Skill is a concept learnt and used for sucessfully executing and action or intentional task. It has the unlimited potential to be developed, refined and improved.

Skill is different in comparison to teachnique. Its the ablity for an individual to carry out a task successfully.

Skill is a concept shared in all areas not just in sport. Skill can be generlised through a certain job and every day to day lives. For example if the individual can succesfully connect and socialise with other indiviudals they are open to understanding the social skills. Other expertises of skill can invovle 'Life Skills', (carrying out complex jobs which invovle multiple skills such as interpersonal, cognitive and technical skills. Another good example of a skill  invovling a sporting context is if the individual can succesfully apply Footwork, concerntration, can provide power through the sport they play. This ability allows for the athlete to carry out a certain skill within there identified sport.

This concept is important not because its invovled around 'Skill' Learning, but understanding the basics and identifying  what a 'skill' is before applying into other terms such as 'Skillfulness' and 'Skill learning' which is the main concept of this class. Therefore once we have an understanding of qwhat Skill is then we can develop and build on that knowledge through other concepts. 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DMnVgwOlExU
-Difference between 'Skill' and 'Ability'

 Innate is characterised through the ability that the individual is born  and inhereted with certain chracterisations. The individual is native to its charaterbility.

Innate is inclusive to the meaning of 'skill'. The individual is innate to the skill. The ability to perform a skill through inheretance. The concept of nature vs nuture. Inidividuals that are born with a speciality.

A clear example of 'Innate' is the individual born or inhereted with a specific skill. Such as Coordination Skills, Some sporting athletes are inhereted with good coordination which benefits them better then indiviudals that arent. The indivudal with innate Coordination teach themselves rather through other individuals and it comes 'easy'.

This term allows us to understand the nature vs nuture concept and how individuals who are born with 'good' skill is part of the concept of 'Skill learning' as skill is taught and learnt in different ways. But also understnding the concept of how skill is innate but can be developed to become intuitive.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OJsE6KneH4c

The ability to percieve something intuitivley, without rational thought as a person or the mind. 

The process where the individual is taught something intellectually with no proven evidence or recognition of the knowledge perceived.

For example an individual or player could be taught intellectually, and believe that individual through the mind rather through evidence or experience. A clear example of this could be that the individual is told how to maintain and develop coordination on the feild. Although the indivdual is told how too, there is no direct correlation that the individual RESEARCH or backed up his intellectually teachings with evidence.

Intuitive is correlated between Innate. And skill is annate and can be developed to come intuitive. And skill learning invovles all these concepts that help us understand how skill is transformed, and how individuals learn and develop there skill learning.


Link/ Digital Examples

The ability to perform a skill at a autonomous level. Possessing and exercising at a experienced level.

Being Skillfulness invovles no thought process and comes second nature. Can perform with knowledge and expertise.

Skillfulness is seen as experienced. For example and individual is a 'Skillful' watchmaker, with much experience and understanding, The individual can make a watch autonomously second nature. Although there is skill, there is skillfulness which is the proficieny the individual has towards the skill. 

The importance of Skillfulness allows us to understand how skill can be autonomous through experience. The knowledge of skillfuless is important to apply in skill learning as it is related to 'Skill' itself.


Link/ Digital Examples

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wNi-Cu_aZW0

The information processing model is a framework used to describe mental processes within the brain. It is used by cognitive psychologists.

The information processing model is model designed to understand the cognitive state and how it works.

And example is where there are 3 memory components such as the sensory, working memory, and long term memory. The sensory memory (everything you observe, sensors) inputs information from Unlimited for 2-3 seconds it is then  processed through the working memory which allows 5-9 items to work all within 5-20 seconds, it is then encoded through the Long term memory, which can withstand huge amounts of information anywhere from day to day.

Learning the information processing model is important to understand how learning a type of skill is processed through different cognitive stage. As human functioining in the environment can be conceptualized. Skill learning is processed through this way cognitively, also invovling the motor programme.


Link/ Digital Examples

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QwOBQsjClo0

A schema is a concept that helps organize and interpret information. It is a mental structure that you form in your brain when you have a new idea.

