Tertiary prevention 
   90% of those infected will recover from the disease. This means that 10% of the other infected people are unable to recover from the disease and eventually die. Most of the time, complications of pneumonia or pneumonia occur. People with breathing problems If symptoms are severe, a ventilator may be required. Some cases may develop respiratory failure. Or other complications such as heart and liver failure, etc. In the elderly from 60 years old, especially those with diabetes, hepatitis or heart disease, the risk of complications and death is the most.

1.Stage of susceptibility 

2. Stage of sub-clinical disease 

3. Stage of clinical disease 

4. Stage of recovery,  disability, or death 

Prevention level in public health 

1.Primary prevention 

2.Secondary prevention 

3.Tertiary prevvention 

The Ebola virus disease is spread through contact with the blood, body fluids or organs of a person or animal with the infection.

For example, it can be spread by:

      Ebola can not be caught through routine social contact, such as shaking hands, with people who do not have symptoms.
2.Stage of subclinical disease

Liver: The is necrosis of the hepatocytes, fatty change and presence of large intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusion bodies.

Adrenal glands: There is necrosis of adrenal cortical cells

Lymphnodes: Lymphnodes are enlarged. Necrosis of lymphoid follicles and medulla. There is infection of macrophages and dendritic cells causing depletion of host immune response.

Spleen : Necrosis of the red pulp.

The person first received the disease, compared with blood or body fluids from infected animals such as mul or fruit pillar, the fruit was believed to carry and transmit the disease unaffected by the infectious disease.  It may extend from person to person.People who may lie and deceive are transmitted through the waterways for two months.To diagnose, other diseases with similar symptoms, such as malaria, cholera, and other home hernias may be tested for blood.  find  Tia Bodi following the bias of the country or himself to confirm the diagnosis.
3. Stage of clinical disease

Diagnosing Ebola virus disease (EVD) shortly after infection can be difficult. Early symptoms of EVD such as fever, headache, and weakness are not specific to Ebola virus infection and often are seen in patients with other more common diseases, like malaria and typhoid fever. 
To determine whether EVD is a possible diagnosis, there must be a combination of symptoms suggestive of EVD AND a possible exposure to EVD within 21 days before the onset of symptoms.

4. Stage of recovery,
disability,or death                      There is no formal treatment for the disease. Patients have either oral or black rehydration therapy. The disease has a high mortality rate, between 50% and 90% of those infected with the disease first identified.  The sanity and direct concession was born in sub-Saharan aviation between 1976, which was first identified and in 2012, fewer than 1,000 people were infected per year.  The 2012 2014 Ebola leave in western region, which is being carried out by passengers in Guinea, Sierra Leone and Lysi-Fi, was in July 2014 by more than 1,320 inspectors.  Believe  but may not have it yet.
Levels of prevention

1.Primary prevention

👉🏻Health education, avoid contact with infection and keep yourself healthy at all times.

2.Secondary prevention

👉🏻When living in or traveling to a region where Ebola virus is potentially present, there are a number of ways to protect yourself and prevent the spread of EVD.

Avoid contact with blood and body fluids (such as urine, feces, saliva, sweat, vomit, breast milk, amniotic fluid, semen, and vaginal fluids) of people who are sick.

Avoid contact with semen from a man who has recovered from EVD, until testing shows that the virus is gone from his semen.

Avoid contact with items that may have come in contact with an infected person’s blood or body fluids (such as clothes, bedding, needles, and medical equipment).

Avoid funeral or burial practices that involve touching the body of someone who died from EVD or suspect EVD.

Avoid contact with bats, forest antelopes, and nonhuman primates (such as monkeys and chimpanzees) blood, fluids, or raw meat prepared from these or unknown animals (bushmeat).

These same prevention methods should be used when living in or traveling to an area experiencing an Ebola outbreak. After returning from an area experiencing an Ebola outbreak, people should monitor their health for 21 days and seek medical care immediately if they develop symptoms of EVD.

There’s a vaccine to prevent Ebola, but rVSV-ZEBOV (Ervebo) only treats the Zaire strain of the virus.

