2. Practicality
Teachers should be able to generate pedagogical knowledge from their own experience—not just apply theories developed elsewhere. It’s about connecting theory with practice.

3. Possibility
Inspired by critical pedagogy, this refers to empowering learners and teachers to challenge inequities, engage socially, and transform their realities through language education.

Teacher autonomy connects closely with Practicality, as teachers generate their own theories of practice, and Particularity, since autonomy allows them to adjust their methods to specific classroom contexts.

Why it matters?

-Promotes professional growth by trusting teachers to adapt to their unique classroom realities.

-Encourages reflection, innovation, and flexibility in teaching.

-Helps teachers respond to learners’ needs without being confined by rigid methodologies.

In the post-method era, teacher autonomy is not just encouraged, it’s essential for responsive, effective, and empowered teaching.

Academic autonomy: Learning becomes autonomous when learners are willing and able to take charge of their own learning. Learning strategies and styles opens up opportunities for learners to monitor their learning process and maximize their learning potential.

Social autonomy is interpersonal and is related to learners’ ability and willing ness to function effectively as cooperative members of a classroom community.” Among the strategies and activities associated with increasing metacognitive awareness and learning management skills are some that involve interaction with others”.

Liberatory autonomy: Empowers learners to be critical thinkers by actively seeking to help learners recognize sociopolitical impediments to realization of their full human potential and by providing them with the intellectual tools necessary to overcome those impediments.