Schema is a cognitive process of which the brain interprets and generates a new idea or thought to be raised.

From basic observation on Schmidts  theory was that in sports like tennis or badminton we almost never repeat the same action exactly even though we consider 'one movement class'. The ball is always unique in its height, oncoming trajectory, spin. 

The Schema theory is important to Skill learning because Richard schimidt the creator of this theory suggests that our ability to perform a movement class (e.g hit a forehand topspin, or perform a forward lunge is represented by other domains such as
1. A generalised Motor Programme
2. A recall Schema
3. A recoginition Schema

Schema theory is vital to our understanding of skill and how cognitive process in performing is important.


Link/ Digital Examples

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a6q2MN_9WrA

A motor programme is an abstract representation of movement that centurally organizes and controls many degrees of freedom invovled in performing an action. 

A motor programme is like learning to drive it invovles the cognitive thinking process it controls how movement is processed and performed in an applied action. 

A clear example of a motor programme is a sequence through excuting a tennis serve. The execution is the serve itself alongside the sub routines of grip, stance, throw, swing, weight transfer and strike which leads to the front leg action, trunk action, and arm action. through this motor control movement is processed as well as was motor commands and then the movement.

This is vitally important to skill learing as it inter links with other concepts such as SCHEMA,  and the information processing model as they all relate to cognitive theorising.  Motor programme is also important as it is a series of subrountines, organized into the correct sequence to perform movement, which reltes to skill movement order to generate a successful skill, cognitvie thinking must come into play such as the schema and motor programme.

Link/ Digital Examples

Ecological physcology is a term claimed by several schools of physcology. It refers to the thoeretical approach and research program in perceptual psychology. In understanding humans stand in systems/ ecological in relation to the environment.

Ecological physcology is the understanding of the environment and the physical surroundings around us. It impacts on the way we play and the way we learn.

An example of Ecological psychology is in football living in a low socio- economic areas , makes it harder for indivudals to adapt to nicer surrounds such as playing street football you adapt different surroundings and skills where as playing in a football field surroundings are effected and are more likely to be succesful and easier to score a goal on soft grass rather then in the street on concrete. Therefore our environmental surroundings effects the way we play and the way we learn.

This concept is important to understand as we are always surrounded by different environments as it is does not remain the same, therefore its important to understand how we can adapt our skills to the environment provided. It can also determine how different individuals learn better depending on there surroundings.

Link/ Digital Examples

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ocZzrIJRGCM

Proprioception is a matter of all manner of bodily organs that sense movement and deformations, primmordial form of animate awareness that began its evolutionary career in surface recognition sensitivity.

Proprioception is a basic body and movement principle that allows the organs of the body that allow to sense types of movement automatically, it enables the five senses such as taste, hearing, touch , feel, see.

Proprioception and balance exercises  teaches the body to control the position of a deficientor injured joint, and example of this is using a wobble board after and ankle sprain. 

It is important to understand how body sends messages to our working systems to allow movement and couciousncess of movement to take place, for example sucessfully executing a movement allows for the proprioception to enble movement therefore if its unstable lost of balance or any of the senses may become present.


Link/ Digital Examples

Imaginative play is essentially when children are role playing and are acting our various experiences they may have had or something that is of some interest to them, Through this children learn from experience

Vygotsky theories is based around social learning theories, it helps us to understand that zone of proxy, as through play children develop thier imagination of possibilities

An example of imaginative play invovles creating characters or pretending to be something for example acting and being a doctor or builder, or getting children to add detail to there pictures using there imagintion creates new possibilties for learning.

It is important to understand how children develop imaginative play as this can be applied to the skill learning developing new types of skill learning that can be applied in a game context or class context. Generating new possibilities creates better opportunities for learning.


Link/ Digital Examples

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sQb95itdoCM

Perception action coupling are coupled by laws of control that relate informational variables to parameters of the action system so as to regulate behaviour adaptively

It is the spatial and temperal co-ordination of vision and the hands of feet, it allows for the performance of eye- hand eye-foot co-ordination skills, it also allows for imporant co-orindated visual feedback cues.

