https://padlet.com/rhiana_shabazz/mlq7wm9zweit By: Rhiana Shabazz en-us 2019-08-25 01:02:06 UTC 2025-09-24 05:58:28 UTC hello@padlet.com rhiana_shabazz https://padlet.com/rhiana_shabazz/mlq7wm9zweit/wish/376866163 Major milestones in the history of public health informatics, organized by the three stages in development of public health information management systems. ]]> 2019-08-25 01:05:04 UTC https://padlet.com/rhiana_shabazz/mlq7wm9zweit/wish/376866163 rhiana_shabazz https://padlet.com/rhiana_shabazz/mlq7wm9zweit/wish/376866634 Hippocrates, often called the "Father of Modern Medicine," made several contributions to the development of public health informatics. His teachings reflect the way early health practitioners use observations based upon individual experience to understand the relationship between health and living conditions. The observation of practitioners led to the development and implementation of public health interventions. This marked the first phase of data-based public health practice.]]> 2019-08-25 01:15:46 UTC https://padlet.com/rhiana_shabazz/mlq7wm9zweit/wish/376866634 rhiana_shabazz https://padlet.com/rhiana_shabazz/mlq7wm9zweit/wish/376867282 The breakout of the bubonic plague occurred in Messina, Sicily. This was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history. It resulted in the spread of the lethal disease to other parts of Europe, killing millions of people along the way. This plague evoked social upheaval and a readiness to begin studying disease and disease transmission.]]> 2019-08-25 01:29:56 UTC https://padlet.com/rhiana_shabazz/mlq7wm9zweit/wish/376867282 rhiana_shabazz https://padlet.com/rhiana_shabazz/mlq7wm9zweit/wish/376867350 The Renaissance prompted an intense period of European cultural, artistic, political, and economic "rebirth." This period of time is considered the bridge between the Middle Ages and Modern history. There was an increase in knowledge and learning that occurred during this era. There was also the adoption of the scientific method, a systematic approach that paved the foundation for collection and analysis of health-related data. Finally, population health is  a concept that became apparent during this time. A general recognition of the significance of a healthy population to the national wealth and power was established.]]> 2019-08-25 01:31:46 UTC https://padlet.com/rhiana_shabazz/mlq7wm9zweit/wish/376867350 rhiana_shabazz https://padlet.com/rhiana_shabazz/mlq7wm9zweit/wish/376867787 John Graunt is known for developing the basic principles for analysis of data and determination of data reliability. During this time, he analyzed over 30 years of vital statistics and social data. His work proposed a method of creating useful information through the careful and logical interpretation of imperfect data. Based on his findings, Christiaan Huygens was able to combine this with his own previous work on probability to establish a precursor to mortality tables. ]]> 2019-08-25 01:41:05 UTC https://padlet.com/rhiana_shabazz/mlq7wm9zweit/wish/376867787 rhiana_shabazz https://padlet.com/rhiana_shabazz/mlq7wm9zweit/wish/376867924 Edmond Haley combined the concepts of data analysis and Christiaan Huygens work to develop the the first mortality tables to predict life expectancy. This work laid the way for public health data analysis to begin. ]]> 2019-08-25 01:43:27 UTC https://padlet.com/rhiana_shabazz/mlq7wm9zweit/wish/376867924 rhiana_shabazz https://padlet.com/rhiana_shabazz/mlq7wm9zweit/wish/376868239 Scientists applied mathematical principles to public health issues, work that set the stage for the major advances in data and information management that led to the development of the modern epidemiological approach.]]> 2019-08-25 01:49:19 UTC https://padlet.com/rhiana_shabazz/mlq7wm9zweit/wish/376868239 rhiana_shabazz https://padlet.com/rhiana_shabazz/mlq7wm9zweit/wish/376868300 In England, the 19th century Cholera epidemics led to major changes in the practice of public health.
- 1834: Poor Law was passed and the Poor Law Commission was formed in response
- 1836: Births and Deaths act data became available. Edwin Chadwick proposed that this act would lead to registration of the cause of disease, with a view to devising remedies or means of prevention.
A large amount of information was collected under these two acts. Analysis of this data led to better understanding of the role of sanitation and health.
- 1854: Cholera hit London and Dr. John Snow conducted an investigation of this outbreak in the Soho section of London. He mapped the location of each of the victims, which displayed a pattern centered on the Broad Street pump. The methodology he used has become the foundation of all modern epidemiological investigations of disease outbreaks.

