1

2

3

4

5

6

2. According to paragraph 1, the writer's view is that individual weight problems have become an international crisis.

3. The writer's giving us specific numbers that show how serious this problem is- for example: He says that two thirds of adults in the US are overweight and about half of them are obese.

4. One reason is- "The European Association for the Study of Obesity found that 8% of the healthcare costs in the E.U. about €42 billion —go toward the treatment of obesity-related illnesses. The total medical tab in the U.S. for conditions related to obesity is $117 billion a year—and climbing— according to the Surgeon General.

The second reason is "But excess weight significantly increases the risk of heart disease, high blood pressure, stroke, diabetes, infertility, gall-bladder disease, osteoarthritis and many forms of cancer".

6. 1. On the surface, the reareasonr this problem may be that people eat too much high-calorie food and don’t burn it off with enough exercise.

6.2 But the real reason probably is rooted deep within our genes.

2) Poeple are fat enough to be international crisis.

3)Two-thirds of U.S. adults are officially overweight

4) False. "Just two decades ago, the incidence of overweight U.S. adults was well under 50%, while the rate for kids was only a third what it is today"

5) 1. obesity, exacerbated by poor diet and physical inactivity, could soon overtake tobacco as the leading cause of preventable death

2. The European Association for the Study of Obesity found that 8% of the healthcare costs in the E.U.— about €42 billion —go toward the treatment of obesity-related illnesses. The total medical tab in the U.S. for conditions related to obesity is $117 billion a year—and climbing

6) On the surface, the reasons for this problem may be that people eat too much high-calorie food and don’t burn it off with enough exercise,

But the real reason probably is rooted deep within our genes

2. The writer's view in paragraph 1 is that the problem of being overweight is an overwhelming, recognized fact that has grown into an international crisis.

3.The writer supports the claim by providing several shocking quantitative statistics.

4. False. "Just two decades ago, the incidence of overweight U.S. adults was well under 50%, while the rate for kids was only a third what it is today"

5. - Severe Health Risks: Obesity significantly increases the risk of major diseases like heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and many forms of cancer.

-Massive Economic Costs: The treatment of obesity-related illnesses costs billions of dollars, draining national healthcare budgets.

1. It is an informative article.

2.The writer believes that people nowadays are overweight.

3.He states that about two-thirds of adults in the U.S. are officially considered overweight.

4.FALSE

The text says that only two decades ago, fewer than 50% of American adults were overweight, showing that the problem has gotten worse in recent years.

5.1. Around 8% of healthcare spending in the E.U.—about €42 billion—goes to treating obesity-related diseases. In the U.S., the annual cost of medical care for such conditions reaches $117 billion and keeps rising, according to the Surgeon General.

2. Obesity, made worse by poor diet and lack of exercise, may soon become the leading cause of preventable death, even surpassing tobacco.

1.     The text is informative.

2.     The writer is very concerned about the obesity problem , he say we can see it everywhere we go – “around the shops , beach or the crowd of any football match”- there is no room for doubts , the individual weight problems have become an international crisis – people are just too fat.

3.  The evidence that supports his case consists of statistical data showing how common overweight is among children and adults in the U.S. , as well as in Europe.

4.  False

“Just two decades ago, the incidence of overweight U.S. adults was well under 50%, while the rate for kids was only a third what it is today. In the E.U., an estimated 18% of children are overweight or obese”.

5.     1. Excess weight significantly increases the risk of heart disease , hige blood pressure and many forms of cancer.

2. The total medical tab in the U.S for conditions related to obesity is 117$ billion a year and climbing.

6. on the surface , the reasons for this problem may be that people eat too much high calorie food and don’t burn it off with enough exercise , but the real reason probably is rooted deep within our genes – the human race adapted over millions pf years to living in a world scarcity ‘ where it paid to eat every good tasting thins in sight when you could fine it.

2.the writer believes that obesity has become worldwide crisis; not just a personal problem

3. -two thirds of u.s. adults are overweight and half of them are obese

   -in the EU 10-25% of adults are obese

   -even 25% of u.s. pets are overweight

4. false. "just 2 decades ago; the incidence of overweight u.s. adults was well under 50%; while the rate for kids was only a third what it is today"

5. 1. obesity increases the risk of serious diseases like heart disease ' diabetes..."

   5.2.it causes huge medical costs-billions are spent each year on obesity -related illnesses

6. on the surface; it may seen that this problem is simply caused by people eating too much but in real life the deeper cause is connected to human evolution and the genetic tendency to store energy from food

2.What is the writer's view according to paragraph 1?

the writer believes that individual weight problems have become an international crisis.

3. What evidence does the writer provide in paragraph 2 to support his case?

The writer shows us how many people in the U.S. and Europe are overweight, and even points out that many dogs and cats are too fat.

4. Is the following sentence TRUE or FALSE? Circle one.

The problem described at the beginning of the article has always been as serious as it is today.

Justify your answer by quoting or explaining from the text.

False - "And things haven't been moving in a promising direction. Just two decades ago, the incidence of overweight U.S. adults was well under 50%, while the rate for kids was only a third what it is today."

5. List two reasons that health authorities everywhere would be concerned about this problem.

1. It is very expensive – obesity-related illnesses cost billions in healthcare

2. It is unhealthy – obesity increases the risk of many serious diseases

6. Complete the following sentence according to paragraphs 5 – 6.

On the surface, the reasons for this problem may be that people eat too much high-calorie food and don’t burn it off with enough exercise.

But the real reason probably is deep within our genes. .

1. An informative article, scientific report about the causes and effects of obesity.

2. The writer believes that people today are too fat and that obesity has become an international crisis.

• Two-thirds of U.S. adults are overweight and half of them are obese.

• 15% of U.S. children are overweight and another 15% are becoming overweight.

• 10–25% of adults in the E.U. are obese.

• Even 25% of U.S. pets are overweight.

4. FALSE

The article says that “Just two decades ago, the incidence of overweight U.S. adults was well under 50%, while the rate for kids was only a third what it is today.”

5.

1. Obesity increases the risk of many serious diseases such as heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and cancer.

2. Obesity causes huge healthcare costs for example, 117 billion a year in the U.S. and 42 billion in the E.U.

6.

• that people eat too much and don’t exercise enough,

• that our genes and evolution make us crave food and store fat, because humans adapted to a world of scarcity.

2. The writer’s view according to paragraph 1 is that weight problems have become an international crisis

3. In paragraph 2, the writer gives numbers to show how big the problem is: for example Two-thirds of adults in the U.S.A are overweight

4. FALSE – “And things haven't been moving in a promising direction. Just two decades ago, the incidence of overweight U.S. adults was well under 50%, while the rate for kids was only a third what it is today.”