Picking up broken glass, 
Perception is that its dangeous, The action is the approach with caution and grasp lightly, Perceptual information: Size, shape, distance away.
Perception and action are coupled in many real life situations and should be incorporated into training sessions. 

Its important to understand that the action perception coupling  is part of the dynamic patterns thoery, therefore understanding and applying it to skill learning will help us understand the informational and environmental contraints.


Link/ Digital Examples

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NiWzJK4Rom8

Habitus is one of Bourdieus most influential yet ambiguous concepts, Habitus refers to the physical embodiment of cultural captial, to the deeply ingrained habits, skills, and dispositions that we possess due to our life experiences.

A habitus basically means who you are as a person. It describes who you are today based on your upbringing and the people and situations that has influenced you while growing up.

Ways of exploring invidiudals habitus and how they interacted was through interviews and gendered trajectories through education and work, looking at how they saw there lives (past, present, future). and what orientations they demonstrated in approaching everyday life.

Its important to understand how we interact with others, as it can determine how we make decisions, as we no habitus is important to understand, as it relates to the soical interactions and how we view things, therefore its important to apply in skill learning as interaction is an important aspect of skill learning.


Link/ Digital Examples

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xqSLdi6K-CE

Pattern Co-ordination are core or pirmal patterns if out 'self'. They make our movement and our mind function as one. Thus understanding the functions of the Co-ordination pattern, thrust, shape, swing, hang provides insights into ourselves and others.

Pattern coordination is the mind- body and movement-mind link, They organise our style, and iniates the way we do things.

An example of pattern coordination is bacially a pattern of how to brush our teeth, to how we talk, to creating great art, its applied in everything we do, we can see coordination pattern in what we move and our conversations, therefore its vitally important to skill learning this patter cooridation can enable us to perform a movement, enable to communicate to others in a social interaction. 

Its important to understand this as we need to understand how movements, the way we do things take place, in this case, Pattern cooridation is vital to understanding how this controls how we carry out certain tasks through the mind- body interconnecting. With skill learning pattern coordination enables us to do things, when you I go to throw  ball you use your attractor state. Its like a intuitive response.

Link/ Digital Examples

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iVgHJFJedd4

Learning theories are conceptual frameworks the describe how students/ Individuals absorb, process, and retain knowledge during learning

Learning theories help create a visual concept around how we learn in ways that determine different outcomes through different theories. 

An example of learning theory is behavioursim this type of learning thoery aims to understand how individuals behave among different envrionments or stimulus.  Potentially these learning theories enable different way of learning in our society, patricularly there is always debate which learning theory is most beneficial to the learning of students.

It its important aspet to skill learning as we know that skill learning invovles types of learning theories, and these determine how we learn a new skill or how we perform a skill under the influence of different learning theories, as everyone does learn differently, therfore its an important aspect to apply to skill learning as a whole.

Link/ Digital Examples

Beahviourism is the theory that human and animal behaviour can be explained in terms of conditioning, without appeal to thoughts or feelings, and that psychological disorders are best treated by altering behaviour patterns

Behvaiourism is basically the theory and study of how individuals behave among different stimulus and envrionmental conditions.

Some examples of behaviourism is through positive reinforcement, as companies offer raises to employees who exbihit excellent performances, therefore the hope of a raise can serve as motivation for employees to do thier jobs well, Other examples can include negative reinforcement  such as if students are tld to keep and above C grade and if they drop then that student is unable to compete or participate in there sport. These are examples of behaviourism in action.

The term behaviorism is important to skill learning as we need to understand the different learning theories and how they can be applied to learning a type of technique or skill for example its important ot undertsand how we behave under different coaches ad how behaviorism can be applied to the uderstanding of skill through different examples such as positive or negative reinforcement/ rewards.

Link/ Digital Examples
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xvVaTy8mQrg

Cognitivism is a theoritical framework for understanding the mind and how indviduals think. Mental processes such as thinking, memory, knowing, and problem-solving need to be explored.

Cognitvism is the theory in how we learn through thinking, They believe behaviorism through cognitvism and how we think is how we behave.

