-Cultural impact is what humans impact culturally amongst other humans. 

-Environmental impact is what impacts humans make towards nature. 

-Technically speaking, Afghanistan was in constant war since 500 Ad. So many kingdoms fell, and so many people died, so many wars happened. During these times, millions of people have fled Afghanistan and many settlements happened. There is WAYY too many wars that happened for me to explain them all here. This is why Afghanistan is called the graveyard of empires. 


Explicit Benefits
-They are safe, they don’t have to worry about the Taliban or other armed groups. They were even mostly staying in military bases, with pretty good food. (that is debatable) 
-Access to basic needs, which would be improved moving to a different country
-Humanitarian assistance, a lot of organizations were coming to help. Oftentimes, there wasn't actually enough support for this assistance to really help everyone. But this support was still better than having non. 
-Education, oftentimes, settlement activities encourage refugees to get educated, mostly because they could empower the country's economy in the future. 
-Access to healthcare, usually refugees with healthcare needs get healthcare, which is provided by the country or refugee charity NGOs. 


Implicit Benefits
-Economic contribution to moving countries, refugees can bring valuable skills, knowledge, and experience to their host country. They can fill labor gaps and address skill shortages in certain sectors, promoting economic growth and development.
-Cultural diversity, the settlement activity in other countries can enhance cultural diversity with new languages, customs, traditions, art, and cuisine. It will promote cross-cultural understanding, appreciation, and tolerance, and foster a more inclusive and vibrant society. 
-innovation and entrepreneurship, refugees moving to a new country often develop resilience, resourcefulness, willpower, and entrepreneurship to survive. These factors can be useful in the host country's economy if the refugees participate in their economy. 
-The global press for the host country, helping refugees is good for how the world views the country. This can lead to better relations with other countries, economic development, and getting help from other countries willing to help the host country. 
-Although this was already covered, Afghan refugees can bring special skills and talents that could help the host country's economy. 
-The Afghan refugees can develop skills, experience, or/and education, amplified by the harsh conditions they had to live through and survive. When they return to Afghanistan or stay in the host country, they can help develop the economy. 


Explicit Costs
-Housing; Providing housing can cost a lot of amounts of money and resource for the host country. 
-Infrastructure; developing the necessary infrastructure for the refugees to live in a more humane condition. These can be water supply systems, sanitation facilities, and electricity, which can cost a lot of money, especially on a large scale. 
-Healthcare; Ensuring healthcare would also require a lot of money and resources from the host country. Healthcare is more costly and important than others, so this is going to cost a lot of money too. (not to mention that a lot of people may have gone sick because of their trip to the host country, or disease spreading within the poorly conditioned camps)
-Education, Employment, and vocational training; The education is self-explanatory, with repeating economic costs. For employment and vocational training, it may cost a lot of resources to help Afghan refugees find jobs and train them.
-Legal and administrative procedures; Afghan refugees who are migrating to a new country may oftentimes want to stay in that country, especially since Afghanistan is the safe haven for illegal danger. With its poor economy and danger, people would often want to stay in the host country. This would cost a lot of money from the host country. For the people airlifted into the US, which I will mostly talk about in the middle and end, the US has invested a lot of money to allow citizenship for the Afghan refugees airlifted into the US. But as mentioned in the benefits, the country may develop its economy after the admission of citizenship. 
-Language and cultural integration; Supporting 


Implicit Costs
-Social integration, for people who migrates into a new country, probably need to adapt to the new language, and new cultures, and establish new social networks. This can be emotionally, psychologically, and physically challenging for some people. 
-Economic disruption and migration can impose implicit costs on the host country's economy, not to mention that the Afghanistan Economy is ruined. The sudden influx of refugees will put a lot of demand on humanitarian needs, food, healthcare, educational facilities, and many more. This can cause economic burdens and force adjustments in the host countries. 
-some people will have to leave their families behind for the people who were flying to the US. Only approximately 80000-120000 people were able to fly to the US. Everyone else was left behind to flee (as mentioned, mostly to Pakistan or Iran). 
-Opportunity costs, implicit costs may arise from the lost opportunities for refugees, and the host country's potential investment in something other than the settlement of Afghans. 
-Security concerns; settlement activities involving refugees can relate to security concerns and may raise implicit costs as the local authorities need to allocate more resources for ensuring the safety of the refugees, and technically, the safety of the country as well, in case Afghanistan decides to invade the host country. 
-Psychological trauma; Another implicit cost is the psychological trauma that Afghan refugees have to experience. They may have fled the country, leaving behind economic possessions, valuables, and family. They may have also experienced extreme cruelty, in such inhumane conditions, and possible war actions they witnessed. These may result in refugees needing mental health support. 


Choice: 
-The Afghan refugees did not have much choice. 
-Some fled to other countries. Most people, 85% of people, fled to Pakistan or Iran. 
-Some that were lucky were airlifted into the US. 
-Some decided to stay. 
-These were the choices, except for the US one where it was an opportunity only for those who were lucky. 


Incentive: 
-The conflict between Afghanistan and US, and all the corruption and armed conflict going on around the country let too many people have the incentive to be safe, often by moving to a different country. 

-Some were worried they’d be harmed for helping US or the Taliban harming them. 
-For the people that were moving to the US, they were most likely moving because of safety. But a secondary reason was most likely the new opportunities that were in the US, which were much better than Pakistan, Iran, or Afghanistan.