5. 1. European Association for the Study of Obesity found that 8% of the healthcare costs in the E.U.— about €42 billion —go toward the treatment of obesity-related illnesses.

5. 2. U.S. and a government health committee in the U.K have both warned that obesity, exacerbated by a poor diet and physical inactivity could soon overtake tobacco as the leading cause of preventable death.

6. simple things like eating too much high-calorie food and not exercising enough

deep inside our genes…

1. The text is a journalistic article. It was published in TIME magazine and discusses the issue of obesity,

2. According to paragraph 1 the writer believes that people being too fat is no longer surprising. He describes obesity as something so common and visible everywhere that it has become an international crisis rather than just a personal issue.

3. In paragraph 2 the writer supports his argument by giving several statistics , he says that among U.S. kids between 6 and 19 years old 15% are overweight and another 15% are headed that way, he also shows that 10%–20% of men and 10%–25% of women are obese and he even includes the fact that 25% of U.S. pets are overweigh

4. false 

the writer says in paragraph 3 that two decades ago, the incidence of overweight U.S. adults was under 50% while the rate for kids was only a third what it is today.

1.Obesity increases the risk of many serious diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, stroke and cancer.

2.Obesity creates a huge economic burden because healthcare systems spend billions on treating obesity related illnesses.

6. On the surface, the reasons for this problem may be that people eat too much high-calorie food and don’t exercise enough,

but the real reason probably is that obesity is rooted deep in our genes, which evolved in a world of scarcity.

7. false, Southeast Asia and Latin America catch up economically and the inhabitants adopt Western lifestyles, their problems with obesity catch up as well

8. Vegetation, did not completely satisfy the nutrition needs of early man

9. meat.

a.“our ancestors developed a taste for meat. The fossil record shows that the human brain became markedly bigger and more, complex about the same time”

b.“the incorporation of animal matter into the diet played an absolutely essential role in human evolution"

c.“meat provided a concentrated source of protein, vitamins, minerals and fatty acids that helped our human ancestors grow taller”

d.“the fatty acids found in animal-based foods would have served as a powerful raw material for the growth of human brains”

10.a.hunting and gathering took enormous physical work

b.the wild game our ancestors ate was high in protein but very low in fat

c.our ancestors couldn't count on a steady supply of any particular food

• True. Among people who still live in conditions most like those of our distant Stone Age ancestors, and the poorer nations, there is virtual no obesity at all.

• a. totally satisfied

The incorporation of animal matter into the diet played an absolutely essential role in human evolution.

Meat provided a concentrated source of protein, vitamins, minerals and fatty acids that helped our human ancestors grow taller.

Meat gave early humans a respite from constant feeding.

 Powerful raw material for the growth of human brains.

Guile, organization and the social and technological skills made possible by their increasingly complex brains.

• These are:

  1.The wild game our ancestors ate was high in protein but very low in fat

  
  

  2.Our ancestors couldn't count on a steady supply of any particular food.

  
  

  3.Hunting and gathering took enormous physical work.

• Yes, this statement is TRUE

  Gathering in much larger population centers.

  Bacteria and viruses could fester.

  Average height diminished.

  Skeletons also began to show an increase in calcium deficiency, anemia, bad teeth and bacterial infections.

  Domesticated animals have more fat than wild game.

  Artery-clogging butterfat from milk.

  
  

  No, this statement is FALSE

  We now had a steady source of food.

  Shift away from wild meat, fruits and vegetables.

  Essential amino acids, vitamins and minerals they had thrived on.

  Average life span increased.

  Even with animals to help, physical exertion was built into just about everyone's life.

  
  

  
  

2) The writer believes that people today are clearly too fat and that weight problems have become an international crisis.

3) The writer gives statistics showing how serious the problem is, for example:

• Two-thirds of American adults are overweight.

• About half of them are obese.

• Fifteen percent of American children are overweight, and another 15 percent are close to it.

• In the European Union, 10–20 percent of men and 10–25 percent of women are obese.

• Even 25 percent of pets in the U.S. are overweight.

  
  4) FALSE.

  Justification:
  Paragraph 3 explains that only two decades ago the levels of overweight people were much lower. For example, overweight adults were “well under 50 percent” and children only “a third” of today’s rate.
  This shows the problem has become worse over time.

  
  

  5) -

  A-Obesity increases the risk of serious diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, stroke, and cancer.
  

  B- Obesity costs health systems huge amounts of money, for example billions of euros in the EU and billions of dollars in the U.S.

  
  

  6) On the surface, the reasons for this problem may be that people eat too much high-calorie food and do not exercise enough,
  but the real reason probably is that our genes evolved in a world of scarcity, so our bodies are programmed to eat whenever possible.

  
  

  7) Statement:
  “Places like Asia and Latin America will remain immune to this problem.”

  Answer: FALSE

  Justification:
  The text says that as Southeast Asia and Latin America develop and adopt Western lifestyles, their obesity problems catch up as well.
  Therefore, they are not immune.

  
  

  8) (b) did not completely satisfy
  Vegetation was low in calories, so early humans needed additional sources like meat.

  
  

  9) Four reasons:

  1. It provided high protein needed for body growth.

  2. It contained vitamins and minerals essential for survival.

  3. It supplied fatty acids that helped the human brain grow larger and more complex.

  4. It allowed early humans to spend less time eating and develop hunting, social, and technological skills that improved survival.

10)

• Wild animals were low in fat, only about 4 percent.

• Food supply was not steady, so people could not eat large amounts whenever they wanted.

• They did enormous physical work, hunting and gathering all day.

  
  

  11) There are reasons to say that this statement is true, and reasons to say it is false.

  Why the statement can be considered TRUE:
  According to the text, the invention of agriculture created several problems for humans. People began living in larger population centers, which allowed bacteria and viruses to spread more easily. In addition, the shift from wild meat, fruits and vegetables to a diet mainly based on cultivated grain reduced the amount of essential amino acids, vitamins and minerals in the human diet. Skeletons from that period show more calcium deficiency, anemia, bad teeth and infections. Most meat now came from domesticated animals, which contained more fat, and dairy products added even more fat to the diet. All of these changes made life less healthy.

  Why the statement can be considered FALSE:
  On the other hand, agriculture also had clear benefits. It provided a steady and reliable source of food, unlike the uncertain life of hunter-gatherers. Because food became more available, the average life span increased. Agriculture also made it possible for larger communities and more complex societies to develop. These advantages show that agriculture was not only harmful, but also a major step forward for humanity.

  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  
  

  
  

  
  

7. false.

“As developing areas like Southeast Asia and Latin America catch up economically and the inhabitants adopt Western lifestyles, their problems with obesity catch up as well.”