If you are in areas where Ebola is present, avoid contact with bats, monkeys, chimpanzees, and gorillas since these animals spread Ebola to people. You may be able to get the vaccine from the World Health Organization. 

3.Tertiary prevention

There is currently no drug that can cure Ebola. Treatment is used as a method.

👉🏻Supportive care - rehydration with oral or intravenous fluids - and treatment of specific symptoms improves survival.  There is as yet no proven treatment available for EVD.  However, a range of potential treatments including blood products, immune therapies and drug therapies are currently being evaluated.

 Pregnant and breastfeeding women with Ebola should be offered early supportive care, like general population.  Likewise experimental treatment should be offered under the same conditions as for non-pregnant population.

Initial Symptoms (Prodrome)(Duration: 2 to 4 days)Sometimes contagious*
The first symptoms of smallpox include fever, malaise, head and body aches, and sometimes vomiting. The fever is usually high, in the range of 101 to 104 degrees Fahrenheit. At this time, people are usually too sick to carry on their normal activities. This is called the prodrome phase and may last for 2 to 4 days.
-Stage of clinical disease

Early Rash (Duration: about 4 days) Most contagious
A rash emerges first as small red spots on the tongue and in the mouth. These spots develop into sores that break open and spread large amounts of the virus into the mouth and throat. At this time, the person becomes most contagious.

Around the time the sores in the mouth break down, a rash appears on the skin, starting on the face and spreading to the arms and legs and then to the hands and feet. Usually the rash spreads to all parts of the body within 24 hours. As the rash appears, the fever usually falls and the person may start to feel better.

By the third day of the rash, the rash becomes raised bumps.

By the fourth day, the bumps fill with a thick, opaque fluid and often have a depression in the center that looks like a bellybutton. (This is a major distinguishing characteristic of smallpox.)

Fever often will rise again at this time and remain high until scabs form over the bumps. 

Pustular Rash (Duration: about 5 days) Contagious
The bumps become pustules—sharply raised, usually round and firm to the touch as if there’s a small round object under the skin. People often say the bumps feel like BB pellets embedded in the skin. 1
-STAGE OF RECOVERY,
DISABILITY AND DEATH

Pustules and Scabs (Duration: about 5 days) Contagious
The pustules begin to form a crust and then scab. By the end of the second week after the rash appears, most of the sores have scabbed over. 1

Resolving Scabs (Duration: about 6 days) Contagious
The scabs begin to fall off, leaving marks on the skin that eventually become pitted scars. Most scabs will have fallen off three weeks after the rash appears.
2. Meaning and example of prevention level
-Primary Prevention
Vaccine as a primary preventive measure can be given to a person in different stages. People who are directly exposed or most likely to be exposed to smallpox viruses should be vaccinated, as vaccination significantly reduces the chance of getting the disease or, at least, reduces the disease intensity.

If a person gets vaccine before any viral exposure, he/she is most likely to be protected from getting smallpox. Vaccination within 3-7 days of viral exposure may also protect a person from smallpox; people who get the disease even after vaccination suffer much less as compared to unvaccinated people. However, once rashes start to appear, vaccination cannot provide any protection.   
-Secondary Prevention
Secondary prevention strategies center on actions designed to mitigate the impact of existing public health problems. Screening programs often constitute the main thrust of most secondary prevention efforts, the IWH found. Patient monitoring and testing initiatives allow public health groups to detect serious conditions in their early stages and offer treatment, a pre-emptive approach that reduces the likelihood of death. For example, the WHO and other organizations have made great strides in addressing breast cancer via various screening programs. Today, the five-year survival rate for the disease is more than 80 percent in regions where mammography services are available, due in part to the efforts of public health entities.

General wellness programs also fall into the secondary prevention category. The American Heart Association recommends cardiac rehabilitation for individuals with cardiovascular diseases, which affect one-third of U.S. adults. These initiatives include physical activity and healthy eating components that together can slow, stabilize, and sometimes reverse heart disease. In fact, the AHA claims that such programs have reduced the mortality rate by 25 percent.

