Causes: The amount of blood the heart pumps and how hard it is for the blood to move through the arteries.

Symptoms: Most people don't have symptoms, a few people with high blood pressure may have:

• Headaches

• Shortness of breath

• Nosebleeds

Risk factor:

• Age. The risk increases with age. Until about age 64. Is more common in men. Women are more likely to develop it after age 65.

• Race. Is particularly common among Black people. Develops at an earlier age in Black people than it does in white people.

• Family history. You may develop it if you have a parent or sibling with the condition.

• Obesity or being overweight. Excess weight causes changes in different parts of the body. These changes often increase blood pressure. If you have high colesterol also is a risk factor.

• Lack of exercise. Not exercising can cause weight gain.

• Tobacco use or vaping. Smoking, chewing tobacco or vaping immediately raises blood pressure for a short while.

• Too much salt. A lot of salt, sodium, in the body can cause the body to retain fluid. This increases blood pressure.

• Low potassium levels. Potassium helps balance the amount of salt in the body's cells.

• Drinking too much alcohol. Alcohol use has been linked with increased blood pressure, particularly in men.

• Stress. High levels of stress can lead to a temporary increase in blood pressure.

• Certain chronic conditions. Kidney disease, diabetes and sleep apnea are some of the conditions that can lead to high blood pressure.

• Pregnancy. Sometimes pregnancy causes high blood pressure.

High blood pressure is most common in adults.

Diagnose:

Your provider listens to your heart using a device called a stethoscope, your blood pressure is checked using a cuff and it should be measured in both arms to see if there's a difference.

Treatment:

• Eating a heart-healthy diet with less salt

• Getting regular physical activity

• Maintaining a healthy weight or losing weight

• Limiting alcohol

• Not smoking

• Getting 7 to 9 hours of sleep daily

Prevention:

• Eat healthy foods

• Use less salt

• Limit alcohol

• Don't smoke

• Maintain a healthy weight

• Get more exercise

• Practice good sleep habits

• Manage stress

• Try slow, deep breathing

Family Impact:

Take a family member or friend along, if possible. Sometimes it can be difficult to remember all the information. Someone who may help you remember something that you missed or forgot.

Bibliography:

High blood pressure (hypertension) - Diagnosis & treatment - Mayo Clinic. (2024, February 29). Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373417

High blood pressure (hypertension) - Symptoms & causes - Mayo Clinic. (2024, February 29). Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure/symptoms-causes/syc-20373410

Keystone Health. (2021a, September 7). Geriatric Diseases: Age-Related Medical Conditions & Illnesses. https://keystone.health/geriatric-diseases#:~:text=High%20blood%20pressure%20might%20be,more%20common%20among%20older%20adults.

Keystone Health. (2021b, September 7). Geriatric Diseases: Age-Related Medical Conditions & Illnesses. https://keystone.health/geriatric-diseases

This is a chronic disease that most older adults suffer from, since their age is a broad risk factor.

There are two types:

Osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis

It is not a disease that can be cured but it can greatly reduce the patient's symptoms.

The patients with this illness reduce your life quality, it’s important prevent and change the habits.

Symptoms include:

• Pain, stiffness and sensitivity of the joints, especially those that affect the patient the most.

• Joint inflammation.

• Very superficial movements.

Treatment:

• Physiotherapy

• Self Care

• Good Nutrition

• Medications

• Exercise

Risk Factors:

• Age

• Nutrition

• Habits

• Addictions

Bibliography:

Arthritis - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic. (2023, August 29). https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/arthritis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350777

Arthritis - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic. (2023, August 29). Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/arthritis/symptoms-causes/syc-20350772

Keystone Health. (2021, September 7). Geriatric Diseases: Age-Related Medical Conditions & Illnesses. https://keystone.health/geriatric-diseases#:~:text=High%20blood%20pressure%20might%20be,more%20common%20among%20older%20adults.

The urinary incontinence is a most common illnesses in a geriatrics patients.

The symptoms depend the patient, the age, the environment and other factors, but the most common are:

• Stress incontinence.

• Urge incontinence.

• Overflow incontinence.

• Functional incontinence.

• Mixed incontinence.

If this symptoms affect you daily routine you should to visit the doctor, and express your symptoms and when they started.

The patients with this illness can experiment a embarrassing situations if they can’t controle.

Some food have a diuretics, for example:

• Alcohol

• Caffeine

• Carbonated drinks and sparkling water

• Artificial sweeteners

• Chocolate

• Chili peppers

You must to have control and eat responsibly.

Treatment:

• Exercise 20-30 minutes.

• Reduce the alcohol and caffeine.

• Good nutrition.