8. b. did not completely satisfy.

9. Type of food: meat

Four reasons:

1. Meat gave a lot of protein, vitamins, minerals, and fatty acids.

2. It helped humans grow taller and stronger.

3. The fatty acids in meat helped the human brain grow.

4. Because meat is rich in nutrients early humans did not need to eat all day which gave them more time to develop skills like hunting and cooperation.

10. 1. Wild animals were very lean only about 4% fat.

2. Food was not always available sometimes there was meat or fruit, and sometimes there was nothing.

3. Life required very hard physical work. hunting, carrying animals, climbing trees, and walking long distances.

The real reason probably is that obesity is rooted deep in our genes.

7. False Southeast Asia and Latin America catch up economically and the inhabitants adopt Western lifestyle, their problems with obesity catch up as well.

8.did not completely satisfy.

9.meat.

a.human brain became markedly bigger and more complex about the same time.

b.the incorporation of animal matter into the diet played an absolutely essential role in human evolution.

c.meat provided a concentrated source of protein, vitamins, minerals and fatty acids that helped our human ancestors grow taller.

d.the fatty acids found in animal-based foods would have served as a powerful raw material for the growth of human brains.

10.a.worked almost non stop

b.he wild game our ancestors ate was high in protein but very low in fat.

c.It was possible to get fruit and honycomb once a year at best.

8. B. did not completely safisty  

9. Meat.
   1. Meat gave early humans the nutrients their brains needed, so their brains became bigger and smarter.
   2. Meat has protein, vitamins, and minerals that help early humans grow strong and healthy.
   3. Because meat is very filling and high in energy, they didn’t need to eat all day like they did with plants.
   4. Hunting requires planning, teamwork, and tools. People who were good at hunting survived better

10. According to paragraphs 15 – 16, the writer gives us 3 reasons why early man’s appetite for meat and sweet foods did not make him fat. These are:    (6 points)

    1. Meat was low in fat.
    Wild animals had very little fat compared to modern meat.

    Food was not always available
    Hunters didn’t always catch animals, and fruits or honey were seasonal and rare.

    Hunting and gathering required a lot of work.
    They were constantly active, carrying, climbing, and chasing animals, which kept them fit.

“ As developing areas like Southeast Asia and Latin America catch up economically and the inhabitants adopt Western lifestyles, their problems with obesity catch up as well”.

8. B. – did not completely satisfy.

9. The food that was especilly importante for man’s evolution was meat. First of all , meat makes the human brain bigger and smarter, 2. meat provided a concentrated source of protein, vitamins, minerals and fatty acids that helped our human ancestors grow taller. 3- the fatty acids found in animal-based foods would have served as a powerful raw material for the growth of human brains. And last but not least , meat gave early humans a respite from constant feeding – they didn’t have to eat around the clock just to keep going.

10. 1. the wild game our ancestors ate was high in protein but very low in fat 2. our ancestors couldn't count on a steady supply of any particular food. Hunters might bring down a deer or a rabbit, or nothing at all. Fruit might be in season, or it might not. A chunk of honeycomb might have as many calories as half a dozen Krispy Kreme doughnuts, but you might be able to get it once a year at best—and it wouldn’t have the fat. 3. hunting and gathering took enormous physical work. Chasing wild animals with spears and clubs was a marathon undertaking.

On the surface, the reasons for this problem may be that people eat too much high-calorie food and don't burn it off with enough exercise (or: obvious/trivial),

But the real reason probably is rooted deep within our genes / due to evolution/an adaptation to living in a world of scarcity.

7. Is the following TRUE or FALSE, according to paragraph 8? Circle one. (8 points)

Places like Asia and Latin America will remain immune to this problem.

FALSE

Justification from the text: "As developing areas like Southeast Asia and Latin America catch up economically and the inhabitants adopt Western lifestyles, their problems with obesity catch up as well."

8. Circle the best answer. (6 points)

Vegetation, paragraphs 10-11, did not completely satisfy the nutrition needs of early man.

a) totally satisfied

b) did not completely satisfy

c) complicated

d) was not part of

9. What type of food was especially important for man's evolution, paragraphs 11-13? Explain 4 reasons why. (7 points)

The type of food especially important for man's evolution was animal matter / meat.

Reasons:

1. It played an absolutely essential role in human evolution.

2. It provided a concentrated source of protein, vitamins, minerals, and fatty acids that helped human ancestors grow taller (e.g., from the size of small chimps to over 1.8 m).

3. The fatty acids served as a powerful raw material for the growth of human brains, which became markedly bigger and more complex around the time meat was incorporated into the diet.

4. It gave early humans a respite from constant feeding because it was so packed with nutrients.

10. According to paragraphs 15 – 16, the writer gives us 3 reasons why early man’s appetite for meat and sweet foods did not make him fat. These are: (6 points)

1. The wild game our ancestors ate was high in protein but very low in fat (about 4% fat, compared to up to 36% in grain-fed supermarket beef).

2. Our ancestors couldn't count on a steady supply of any particular food (meat, fruit, or honeycomb were not consistently available).

3. Hunting and gathering took enormous physical work (e.g., chasing animals was a marathon undertaking; climbing trees was hard work; lugging the catch back to camp).

7. False

Justification:

The text says: “As Southeast Asia and Latin America catch up economically and the inhabitants adopt Western lifestyles, their problems with obesity catch up as well.”

8. b) did not completely satisfy.

9. The food that was especially important for mans evolution was meat.

   (1) It provided high-quality protein.

   (2) It supplied important vitamins and minerals.

   (3) It included fatty acids needed for brain development.

   (4) It helped humans grow taller and develop a larger, more complex brain.

10. Three reasons why early man’s appetite for meat and sweets did not make him fat:

    (1) Food was scarce, sweet or fatty foods were not available all the time

    (2) They worked very hard physically just to survive, in other words burning many calories.

    (3) Their lifestyle involved constant movement.

    
    

2.The writer thinks that obesity is a serious and global problem. He says it’s no longer surprising because it has become an international crisis seen everywhere.

3.The writer gives statistics showing high obesity rates among adults children’s and even pets in the US and Europe to prove how serious the problem is.

4.False - this is false because the text explaining that obesity is a recent problem. for most of human history People were thinner and physically active.

5.

1.obesity increases the risk of many serious diseases like- cancer, heart disease, diabetes and more.

2.The second reason is because treating obesity related illnesses cost health systems billions of dollars every year.

6.On the surface, the reasons for this problem may be that people eat too much high-calorie food and don’t burn it off with enough exercise.

But the real reason probably lies in our genes. Over millions of years, humans evolved in a world where food was rare, so it was beneficial to eat as much tasty food as possible whenever it was available.