Secondary prevention strategies include return-to-work programs as well. These occupational health and safety efforts often revolve around modified duty workflows, which allow previously injured employees to ease back into the workplace without immediately engaging in the activities that put them out of commission in the first place, according to the U.S. Department of Labor. Return to work programs have been shown to make a substantial impact on worker health and organizational productivity.

-Tertiary Prevention
In the event that primary and secondary prevention efforts prove ineffective, public health professionals pursue tertiary actions and center on disease management, according to the CDC. Organizations pursuing these efforts often provide long-term rehabilitation or stabilization offerings, along with access to advanced screening services that can detect complications or worsening symptoms. Group therapy might also be included in tertiary prevention programs, as individuals dealing with serious health conditions often benefit from connecting with fellow patients. Tertiary efforts unfolding in the workplace normally feature permanent vocational transition processes, which allow employees with irreversible illnesses that prevent them from performing their pre-diagnosis job duties to take up new roles with less demanding physical or mental requirements.

-stage of susceptibility  

Are in the pathogenic factors such as  It is spread by bacterial spores found in soil, dust, dirt and animal feces.

-stage of preclinical disease 

Is infectious but has no symptoms.

-stage of clinical disease

Can show signs of infection from 3-21 days with spasms or spasmodic jaw muscles, difficulty breathing, high fever and body twitching and sore.

-stage of disability

Wound cleaning and injection of Tetanus Immunoglobulin may heal, deform or die.

2.prevention level

-primary prevention 

Infants should be vaccinated with DTaP or Td vaccines.  Health education about disease is a prevention.

-secondary prevention 

If there is a wound, wash the wound immediately.  Bleach the soap and rinse with clean water.  Then wipe with disinfectant  Then hurry to see a doctor to discuss how to prevent tetanus infection.

-tertiary prevention

Tetanus Immunoglobulin  And antibiotics , Medication to relieve muscle aches and spasms, may require a ventilator if breathing is difficult may disappear or die.

and don't wear a mark.
-stage of preclinical disease 

Is infectious but has no symptoms for about 14 day.
-stage of clinical disease
After 14 days, the patient will have a cough, fever, headache and heat up to 37.5 ° C.
Meaning and example of prevention level
-primary prevention 
Not eating raw And always wash your hands thoroughly.
-secondary prevention.
Wear face masks in community.
Use Alcohol-based hand sanitisers.
Social distancing

-tertiary prevention
Use vaccines to treat disease.

1. Stages of the natural history of the disease.

1.1) Stage of susceptibility: Malaria is a highly life threatening disease caused by protophenaphlasmodium spreading into the human body through the operation of a stupid woman by many idiots such as disease. The primary forest is found mostly in areas near the edge of the forest, prefers to sleep in clear, flowing water, ponds, flowing streams or waterfalls. Retractable curtains with infection orally 10-14 days
1.2) Stage of clinical disease: 2-3 days may have headache. Pain in the back Flu-like Later, there will be "malaria" which is characteristic of malaria. It is divided into 3 phases as follows:
1. The cold period begins with fever, chills, shaking the skin is often pale.
2. In the heat of the year The patient will feel hot, very headache, restlessness, delirium, the child often convulsions, dry skin, hot redness, thirst.
3. The sweating phase The patient will begin to sweat, the fever gradually decreases until the patient feels tired, may fall asleep or coma.
1.3) Stage of recovery or death: Malaria complications.
Patients with malaria type P. falciparum may have serious complications. Which may happen to any particular system Or multiple systems can be born at the same time Complications are most likely to occur in people who are not immune and are not receiving adequate treatment. Complications usually arise in the presence of severe malaria. Which can be fatal complications that can be found are
2)  Meaning and example of prevention level 
2.1 Primary prevention : Health education, annual health check and protect yourself all the time.

2.2) secondary prevention.
Wear long-sleeved clothes, long legs If you have to go to a lot of mosquitoes, you should spray mosquito spray.
2.3) Tertiary prevention
If you find that you have symptoms, you should go see a doctor for examination and treatment. Before complications arise.