]]> 2019-08-25 01:50:27 UTC https://padlet.com/rhiana_shabazz/mlq7wm9zweit/wish/376868300 rhiana_shabazz https://padlet.com/rhiana_shabazz/mlq7wm9zweit/wish/376868962 - 1798: First local health department formed in Baltimore, MD
- Early 1800s: Local health departments collected health data every now and then
- 1833: Formation of the Chicago Department of Health]]> 2019-08-25 02:04:06 UTC https://padlet.com/rhiana_shabazz/mlq7wm9zweit/wish/376868962 rhiana_shabazz https://padlet.com/rhiana_shabazz/mlq7wm9zweit/wish/376869334 - 1900: Many state and local health departments had formed in the US
- Early 1900s: the vital records system was still struggling
- 1933: Texas became the last state to begin reporting vital statistics to the federal government
- 1940: It was estimated that 55 million native-born persons did not have birth records]]> 2019-08-25 02:11:59 UTC https://padlet.com/rhiana_shabazz/mlq7wm9zweit/wish/376869334 rhiana_shabazz https://padlet.com/rhiana_shabazz/mlq7wm9zweit/wish/376870280 Massachusetts developed a postcard-based reporting system. This marked the beginning of US infectious disease reporting.]]> 2019-08-25 02:32:37 UTC https://padlet.com/rhiana_shabazz/mlq7wm9zweit/wish/376870280 rhiana_shabazz https://padlet.com/rhiana_shabazz/mlq7wm9zweit/wish/376871293 - 1957: Karl Steinbuch created the term informatik (automatic information processing) came to denote computer science in German
- 1962: Philippe Dreyfus devised the French term informatique
- 1966: Alexander Mikhailov et al. promoted the Russian term informatika (theory of scientific information)]]> 2019-08-25 02:49:06 UTC https://padlet.com/rhiana_shabazz/mlq7wm9zweit/wish/376871293 rhiana_shabazz https://padlet.com/rhiana_shabazz/mlq7wm9zweit/wish/376871568 The Communicable Disease Center was established in 1946. This was an extension of the wartime agency MCWA (Malaria Control in War Areas) developed to combat malaria through mosquito control. 
Creation of CDC with its emphases on working with states and other partners to monitor and prevent outbreaks; maintain national health statistics; and to prevent and control infectious and chronic diseases, injuries, and environmental health hazards.]]> 2019-08-25 02:54:23 UTC https://padlet.com/rhiana_shabazz/mlq7wm9zweit/wish/376871568 rhiana_shabazz https://padlet.com/rhiana_shabazz/mlq7wm9zweit/wish/376871775 1960s: Vital statistics function became part of the new National Center for Health Statistics, and the current cooperative system with states was put into place.]]> 2019-08-25 02:58:36 UTC https://padlet.com/rhiana_shabazz/mlq7wm9zweit/wish/376871775 rhiana_shabazz https://padlet.com/rhiana_shabazz/mlq7wm9zweit/wish/376871846 - 1977: Dedicated public health initiatives brought about worldwide eradication of smallpox
- 1979: Standards for a Uniform Hospital Discharge Data set was proposed
- 1986: Standards for a Uniform Hospital Discharge Data set became effective
- 1989: American Medical Informatics Association (AMIA) was founded by the merger of three organizations: American Association for Medical Systems and Informatics, American College of Medical Informatics, and Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care
- 1994: Public health reduced the number of US children who had elevated levels of blood lead to 4.4% (from 88% in the 1970s)]]> 2019-08-25 03:00:16 UTC https://padlet.com/rhiana_shabazz/mlq7wm9zweit/wish/376871846 rhiana_shabazz https://padlet.com/rhiana_shabazz/mlq7wm9zweit/wish/376871913 Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) was the first electronic general-purpose computer. It was able to solve large sets of numerical data through reprogramming. ]]> 2019-08-25 03:01:44 UTC https://padlet.com/rhiana_shabazz/mlq7wm9zweit/wish/376871913 rhiana_shabazz https://padlet.com/rhiana_shabazz/mlq7wm9zweit/wish/387675727 HIPAA is a legislation that provides data privacy and security provisions for safeguarding medical information. HIPAA was passed in order to grant patients a significant degree of confidentiality regarding their medical records. HIPAA increasingly governs decisions made in information technology. Informatics professionals need to be aware of how to implement high-grade security and encryption in their systems in order to protect records from hackers or theft.]]> 2019-09-22 02:57:12 UTC https://padlet.com/rhiana_shabazz/mlq7wm9zweit/wish/387675727 rhiana_shabazz https://padlet.com/rhiana_shabazz/mlq7wm9zweit/wish/387676677 The HITECH Act was created to promote and expand the adoption of health information technology, specifically, the use of electronic health records by healthcare providers. Incentives were introduced to encourage hospitals and other healthcare providers to make this change. This act also pushed for improved privacy and security protections for healthcare data. Additionally, this act tightened up the language in the HIPAA Act, helping to ensure that business associates of HIPAA and covered entities were complying with HIPAA rules. Tougher financial penalties for HIPAA compliance failures were enforced to provide an extra incentive for healthcare organizations to comply with HIPAA. ]]> 2019-09-22 03:07:40 UTC https://padlet.com/rhiana_shabazz/mlq7wm9zweit/wish/387676677 rhiana_shabazz https://padlet.com/rhiana_shabazz/mlq7wm9zweit/wish/387680788 The American Medical Informatics Association (AMIA) developed the new clinical informatics subspecialty, working for more than five years to define and help create the discipline with the goal of advancing the field and the role of informaticians in improving healthcare. This creation of the new subspecialty will help standardize clinical informatics training programs, increase the number of training opportunities available, and provide an immediately recognized credential for organizations hiring informaticians. ]]> 2019-09-22 03:53:52 UTC https://padlet.com/rhiana_shabazz/mlq7wm9zweit/wish/387680788