7.False- "As developing areas like south east Asia and Latino America catch up economically and the inhabitants adopt western lifestyle their problem with obesity catch up as well."

8.b

9.According to paragraphs 11–13, sugar was an important part of early humans’ diet, but animal protein-contributed significantly to the evolutionary development of the brain. First, it helped our ancestors grow taller. Second, the fatty acids played a major role in brain development. Third, because meat provided long-lasting nourishment, it gave early humans a break from constantly searching for food. And fourth, their brains became more complex, and they developed skills that improved hunting ability, as well as social and technological abilities.

10. The meat was fat low. Our ancestors could not rely on a steady food supply. Hunting and gathering took enormous physical work.

11. "Agriculture is humanities worst mistake":

    True- spread of disease, decline in nutritional quality, decrease in height and health problems, higher fat intake dependence on agriculture.

    False- steady food supply, increase average lifespan, support for population growth, foundation for social development.

False.

Justification:

The text says that as Asia and Latin America become more economically developed, their obesity problems “catch up as well.”

8.

Vegetation… Correct answer: b) did not completely satisfy

9.

Meat was especially important.

1.It provided concentrated protein.

2.It had essential vitamins and minerals.

3.It supplied fatty acids needed for brain growth.

4.It allowed humans to spend less time eating and more time developing skills.

10.

* Wild meat was low in fat.

*Food supply was irregular (sometimes available, sometimes not).

*Hunting and gathering required huge physical effort.

11.

YES, TRUE

*Led to big populations → more diseases and epidemics.

*Diet became worse: less vitamins, minerals, amino acids.

*Increase in calcium deficiency, anemia, infections, bad teeth.

NO, FALSE

*Provided a steady source of food.

*Increased overall life expectancy.

*Made large civilizations and development possible.

that people eat too much high-calorie food and don’t do enough exercise,

But the real reason probably is

that our bodies and genes were shaped by evolution to eat a lot whenever food is available.

7.Answer: FALSE

The text says that when Southeast Asia and Latin America catch up economically and adopt Western lifestyles, their problems with obesity rise as well

8.b) did not completely satisfy

9. Meat

1.Meat provided a concentrated source of protein, vitamins, minerals, and fatty acids.

2.These nutrients helped early humans grow taller.

3.Fatty acids in meat helped the human brain grow larger and more complex.

4.Eating meat gave humans more free time (a break from constant feeding).

10.Three correct reasons from the text:1.Wild meat was very low in fat (only about 4%, compared to up to 36% in modern beef).

2.Food wasn’t available all the time — sometimes hunters caught animals, and sometimes they caught nothing; fruit was seasonal, honey rare.

3.Early humans did intense physical work — hunting, cutting animals, carrying them, and climbing trees required enormous energy.

1. Informational article about the causes and history of obesity.

2. The writer says obesity has become an international crisis seen everywhere.

3. He provides statistics showing high obesity rates among U.S. adults, children, Europeans, and even pets.

4. False, the text explains that obesity rates were much lower two decades ago and have risen sharply.

5. Obesity increases the risk of many serious diseases, and it creates extremely high healthcare costs for countries.

6. On the surface the problem seems to come from overeating and lack of exercise, but the real reason is our evolutionary genes adapted to scarcity.

7. False, the text says that as areas like Asia and Latin America adopt Western lifestyles their obesity problems increase as well.

8. b.did not completely satisfy

9. Meat, because it provided concentrated protein, essential vitamins and minerals, fatty acids needed for brain growth, and extra time for developing intelligence and social skills.

10. Wild game was very low in fat, food was not always available so overeating wasn’t possible, and daily life required extreme physical effort from hunting and gathering.

11. Agriculture increased disease and reduced nutritional quality which harmed humans, but it also provided a stable food supply and increased life expectancy.

12. The text explains that modern obesity comes from a mismatch between ancient human biology and today’s easy access to food, showing how technology reduced exercise and increased calorie intake, arguing that awareness, policies and lifestyle changes are needed, and in my opinion society must change habits to improve health.

2. The writer is telling a personal story to support his case

3. False, “stereotypes the Brazilian who puts off the business of today until tomorrow”

4. Brazilian students didn’t blame themselves for being late, and when someone was late meeting them they pointed it to unforeseen circumstances that the person couldn't control. While the Americans student attribute it to a lack of caring

5. a. don’t care

5. b. less inclined to feel personally responsible for being late and less regret for their own lateness and blamed others less when they were late

6. It's important to understand time in different cultures to avoid misreading issues that involve time perceptions

7. a. members of Arab and Latin cultures usually stand much closer when they are speaking to people than we usually do in the United States, a fact we frequently misinterpret as aggression or disrespect

7. b. Westerners like ourselves define punctuality using precise measures of time: 5 minutes, 15 minutes, an hour. But, according to Hall, in many Mediterranean Arab cultures there are only three sets of time: no time at all, now (which is of varying duration), and forever (too long)   

2. The evidence that the writer provide is when the writer asked diffrent peole the time every person said diffrent time. the writer learned that Brazilians timepieces are consistently inaccurratte.

3. TRUE. "I learned that the "manha" stereotype oversimplified the real Anglo/Brazilian differences in conceptions of time. Research revealed a more complex picture."

4. The writer learned that Brazilian are more flexible in their concepts of time and punctuality, they believe that a person is late due to unforeseen circumstances he can't control.

Eden Choota

1.     The writer’s view in paragraph 1 is that there is no single, clear concept of time that applies to everyone in the world. People live in different places and move at different paces, and they learn their sense of time naturally from childhood, not through formal rules. Words like “early” and “late” have different meanings for different people and cultures, and this can lead to confusion, especially when people encounter a new culture.

2.     The evidence the writer’s provide in paragreaph 3 and 4 to support his case are from his own expiriance when did a lecture at the dederal university in Niteori, Brazil. He knew he needs to be at the class at 10:00 oclock and whtn he first got out of his house he asked someone for the time and he said 9:05 a.m , what gives him time to relax and go around the campus. After a half an hour he passd by a clock and was shocked to dine out he was “ late “ to the cultur , he had to rash to the class and after he got there he find out the room was empty , he decided to ask different people for the time and just than he understand – in Brazil , the timepieces aare inaccurate and nobody minds.

3.     FALSE – “ I learned that the “ manha “ stereotype oversimplifies the real Anglo \ Brazilian diffrences in conceptions of time".

4.     To learn more about the Brazilian conception of time , the author compared the time sense of students from California state University to Niteori federal University students. He asked them about the meaning of being late or early and about the reasons that leads them to each one and the difrence was very big.