Making a judgement about something based on information you recieved that your brain processes. As learning is an example of cognition, the way our brain make s connection as we learn concepts  in different ways to remember what we have learned, We also have the ability to solve problems for example in a sports context some sports invovle problem solving therfore cognitive thinking comes into play.

Why is this term/ concept important to skill learning?

Its vital to skill learning as its another thoery of learning that we need to understand as our cognitive thinking skills invovles making decisions us to perform a movement or task. Therfore its a vital aspect to skill learning and how we perform a skill through a thinking process.
Link/ Digital Examples
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gugvpoU2Ewo

Constructivism is a learning thoery that is based around an active process, in saying social interaction or indvidual knowledge contructs our understanding of new objects.

There are two types of contructivism. These are social constructivism which are concepts contructed by society.  Indiviudal contructivism looks at how a teacher contructs ones invidivdual knowledge on how to hit a tennis ball for example. For example overall we can contruct peoples knowledge on certain things such has how to kick a football, that knowledge is then processed through the individual and is constructed to act or apply the knowledge.

Its important to understand how we construct peoples ideas on certain things. Constructvism is important to skill learning as individuals can be constructed into learning how to hit a ball or kick a football and that is contrsucted through different ways such as society and is important to how we understand skill learning.

Link/ Digital Examples
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xa59prZC5gA

A motor control is a thoery is a control process that is managed by a motor program, in saying the motor control program organizes, iniates and carries out inteded actions, they are linear changes in movement behaviour

The motor control theory allows for iniation and allows to carry out specific movements either sub-counciously or counciously.

An example of motor control theorising can be for a cricket shot stores the sub rountines in the correct order such as stance, grip, feet placement, backswing, and follow through. The motor control thoerising allows us to understand the way in which our brains control our movement.

Its important to understand motor control theorising as it enables skill learning as we carrying out a certain movement there are certain rountines that must be followed to enable a succesfully shot. But also allow to continuously carry out the movement without having to think about the sub movements invovled.

Link/ Digital Examples

Connectivism is a learning theory. it seeks to explain comlex learning in a rapidly changing social digital world . In our technological and networked world, educators should consider the work of thinkers.

Connectivism is a learning thoery that explains how internet technologies have created new opportunities for people to learn and share information across

the world wide web.

An example of connectvism is learning how to kick a football through watching it on you tube your video source that enables step by step learning, some individuals learn best through video sources or online sources rather then through interactive and social learning.

Its important to understand that connectivism is a growing learning thoery that will over grow the other learning theories as our society is among growing social media and technology therfore we need to apply this learning thoery to skill learning.

Link/ Digital Examples
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yx5VHpaW8sQ

Is the study of the process of interaction between elements and the things that emerge from such interaction. Invovling 6 concepts.

Relational dynamics invovles different systems in the body to carrying out and work together to form a movement, they relate through interactions.

An example could invovle the relation between muscle groups which enable a relational dynamic with the body to carry out a flexion, extension movement, As they interact with coordination allowing a relationship of coordinated movement.

Its important to understand how the concept is used in relation to skill learning as these concepts of dynamics help us interact and perform a movement. And skill invovles movement therfore its important to understand the concept in relation to skill learning.

Link/ Digital Examples
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PQL8deB9nJo

Dynamical systems invovle the applied in motor control as it is relevant frame work for performance- oreitated sports.

In saying dynamical systems invovle the understanding of systems in the body that allow us to perform 

An example of a dynamical system can include the mathematical models that describe the swinging of a clock pendulum, the flow of water. the amount of players on a football feild every winter.

Its important to understand dynamical systems as our body invovles dynamical systems to take place in accordance to a movement or performance.


Link/ Digital Examples
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4t2ww3gfKrg

Complex systems invovle the complexity theory. Complex systems invovle many components that interact with each other. Complexity theory invovles systems that are unpredictable, non-linear and self organising, and invovles mutiple groups of interacting parts.

In saying complex system is a system that has many parts to it which can be broken down but not put together where as simple systems you can. They invovle mutiple interacting parts that make up this complex system.

An clear example of a complex system is the human body, as we are so complex with the detailed muscle, tendons, bones, organs that form a specific systems it is so complex it is unpredictable and can not be put together.