The perspective of US governments and Military Base:
-The US government spent financial costs for airlift evacuation and settlement of Afghan refugees, which are: transportation expenses, accommodation in military bases, provision of basic necessities, medical care, and support services.
-Processing and documenting a large number of refugees require significant administrative efforts and resources.
-The US government, local communities, and organizations invested in providing integration services, language classes, cultural orientation programs, vocational training, educational opportunities, healthcare, and social support, to Afghan refugees. 
-The sudden influx of Afghan refugees can strain resources such as housing, healthcare facilities, educational institutions, and social services. 
-The US government must also consider security concerns related to the settlement of Afghan refugees, ensuring proper vetting procedures and implementing measures to safeguard national security and public safety.

Benefits 
The Perspective of Refugees
-Moving to the US provides Afghan refugees with a safe haven away from the conflict and threats they faced in Afghanistan. They no longer have to worry about the Taliban or other armed groups that posed a risk to their lives and well-being, especially for those who helped the US, or are accused of doing so.
-The resettlement in the US ensures that Afghan refugees have access to essential needs such as shelter, food, and medical care. 
-Many organizations and individuals in the US dedicated a lot of time and effort to provide assistance to refugees. This helped alleviate their immediate needs and provides a safety net during the resettlement process.
-Settlement activities in the US (also often a lot of different countries) often prioritize education for refugees. Afghan refugees now have the opportunity to access educational resources, enroll in schools, and possibly pursue higher education. Education empowers individuals and can contribute to their future economic prospects and the rebuilding of Afghanistan. 
-Afghan refugees with healthcare needs can access healthcare services provided by the US government or refugee charity NGOs (the Newsela examples on DX). This ensures their physical well-being and addresses any medical conditions they may have developed or carried from Afghanistan. Though, unlike Pakistan or Iran, the airlift took most of the pain of traveling to a different country away. So they wouldn't actually need as much help as other country refugees. 

The Perspective of Government and Military Base
-By airlifting and resettling Afghan refugees, the US government fulfills its moral and humanitarian responsibility to protect vulnerable individuals and provide them with a safe environment, and also possibly heavily due to press pressure, and the fact that they can't send any refugees back to Afghanistan, again, due to press reviews. 
-Afghan refugees can bring valuable skills, knowledge, and experience to their host country. They can work on manual labor, address skill shortages in certain sectors, and contribute to economic growth and development in the long run. Many people who were airlifted can actually have a lot of talent. This could be valuable for the US economically and educationally.
-The settlement of Afghan refugees enhances cultural diversity within the US because of the introduction of new languages, customs, traditions, art, and cuisine, promoting cross-cultural understanding, appreciation, and tolerance within society.

Choice
-The choice to move to Pakistan and Iran for most refugees. -My example will cover the US airlift immigration, but I still want to mention that over 90% of Afghan immigrants went to Pakistan and Iran, which are the two closest countries to Afghanistan. 
-For the immigrants who moved to the US, they were lucky, so it wasn't really a choice. But regardless, now that they're at the US, and they have been registered, had healthcare, etc, they will now be integrated into the US society. 
-They now have a near infinite amount of choice, but they would probably find a job, and try to build a new life. 

Incentive
-As the US military pulled out of Afghanistan, there was no more major war (except for localized skirmishes). So technically, even though the economy is very unstable in Afghanistan, it is much safer now, unless the Taliban or others think you helped the US. Then you might die. So if the conditions in Pakistan or Iran are really bad, they might consider going back to Afghanistan (or forced to), which then they might be able to get a job, such as farmers of all sorts, in agriculture and livestock. 

-For the US immigrants, they might be able to get US citizenship, because the US will most likely provide it to them. If they don’t, bad public press. So for Afghan migrants, even though they will have to live a completely new life, why would they give up a chance where they could get a job that is probably 100% better than the jobs they have in Afghanistan? (I want to mention that many Afghan refugees had a lot of talent, and they could rebuild a life in the US).
-As already mentioned, the Afghan refugees would now build a life, and try to live a peaceful life. 
-They would have the incentive to move into, and life in the US as citizens, because of the economic opportunities, and the provided safety (at least more than Afghanistan).

Costs
-They lost a lot of time and money (possibly all their money) moving to a different country. 
-Then they sometimes have to move back, which is sometimes losing even more money, friends, and family.      
-Basically, moving between countries had a lot of costs. 
-But for the people moving to the US, they didn't really have major costs for moving to the US, after mentioning all the stuff I mentioned in the middle and origin. (psychological, loss of family, etc)

Benefits
-For the people in the US, the benefits are economical, and they have safety, safer than when they were in  Afghanistan.
-For people who decided to stay, if the situation in Afghanistan is worse than the situation in their new country, people in the US, it might be a benefit for them. 
-As Afghanistan has one of the worst humanitarian disasters happening right now, it is probably better to live in a different country. 
-Many, especially younger people, are provided the opportunity to get educated. For those who are worthy, they will be granted (they have to pay themselves) good higher education. 

-Impacting the other country’s culture. For example in the US, instead of the language or culture being lost, they could spread it. 
-New combined cultures, of different cultures combined of Afghanistan and other cultures could arise.