2. He supports his case by showing that timekeeping in Brazil was inconsistent and inaccurate

3.True . In paragraph 9, the writer claims :” I learned that the ‘manha’ stereotype oversimplified the real Anglo/Brazilian differences in conceptions of time. Research revealed a more complex picture.”

4.The auteur conducted a comparative study. He compared 2 groups – He compared 91 Brazilian students in Niteroi with 107 American students in Fresno. Also, he ask them questions about their perceptions of time.

5…..because they are apathetic, fatalistic, irresponsible or simply do not care.

….feel less personally responsible for  being latte.

6.It’s important in order to avoid misunderstanding when people from different cultures interact.

7.a. Personal space- people from Arab and Latin cultures stand much closer when speaking while Americans see this as disrespect.

b. Time perception- Mediterranean Arab culture view time in 3 sets which makes difficult for Americans to get the Arab ways of time (no time, now, forever).

2. In paragraphs 3 and 4, the writer provides anecdotal evidence based on his personal experience in Brazil to support his case that time is perceived differently across cultures.

.3 TRUE

"I learned that the 'manha' stereotype oversimplified the real Anglo/Brazilian differences in conceptions of time."

Explanation: The writer realized that the difference wasn't just about "putting things off until tomorrow" (the stereotype of laziness or procrastination). Through his observations, he saw a more complex picture: it wasn't just about arriving late, but also about the lack of urgency to leave (staying late), the lack of personal guilt regarding time, and the social status associated with not being tied to a clock

4. According to paragraphs 10, 11, and 12, he took the following specific steps:

1. Conducted a Comparative Study: With the assistance of colleagues (Laurie West and Harry Reis), he compared 91 Brazilian students from Niteroi with 107 American students from Fresno, California. He chose these groups because the universities and cities were similar in size and academic quality, providing a fair basis for comparison (Paragraph 10).

2. Surveyed Perceptions of "Early" and "Late": He asked students to define what they would consider late or early for a hypothetical lunch appointment. This allowed him to gather statistical data on the "flexibility" of each group (Paragraph 11).

3. Investigated the "Why" Behind Lateness: He asked the students to provide typical reasons for being late. This helped him understand if the behavior was due to a "lack of caring" or "unforeseen circumstances" (Paragraph 12).

4. Analyzed Emotional Responses: He examined how much regret the students felt for their own lateness and how much they blamed others for being late (Paragraph 12)

Answer: The writer thinks that rules about time are not official. There is no book that explains words like "early" or "late." Children just learn these ideas by growing up.

2. What examples does the writer give?

Answer: The writer shows what happened to him in Brazil:

• He saw that clocks were wrong.

• Different people gave him different answers for the time.

• He went to class, but it was empty because the students didn't hurry.

• In Brazil, people don't care if clocks are not correct.

3. TRUE or FALSE?

"The 'manha' idea does not show the full picture."

Answer: TRUE The reason: The text says the "manha" idea is too simple. It does not show the real and complex differences between the countries.

4. What did the author do to learn more?

Answer: The author did a study. He asked students from Brazil and students from California about being late for lunch. He wanted to see the differences between them.

2. The writer provides his personal experience in Brazil as evidence. He shows that people gave different answers when asked for the time, clocks were inaccurate, and yet nobody was bothered by it.

3. TRUE

"I learned that the 'manha' stereotype oversimplified the real Anglo/Brazilian differences in conceptions of time."

4. He conducted a research study comparing the time perceptions of students in Brazil (Niteroi) with students in California (Fresno).

2) Evidence in paragraphs 3 and 4:
He describes arriving in Brazil and discovering that clocks showed completely different times, and that people did not mind at all. This experience shows that “time talks” differently in different cultures, and that Brazilian timekeeping is much more flexible.

3) (paragraphs 6–9): TRUE.
The author says the “manha” idea is only a stereotype, and that what he observed in real life was more complex. He learned that the stereotype “oversimplified the real Anglo/Brazilian differences in conceptions of time.

4) What did the author do to learn more (paragraphs 10–12):
He did research with colleagues and compared Brazilian students with American students using questions about what counts as “late” or “early” in different situations, like a lunch appointment. He also asked for typical reasons for lateness and compared how each group explained it.

2.The writer gives a personal example from Brazil, showing that people give different times and are not bothered by inaccuracy, which supports his idea that time is understood differently in different cultures.

3.TRUE

The writer says that the “manha” stereotype is too simple. He explains that Brazilian students are relaxed not only about arriving late but also about leaving late, and he clearly states that this stereotype does not fully explain the differences in how Brazilians and Anglo cultures understand time.

4.The author conducted a research study.

He compared Brazilian students with American students by asking them questions about being early or late in different situations, in order to understand the Brazilian conception of time.

The writer’s  view about time differences between people is that children stumble over maddening incongruities between time sense that they born with and the one they learn and adjust to.  

2.

The evidence that the writer provided is the students unsure when she asked them to tell her what time is it and got three different unsure. 

3. TRUE

4. I learned that the "manha" stereotype oversimplified the real Anglo/Brazilian differences in conceptions of time. Research revealed a more complex picture.

2.     In paragraphs 3 and 4, the writer tells a story from his first day in Brazil. The clocks showed different times, and students were not worried about being late. This shows that Brazilians are more relaxed about time.

3.     True, The text explains that the “manha” stereotype is too simple. the writer says that some students came late, some stayed late, and everyone was relaxed about time.

4.     The author did a research study to learn more about Brazilian ideas about time. He worked with colleagues and compared the opinions of students in Brazil and students in California. They asked the students questions about what is considered “early” or “late” and why people are late.

1.

The writer suggests that our understanding of time is deeply influenced by cultural norms, and these norms are often vague and informal. The phrase "the beat of a different drummer" encapsulates the idea that individual perceptions of time can vary significantly, highlighting the challenges people face when adapting to different cultural senses of time.

2.

• The writer shares his personal experience in Brazil, where he misjudged the time and arrived late to class, illustrating the relaxed attitude towards time in Brazilian culture.

• He notes the inconsistency of timepieces in Brazil, mentioning various incorrect times given by different people, emphasizing that Brazilians do not mind inaccurate timekeeping.

3.

True

Justification: The author explains that while the stereotype of "manha" suggests that Brazilians procrastinate, he found their approach to time more complex. Brazilians’ relaxed departure from class is not solely due to this stereotype; they do not view lateness as a significant issue.

4.

The author conducted research comparing the time perceptions of Brazilian students in Niteroi with those of students in California. He gathered data on their definitions of being "late" or "early" for appointments, revealing significant cultural differences in their attitudes toward time.

5.

The stereotype about Latin Americans says they are relaxed about time because they often postpone tasks and are not strict about punctuality.