Complex systems not only relate to everyday objects but invovle the human body as a complex system which allows us to understand how complex our body is and how all the systems among the body interact it relates to skill learning as it helps us the body helps us to perform certain skill movements and without these complex systems of the body there would be no movement therefore the concept of complexity plays a vital part of skill learning.

Link/ Digital Examples
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vp8v2Udd_PM

Affordances are the actions that objects allow a person to perform,

In saying Affordances are clues about how an object should be used, typically provided by the object itself or its context.

Example can include An open terrain can afford for walking. Whereas in the other a cliff affords falling to your death. A rock on the ground affords tripping while walking. Therefore an affordance is some possibility for action that is mutually specified by the agent and the environment.

Every object is seen as an affordance therefore its important to understand the affordances in a game context or learning context as is linked to perception action coupling. These enable us to understand what why affordances are important to skill learning.

Link/ Digital Examples
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NK1Zb_5VxuM

Constraints are factors that prevent individuals from improving or succesfully completely a task. There  are 2 types of constraints these are informational, and physical.

An example of a informational constraints assume those that are information we can gather from various sources such as the individual may assume the player is too fast' due to the knowledge they ahve gathered from what he was seen or heard. Physical constraints invovles how fast i am physically, or how strong i am physically. Invovling a physical concept that is tangible phsyical in nature.

Constraints prevent us form performing a skill or movemet therefore its important to understand the concept of constraints as it plays a huge part to skill learning and skill its self.
Link/ Digital Examples
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JMyK-d-4J9c

Independent focuses on the individual its self and the individual as a seperate/ self- contained. Such as in a social context being different and unique describes independent. Interdependent invovles others so one adjusts its self to fit and main tain interpendence among individuals.

Independent is based on the individual and self identity of the individual, who they are and what they present, Where as interdependent invovles the individuals adjusts is itselt to one fits all component among individuals.

Examples of indepedent invovles socialization - Be unique , express yourself, Realize and actualize your inner self. Interdependent  to socialization is adjusting to the attendant relationship or group to which they  belong, be sympathetic, read others minds.

Its important to understand the concept of and individuals self worth and and the social interaction to which an individual needs to fit among that.


Link/ Digital Examples
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pHbqEFdM4hw

Non- linear pedagogy taks a ' constraints led approach' to the teaching of new sports. Those that learn through a non-linear approach will take longer to achieve their goals however they are more likely to stay on the top for longer. Learning in smaller groups of one and two and focusing on certain aspects such as body position was more effective then a linear approach.

In saying Athletes are taught using a number of different stages which build them up slowly to full game play. Coaches tend to have more experimental methods when conducting thier training .

An example was a group as introduced to the sport as a group. They are sked to take part in a small taks such as bouncing a ball on and off the bat and passing between each other without using the table. This was demonstrated by the coach so that all performers understood what they were expected to do. Gradually it was built up and the athletes went into match type game play.

To understand non-linear pedagogy can be a new way of teaching skill among individuals. Therefore its important to apply to skill learning.
Link/ Digital Examples
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oKkSwxa5mNE

Emergent behaviour is a behaviour of a system that does not depend on its individual parts but rather on the thier relationships to one another. Emergent behaviour is not predicted by individual parts, it can only be predicted, managed, or controlled by understanding the parts and the relationships.

Emergent behaviour is not situated on the one behaviour but mutiple relationships. It is the emerge of pattern behaviours.

An example of emergent behaviour is Flocking, schooling, and hearding of birds, animals, humans. Emergence is also inside our body and within our body our muscle cells. Emergent Behaviour is complex.

Link/ Digital Examples
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ix66tQ93bdU

Fundamental movement skills (FMS) are movement patterns that invovle various body parts and provide the basis of physical literarcy, They are foundational movements or precursor patterns  to the more specialised and complex skills used in game play.

To my understanding Fundamental movment skills are fundamental patterns in the interior of the body that allows the process of a movement in a certain sequence to allow and execution of a skill/ movement to take place..