Risk factors:

• Age

• Pregnancy

• Cancer

• Menopause

Bibliography:

Keystone Health. (2021, September 7). Geriatric Diseases: Age-Related Medical Conditions & Illnesses. https://keystone.health/geriatric-diseases#:~:text=High%20blood%20pressure%20might%20be,more%20common%20among%20older%20adults.

Urinary incontinence - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic. (2023, February 9). https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/urinary-incontinence/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352814

Urinary incontinence - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic. (2023, February 9). Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/urinary-incontinence/symptoms-causes/syc-20352808

Causes: The cause is unknown, but it's considered as an immune mediated disease in which the body's immune system attacks its own tissues.

Symptoms:

• Numbness or weakness in one or more limbs

• Tingling

• Electric-shock sensations that occur with certain neck movements

• Lack of coordination

• Unsteady gait or inability to walk

• Partial or complete loss of vision, usually in one eye at a time, often with pain during eye movement

• Prolonged double vision

• Blurry vision

• Vertigo

• Problems with sexual, bowel and bladder function

• Fatigue

• Slurred speech

• Cognitive problems

• Mood disturbances

Risk Factor:

• Age. Can occur at any age, but usually occurs around 20 and 40 years of age.

• Sex. Women are more than 2 to 3 times as likely as men are to have relapsing-remitting MS.

• Family history. If one of your parents or siblings has had MS, you have a higher risk of developing the disease.

• Certain infections. A variety of viruses have been linked to MS.

• Race. White people are at highest risk of developing MS. People of Asian, African or Native American descent have the lowest risk. Studies suggests that the number of Black and Hispanic young adults with multiple sclerosis may be greater than previously thought.

• Climate. MS is far more common in countries with temperate climates. Your birth month may also affect the chances of developing multiple sclerosis, since exposure to the sun when a mother is pregnant seems to decrease later development of multiple sclerosis in these children.

• Vitamin D. Having low levels of vitamin D and low exposure to sunlight is associated with a greater risk of MS.

• Your genes. A gene on chromosome 6p21 has been found to be associated with multiple sclerosis.

• Obesity. An association with obesity and multiple sclerosis has been found in females.

• Certain autoimmune diseases. If you have other autoimmune disorders.

• Smoking. Smokers who experience an initial symptom that may signal MS.

Diagnosis:

A diagnosis often relies on ruling out other conditions that might produce similar signs and symptoms, known as a differential diagnosis. The doctor likely start with a thorough medical history and examination.

Then recommend:

• Blood tests, to help rule out other diseases with symptoms like MS.

• Spinal tap (lumbar puncture): A small sample of cerebrospinal fluid is removed from your spinal canal for laboratory analysis.

• MRI: which can reveal areas of lesions on your brain, cervical and thoracic spinal cord.

• Evoked potential tests that record the electrical signals produced by your nervous system in response to stimuli may be done.

  
  

  In most people with relapsing-remitting MS, the diagnosis is straightforward and based on a pattern of symptoms consistent with the disease and confirmed by brain imaging scans

  
  

  Diagnosing MS can be more difficult in people with unusual symptoms or progressive disease.

Treatment:

There is no cure for multiple sclerosis, but you can speeding recovery from attacks, reducing new radiographic and clinical relapses, slowing the progression of the disease, and managing MS symptoms.

Family Impact:

A family member may help you with:

• Get plenty of rest.

• Exercise.

• Cool down.

• Eat a balanced diet.

• Relieve stress.

Bilbliography:

Keystone Health. (2021, September 7). Geriatric Diseases: Age-Related Medical Conditions & Illnesses. https://keystone.health/geriatric-diseases#:~:text=High%20blood%20pressure%20might%20be,more%20common%20among%20older%20adults.

Multiple sclerosis - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic. (2022, December 24). https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/multiple-sclerosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350274

Multiple sclerosis - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic. (2022, December 24). Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/multiple-sclerosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20350269

Bibliography:

Aging, cataracts, and driving - Fundación MAPFRE. (2021, March 9). Fundación MAPFRE. https://www.fundacionmapfre.org/en/education-outreach/road-safety/mobility-safe-health/clinical-topics-and-safe-driving/sight-hearing/aging-cataracts/

VIPcare. (2023, July 20). Cataracts in Older Adults: What you need to know | VIPCare. VIPcare. https://getvipcare.com/blog/cataracts-in-older-adults-what-you-need-to-know/

Bibliography:

Atherosclerosis. (2024, May 1). Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16753-atherosclerosis-arterial-disease

Brody, B. (2024, June 24). Atherosclerosis: your arteries age by age. WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/features/atherosclerosis-your-arteries-age-by-age

Tyrrell, D. J., & Goldstein, D. R. (2020). Ageing and atherosclerosis: vascular intrinsic and extrinsic factors and potential role of IL-6. Nature Reviews Cardiology, 18(1), 58–68. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41569-020-0431-7