But the author learned that Brazilians feel less personally responsible for being late and attribute tardiness to unforeseen circumstances.

6.

Understanding time in different cultures is crucial because misinterpretations can lead to misunderstandings in interpersonal interactions. As modern communication brings diverse cultures into contact, recognizing these differences helps avoid conflicts and fosters better relationships.

7.

1.) Proxemics: Members of Arab and Latin cultures stand closer when speaking, which can be misinterpreted by Americans as aggression or disrespect.

2.) Punctuality: There are significant differences in how cultures view punctuality; Westerners measure it precisely, while many Mediterranean Arab cultures perceive time more fluidly, complicating interactions with Americans who expect strict adherence to schedules.

2. The writer uses his own experience from his first day in Brazil to show that time there is not exact. He found that different clocks showed completely different times, and when he asked several people for the time, they all gave him different answers

3. TRUE. In paragraph 9, the writer says that the "manha" stereotype oversimplified the real differences between how Brazilians and Americans see time. He explains that his research revealed a more complex picture than just a stereotype of people being lazy or slow.

4. The author conducted a research study where he compared the answers of students from Brazil and the United States. He asked them questions about what they consider early or late for a meeting and why people are usually late. This helped him understand the different cultural attitudes toward time and responsibility.

5. The stereotype about Latin Americans says they are relaxed about time because they are apathetic or irresponsible or lazy. But the author learned that Brazilians feel less personally responsible for being late and see it as a sign of success.

6. It is important because modern communication brings people from different cultures together every day. If we do not understand how other people see time, we might judge their character wrongly or have big misunderstandings.

7. One example is physical distance, where people from Arab and Latin cultures stand much closer to others when they speak, which Americans often mistake for aggression. A second example is how we judge a whole nation's character based on their speed of life, such as thinking people are better or worse because they make trains run on time or have a slower pace.

2.The writer describes a personal experience in Brazil that shows how different the local sense of time is. He explains how he believed he had enough time before his lecture, but different clocks showed different times.

3.The writer explains that the “manha” stereotype is too simple and does not fully explain Brazilian attitudes toward time.”I learned that the "manha" stereotype oversimplified the real Anglo/Brazilian differences in conceptions of time”

4. To learn more about the Brazilian conception of time, the author did a research study with his colleagues. he compared Brazilian university students with American students from California. This research helped him understand how Brazilians perceive time and responsibility differently from Americans

2- At his first day teaching in Barazil, he arrived early, biend told diffrent incorrect time, then findind the classroom empty. Then realized about the Brazilians that their timepieces are consistently inaccurate. And nobody minds.

3- True = the writer said in paragraph 9:  I learned that the "manha" stereotype oversimplified the real Anglo/Brazilian differences in conceptions of time. Research revealed a more complex picture.

4- He compared the time of Niteroi and Fresno students.

Asking students about their perceptions of time in several situations.

Asking students to give typical reasons for lateness.

5). Complete the sentence (paragraphs 11-12)

The stereotype about Latin Americans says they are relaxed about time because they are seen as apathetic, fatalistic, and irresponsible, and as if they do not really care about being late.
But the author learned that Brazilians feel lateness is usually caused by unforeseen circumstances that a person cannot control, and they feel less personally responsible, with less regret and less blame toward others.

6) Why is it important to understand time in different cultures (paragraphs 16-17)

It is important because modern communication brings people from different cultures into daily contact, and without understanding different “time senses” we can easily misread situations and judge others unfairly. We need to understand our own cultural biases and those of others to avoid misunderstandings.

7) Two examples of cultural differences that lead to misunderstandings (paragraph 17)

1. People in Arab and Latin cultures often stand much closer when they speak, and Americans may misinterpret this as aggression or disrespect.

   
   

2. Westerners define punctuality with precise time limits, but in many Mediterranean Arab cultures time is divided into only three categories, which makes it hard for Americans to understand the difference between waiting “a long time” and “a very long time.”

2.he writer describes his experience in Brazil where timepieces (clocks) were consistently inaccurate. He notes that different people and clocks gave him completely different times (9:45, 9:55, 9:43, and even 3:15), and most importantly, "nobody minds" the lack of accuracy.

3.TRUE Justification: The text states in paragraph 9: "the 'manha' stereotype oversimplified the real Anglo/Brazilian differences in conceptions of time." The author explains that the reality is more complex than just "putting things off until tomorrow."

4.He conducted a comparative study with the assistance of colleagues. He compared 91 students from Niteroi (Brazil) with 107 students from California (USA) by asking them about their perceptions of time in various situations, such as hypothetical lunch appointments and reasons for being late.

5.he stereotype about Latin Americans says they are relaxed about time because they are apathetic, fatalistic, and irresponsible.

6.According to paragraphs 16-17, why is it important to understand time in different cultures?

Answer: It is important because modern communications put people in daily contact, and understanding these differences helps us avoid "misreading issues" or misinterpreting behaviors. We need to understand our own biases and those of others to prevent unnecessary misunderstandings and avoid wrongly assigning negative personality traits to other groups.

7.Personal Space: Members of Arab and Latin cultures stand much closer when speaking than Americans do, which Americans often misinterpret as aggression or disrespect.

1. Categories of Time: In many Mediterranean Arab cultures, there are only three sets of time (no time at all, now, and forever), making it difficult for Americans to get them to distinguish between "waiting a long time" and "a very long time."

6. It is important to understand time in different cultures because modern communications put more people in daily contact. This understanding helps us avoid misinterpreting issues involving time perceptions and helps us better understand our own cultural biases and those of others.

7.  1.  Physical distance: People in Arab and Latin cultures stand closer when speaking, which others might misinterpret as aggression.

2. Punctuality definitions: Westerners use precise measures (like 5 or 15 minutes), while other cultures (like Mediterranean Arab cultures) have more general concepts of time.

The stereotype about Latin Americans says they are relaxed about time because they don't care or are not responsible. But the author learned that Brazilians feel it is not their fault when they are late. They think that things they cannot control made them late.

6. Why is it important to understand time in different cultures?

Answer: It is important because it helps stop mistakes and misunderstandings. If we understand how other people see time, we won't think they are being rude or mean.

7. Two examples of cultural differences

1. Standing close: People from Arab and Latin cultures stand very close when they talk. Americans might think this is rude or scary.

2. Exact time: People in the West use exact minutes (like 5 or 10 minutes). In some Arab cultures, time is more general . This makes it hard to agree on how long to wait

But the author learned that Brazilians feel less personally responsible for being late, attributing lateness instead to unforeseen circumstances that a person couldn't control.