Fundamental movements skills can vary from :
- Balance skills: Which invovles the body remains in place but moves in a horizontal / and vertical axes. 
- Locomotor Skills- invovle running, jumping, hopping, and galloping.
- Ball skills- include such as catching, throwing, kicking, and underarm roll and strike.
These are all fundamental movements used in a sporting context or every day to day routines, these are fundamental skills.

It is important to understand the concept of 'Fundamental Movement Skills' these important skills/ patterns are applied to a series of skill learning, therefore in order to know and understand these fundamental movements we are able to apply this to our skill learning- therefore we are able to increase our skill knowledge aswell as in game play or training.

Link/ Digital Examples
vertical Jump:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y-cs8F6hryw&list=PLZGLB725ifxuOp8989sP5tXXGfreGk-aB

Motor control is the process of initiating, directing and grading purposeful voluntary movement. In relation to motor learning it is the process of acquring a skill by which the learner , through practice and assimilation refines and makes automatic and desired movement.

Motor control is a neurological process that enables a new motor task, it allows us to carry out different movements through different stages such as leanring through cognitively, associatively, or autonomously.

An example of motor control 
is uncouciously learning to a play a guitar or instrument as repitition allows the development of finely tuned motor patterns that can be recalled without concious thought.  And example of leanring conciously is having to think about the movement before executing it such as kicking a football hat muscles to use first and what to coordinate that muscle with. The indiviudal needs to think and stop before carrying out the movement/ task.

Motor control learning allows us to understand how individuals process learning and how the brain works within a certain context such learning how to kick a ball automatically or through different stages of learning.  Its vital to the understanding of skill learning.

Link/ Digital Examples
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O7Dlyplv7Sk

Skill can be situated meaning in a game context such as a football field therfore only embodies unique time, space, and action boundaries. Skill is also social as it can invovle more then one player, skills are deployed within a socially determinded contexts such as nz has different social skills in comparision to USA . Lastly skill is distributed across the body and its systems such as how we distribute a power kick through movemets and systems of the body. Skill is also distributed through equipment and tools employed.

Intially skill can be situated as time and place enables the skill to be situated in a way that makes it unpredictable of play.  Socially games invovle more then one player therefore player  social interaction invovles skill alongside skill can be distrubuted among the body using different systems that allow different movements to take place dependent on the situation.

And example of situated skill can invovle in a game context where a game is unpredictable and therefore there is only a certain amount of time to perfomr a movment and certain space in which you can kick ball. In aying it involes skill being social among others, communicating your play within a game contexts is important in enabling a succesful game play or tactic. Lastly systems such as motor control and dynamic systems take place in the body that allow our distrubution of power through the movements we also distribute our skill through euipment such as a football or cricket bat.

Its important to understanding what skill is as its the important key concept of this course therefore understanding ways of how skill is applied allows us to gain better understanding of what skill learning is


Link/ Digital Examples
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9rCwwUT9t04

A technique is a way of carrying out a particular task, espicially the execution or performance of an artisitic work or scientific procedure. 

Technique is situation specific where you only concerntrate  on a certain aspect where as skill focuses on multiple aspects. allwos you to enable one specific task.

Technique  is one of the greatest indicators of for sports injury, Poor technique leads to highe injury rates, Someone with good technique is biomechanically efficient. This means they can produce more power, and greater accuracy with less effort.  An example is a tennis player with good technique for thier serve is more consistent with thier first serves, but also suffers less injury because they are putting less strain on the body. This prevents injury to the back or shoulder.

To understand what skill is we need to understand what technique is as many individuals dont undertsand the difference therefore understanding the differences will make it alot easier to apply skill to skill learning concepts.


Link/ Digital Examples
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SM_G0icKc8w

Sociologisit thoerising are based on explaining aspects of our social world that enable us to predict about future events, and gain perspectives which guide further sociological analysis.

A thoery is a proposed relationship between two or more concepts. In other words, a thoery is explanation for why of how a pehenomeon occurs.

Its important to understand how sociological thoerists work, Helping us understand for things work the way they do, which can be applied to skill learning and how our body works the way it does with contributing factors.


Link/ Digital Examples
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lDZHlvP6Q6E