6.It is important to avoid misreading issues involving time perceptions and to understand our own cultural biases and those of others, especially since modern communications put more people in daily contact.

7.1)Personal space: Members of Arab and Latin cultures stand much closer when speaking, which Americans misinterpret as aggression or disrespect.

2)The definition of punctuality: Westerners use precise time (minutes/hours), while some Arab cultures use general categories (now/forever), leading to difficulty in communication.

2.
He describes his experience in Brazil where clocks showed different times and no one cared about accuracy. This shows that Brazilians relate to time more casually.

3.TRUE

The writer states that the “manha” stereotype oversimplifies the real differences and that research showed a more complex picture.

4.He conducted a comparative study between Brazilian and American students, asking them about lateness, punctuality, and responsibility.

2. The writer believes that people are becoming very overweight and it has become a global crisis.

3. The writer provides statistics about how many people are overweight or obese in the U.S., Europe, and even pets. He mentions that two-thirds of U.S. adults are overweight, about half of them are obese, 15% of U.S. kids are overweight, and 10-25% of people in the EU are obese. He also says that 25% of U.S. dogs and cats are too heavy.

4. False. The text explains that the problem is much worse today than before. In paragraph 3 it says that two decades ago, the percentage of overweight adults was well under 50%, and the rate for kids was only a third of what it is today. This shows the problem has grown and was not always as serious.

“Just two decades ago, the incidence of overweight U.S. adults was well under 50%, while the rate for kids was only a third what it is today.”

5. Obesity increases the risk of many serious diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, stroke, and cancer.

The medical costs of treating obesity-related illnesses are extremely high and keep increasing.

6. On the surface, the reasons for this problem may be trivial (people eat too much and don’t exercise),
But the real reason probably is our genes and evolution.

7. FALSE

The text says that as Southeast Asia and Latin America become more developed and adopt Western lifestyles, their obesity problems also increase.
So they will not remain immune.

“When people move to the U.S. from poorer nations, their collective weight begins to rise. As developing areas like Southeast Asia and Latin America catch up economically and the inhabitants adopt Western lifestyles, their problems with obesity catch up as well.”

b) did not completely satisfy 8

9. Four reasons why meat was important:

1.     Meat provided a concentrated source of protein, vitamins, minerals, and fatty acids.

2.     It helped early humans grow taller and develop bigger bodies.

3.     Fatty acids in meat helped the growth of the human brain.

4.     Hunting and eating meat encouraged intelligence, organization, and social skills, which helped humans survive and pass on their genes.

10.

·  Food was not always available and was not always high in fat (wild meat was low in fat).

·  Early humans could not rely on a steady supply of food (food was not always in season).

·  Hunting and gathering required a lot of physical work and activity.

Through meticulous research, Frith shows that autism is related to genetic and brain differences rather than only psychological factors. She explains that many autistic people experience difficulties in communication, imagination, and social relationships.

The article focuses on “theory of mind”: the ability to understand other people’s thoughts and feelings. Frith explains that difficulties in this area affect skills such as pretend play, humor, and interpreting intentions.

She rejects the frivolous idea that autistic individuals are simply trapped inside a “glass shell” and concludes that society should accept their different way of thinking and adapt the environment to their needs.

In her article ״Autism״, Uta Frith explains that autism is a biological condition that affects how people think, communicate, and get along with others. She says that there is no cure for autism, but learning more about it can help people support autistic individuals.

Frith explains that autism is connected to genes and the brain, not only to psychological reasons. She also says that many autistic people have difficulties with communication, imagination, and making friends.

The article talks about ״theory of mind״, which means understanding what other people think and feel. Frith says that when this ability is difficult, it can be harder to understand jokes, pretend games, and body language.

Frith also says that autistic people are not trapped inside a ״glass shell.״ They simply think in a different way. She ends by saying that society should understand them better and make life easier for them.

2. The author explains that autism is a lifelong neurological condition.

3. She says that the old idea of autistic children being trapped inside a "glass shell" is incorrect.

4. Scientific research shows that autism has biological and genetic causes.

5. The author explains that autistic people think and communicate differently.

6. Leo Kanner first described autism in 1943 after studying a group of children.

7. Later research helped scientists understand autism better.

8. The text describes three main characteristics of autism: difficulties with communication, social interaction, and imagination.

9. The author also discusses the Theory of Mind.

10. She explains that autistic people may find it difficult to understand other people's thoughts and feelings.

11. However, autistic people can still learn, develop, and have many strengths.

12. The author believes that understanding autism helps society support autistic people better.

13. In conclusion, the text encourages people to replace old myths with scientific knowledge and acceptance.

I have just read an article called "Autism" written by Uta Frith. The genre of the text is a magazine article. The main idea of the article is that autism is a lifelong biological condition caused by differences in the brain and thinking, rather than just a psychological problem.

Firstly, research indicates that autism stems from biological defects and strong genetic or organic factors rather than psychological or environmental causes alone. For example, studies show that identical twins are much more likely to both be autistic than fraternal twins, and autism is strongly correlated with mental retardation and structural brain abnormalities.

Furthermore, autistic individuals experience a distinct triad of core impairments involving communication, imagination, and socialization, which are driven by a specific cognitive deficit. For instance, children with autism lack the natural ability to understand other people's thoughts and feelings, which makes it hard for them to understand pretend play, jokes, or complex social situations.

In conclusion, the writer says that autism is a permanent condition of the brain and thinking, which causes lasting social problems rather than just a mental health issue. I agree with this idea because understanding the biological and cognitive roots of autism helps society build more structured, accommodating environments for individuals on the spectrum. Also, I would like to say that shifting away from outdated myths toward evidence-based perspectives is essential for improving the lives and care of autistic individuals.

Firstly, the writer explains that autism is not caused by bad parenting or by living in a different world. For example, research shows that autism is connected to the brain and people with autism can still have emotional contact.

Furthermore, the writer says that people with autism have difficulties with communication and understanding other people's feelings. For instance, many children with autism find it hard to make friends or understand pretend play.

In conclusion, the writer says that autism is a lifelong condition and people with autism need understanding and support.

I agree with this idea because every person deserves respect and help. I think that when people know more about autism, they can understand autistic people better. Also, schools and families should support people with autism. This can help them have a better life.

Firstly, the writer explains that the old image of a "child in a glass shell" is misleading and incorrect. For example, she says that we should not expect autistic individuals to "grow out" of their condition because it is a lifelong issue. Furthermore, research shows that autism is often linked to genetic factors and other medical conditions. For instance, identical twins are much more likely to both be autistic than fraternal twins.

Moreover, the writer discusses a specific cognitive component that is damaged in people with autism. For example, this component is the ability to think about thoughts or imagine another person's state of mind. In addition, the article mention that autistic children have dificulty with communication and social interactions.

In conclusion, the writer says that we should adapt the enviroment to the needs of autistic people. I agree with this idea because it is our responsability to make the world more hospitable for everyone regardless of their biology. Also, I would like to say that learning about the biologicol basis of autism helps us understand and support these individuals better.

First, for example, the article says that autistic children need a fixed daily routine to feel calm and secure. Furthermore, Frith explains that they often find it hard to understand standard social rules. I agree with this idea because having a set structure helps reduce stress for autistic people. Knowing what will happen next makes their daily tasks much easier to handle.

Secondly, for example, autistic children usually do not play pretend games or understand jokes. Frith shows that they find it difficult to guess what other people are thinking. I agree with the author because normal talk uses many hidden meanings and implied messages. Understanding this helps us speak to them in a clear and simple way.

In conclusion, autism is a lifelong condition rooted in brain structure and cognitive processing. By adapting our environment and communication style to their needs, we can make the world far more hospitable for autistic individuals.

Firstly, the writer points out that autism is connected to genetics and biology, not just psychology. For example, studies show it is much more common for both identical twins to be autistic.

Furthermore, the writer explains that autistic people struggle to figure out what others are thinking or feeling. For instance, they usually find it very hard to play pretend games.
In conclusion, the writer says that autism is a built-in brain difference, and we should make the world an easier place for them. I agree with this idea because as a special education student who has worked in the field, working with them showed me that proper environmental accommodations are the key to their success. Also, I would like to say that instead of trying to fix the person, maybe we should fix the environment and its attitude.

Summary – Autism

1. I have just read an article called Autism written by Uta Frith.

2. The genre of the text is an academic article.

3. The main idea of the article is that people with autism think differently.

4. Firstly, the writer says that autism is a biological condition.

5. For example, people with autism have different brains.

6. Furthermore, the writer says that people with autism may have communication problems.

7. For instance, some autistic children do not understand other people’s feelings.

8. In conclusion, the writer says that people with autism need help and understanding.

9. I agree because everyone deserves respect.

10. People with autism can learn many things.

11. They can improve with the right support.

12. Also, I would like to say that we should be kind to people with autism.

13. This article helped me understand autism better.

Firstly, the article shows that research has shown that autistic people are victims of a biological defect that makes their minds different and can have a genetic basis.

For example, studies show that identical twins are more likely to be autistic than are fraternal twins, and they show structural abnormalities in the brains.

Furthermore, the writer emphasizes that the primary challenge in autism is a defect in the cognitive system responsible for "second-order representations," also called a "theory of mind". For instance, children with autism struggle with "pretend play," such as grasping that a person can use a banana as a telephone, because they find it difficult to distinguish between the physical reality of the object and the mental concept of pretense.

The author also notes that failing to understand these needs can lead to secondary consequences like anxiety and depression

To sum up, the writer asserts that by gaining a better understanding of the distinct cognitive processing of autistic individuals, we can more effectively adapt the environment to support their specific needs. I agree with this idea because shifting the focus from psychological "blame" to biological reality helps families seek the right kind of educational support. Also, I would like to say that it is important to remember that even though their minds work differently, autistic people are still capable of emotional contact and deserve to be part of a society that respects their unique perspective.

Firstly, the writer says that autism is a physical condition with a genetic basis. For example, identical twins are much more likely to both have autism than fraternal twins.

Furthermore, the writer explains that autistic individuals have a damaged cognitive mechanism. For instance, autistic children do not understand pretense. They also find it very hard to imagine another individual's state of mind. Because of this, they have big problems with communication and socialization.

In conclusion, the author says that the brains of autistic people are different and we should adapt the environment to their needs. I agree with this idea, because society needs to make a change and give them better support. Instead of focusing on trying to cure them, society needs to focus on trying to understand them. Also, this change can make the world more accessible for autistic people.

The genre of the text is an academic article.

The main idea of the article is that autism is a different way of thinking, and people with autism need understanding.

Firstly, the writer explains that autism is caused by biological differences and is not only a psychological problem.

For example, studies show that autism is related to the brain and can run in families.

Furthermore, the writer says that people with autism may have problems with communication and social interactions.

For instance, some autistic children do not enjoy pretend games and may not understand other people’s feelings.

In conclusion, the writer believes that people with autism should be accepted and supported.

I agree with this idea because everyone should have the same chances in life.

People with autism have many abilities and strengths.

They can do well when they get the right help and support

Also, I would like to say that we should learn more about autism and respect people who have it.

This article taught me important things about autism.

Firstly, the writer says that autism is not something that can be cured, but a different way the brain works. For example, autistic people can have difficulty with communication and making friends, but they can still have emotional feelings.

Furthermore, the writer explains that autistic people think and understand the world in a different way. For instance, many autistic children find it hard to understand pretend play and other people's thoughts.

In conclusion, the writer says that we should understand autistic people and help them instead of trying to change them. I agree with this idea because everyone deserves respect and support. Also, I would like to say that learning about autism helps us be more kind and patient with other people.

The main idea of the article is that autism is a lifelong biological and cognitive defect, not just a psychological barrier, and we must adapt our environment to support autistic individuals rather than expecting them to simply "emerge" or be cured.

Firstly, the writer argues that the old image of a child trapped in a glass shell is entirely misleading.

For example, she explains that autistic people are not normal individuals waiting to be freed from a rich inner world, but are rather dealing with a biological defect that makes their minds fundamentally different from normal individuals. Furthermore, the writer gives a structural reason for the core impairments seen in autism. For instance, she presents the theory that autistic children lack a specific cognitive mechanism, often called a "theory of mind". This missing component prevents them from understanding pretense, pretending during play, or speculating about the psychological motives of others.

As a result, they struggle with things like reading between the lines or understanding humor and irony.

In conclusion, the writer says that we must change our perspective on autism by recognizing it as a permanent central defect in cognitive processing, and focus on practical adaptation rather than unrealistic cures.

I agree with this idea because accepting the biological reality of autism prevents false hope and allows society to focus on creating structured environments that genuinely help autistic people cope and thrive.

Also, I would like to say that viewing autism similarly to blindness as a condition requiring environmental engineering is a very compassionate and practical approach that respects the individuals for who they are.

The genre is news article.

The main idea is that new Sheefs embryos make new ethical problems.

First, writer say old rules like 14-day rule not good for Sheefs.

For example, Sheefs not make from fertilization.

Also, writer say we need new rules for scientists.

For instance, Dr. Aach say Sheefs must not feel pain.

In conclusion, writer think we need new rules for science.

I agree because science go fast and we need good boundaries.

This article teach me new things about stem cells.