Lecture by Yaredsi Romero

Amendments 1

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The First Amendment, "The Freedom of Speech," On December 15, 1791, the Constitution's first amendment became law. It is most widely known for defending the rights to free speech, to practice one's religion, to the press, and to petition and file complaints with the government.

Amendments 2

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As opposed having its scope limited to a government-owned security forces, the Second Amendment protected every individual citizen's right to keep and carry arms for self-defense.

Amendments 3

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In times of peace, the Third Amendment prohibits the compelled housing of military soldiers in the homes of citizens; in times of war, the procedure must be required by law.

Amendments 4

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But only those searches and seizures that are legally ruled unreasonable are protected by the Fourth Amendment, not all searches and seizures.

Amendments 5

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There are five rights or protections which are described in the Fifth Amendment: the privilege of having a jury trial if you are charged with a crime; the right to a fair trial; the right to be protected from double jeopardy; the right to avoid self-incrimination; and the right to be free from government taking of your property without due process.

Amendments 6

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If the defendant proves guilty and given a jail phrase, even if it is suspended, they have an essential right to legal representation under the Sixth Amendment.

Amendments 7

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The 7th Amendment restricts the judge's ability to reverse a jury's factual finding, thus eliminating the jury, and preserves jury trials for the third time in the constitution—but only in civil disputes.

Amendments 8

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The Eighth Amendment prohibits unreasonable bail, and it can be refused in capital cases those involving the execution penalty and in situations where the accused has intimidated potential witnesses.

Amendments 9

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On December 15, 1791, the Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution, and the Ninth Amendment was a part of it. The people, not the government, are the owners of all rights not specified in the Constitution, it states. Put differently, people's rights extend above those specified in the Constitution.

Amendments 10

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the 10th Amendment, the federal government is not permitted to direct, oversee, compel, or exert pressure on a state government. However, it has the power to bribe a state, threaten preemption, or directly regulate it (by paying the minimum wage.

Amendments 11

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The provision of the Eleventh Amendment prohibits the federal courts from considering specific cases involving states. According to some interpretations of the Amendment, if a lawsuit is founded on federal law, state courts are exempt from having to hear it.

Amendments 12

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By means of the 12th Amendment, each elector is required to select Between a President and a Vice President for their ballot, as opposed to two votes for the President. This guarantees that following the election, the President and his running mate will be paired.

Amendments 13

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The first of three Reconstruction Amendments ratified within the five years that followed the American Civil War, the Thirteenth Amendment outlawed slavery in the United States.

Amendment 14

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After it was enacted on July 9, 1868, the 14th Amendment to the Constitution gave citizenship to "all persons born or naturalized in the United States," which includes freshly freed former slaves.

Amendments 15

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The right to vote was extended to African American men by the 15th Amendment to the Constitution, which stated that neither state or the federal government could restrict or deny any person their ability to vote on the grounds of race, color, or history of enslavement.

Amendments 16

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An important provision that permits the federal government of the United States to impose and collect income taxes from all citizens is the 16th amendment. The federal government is able to maintain an army, erect roads and bridges, impose laws, and do other crucial tasks because of the income tax.

Amendments 17

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The process for choosing senators was altered by the 17th Amendment. Party bosses had a great deal of power when senators were chosen by state legislatures prior to the 17th amendment. Every state now has the ability to directly elect its senators due to the 17th Amendment. 2.

Amendments 18

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banned manufacturing, distribution, and transit of alcoholic drinks within US borders. The authority to enact legislation to carry out the amendment belonged to both the federal and state governments.

Amendments 19

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Women were given the ability to vote thanks to the 19th Amendment. Voting was limited to men before to ratification.

Amendments 20

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The Vice President-elect takes the vacancy and serves the entire four-year term if the President-elect passes away or becomes disabled prior to their inauguration, as stipulated by the Twentieth Amendment.

Amendments 21

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Widespread public dissatisfaction in 1933 prompted Congress to ratify the 21st Amendment, which ended Prohibition. allowed women to vote; also, it made it illegal for any citizen of the United States to be denied the ability to vote on the basis of their sexual orientation.

Amendment 22

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One limitation on the president's authority is the 22nd Amendment. This amendment was ratified in 1967 and specifies how a recovering president can retake the presidency, as well as allowing the vice president to function in that capacity should the sitting president and the president's cabinet determine that the president is disabled.

Amendment 23

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The US Constitution's Twenty-third Amendment grants District of Columbia citizens the ability to vote in the presidential election by giving the District electors in the Electoral College, much like a state would.

Amendment 24

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The 24th Amendment to the Constitution, which outlaws poll taxes in elections for public office, was ratified by the United States on January 23, 1964. The Congress may enact necessary legislation to carry out the provisions of this article.

Amendment 25

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The Vice President will assume the Presidency in the event that the President is removed from office, passes away, or resigns.

Amendment 26

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The voting age was decreased from 21 to 18, and states are no longer able to deny anyone who is 18 years of age or older the ability to vote in state elections.

Amendment 27

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denies the passage of any legislation altering Congressmen's pay until the start of the next Representatives' terms in office.

Popular Sovereignty

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the freedom of individuals to choose their own political path.

Republicanism

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Voting for their political representatives is one way that people can use their power.

Federalism

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a structure that divides authority between the federal and state governments

Separation of Powers

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dividing the governmental powers between the judicial, legislative, and executive departments.

Limited Government

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Both citizens and powerful government officials are required to abide by the law.

Checks and Balance

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a framework that permits every arm of government to restrict the authority of the other branches in order to guard against power abuse.

Individual Rights

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The Bill of Rights protects the fundamental freedoms and rights of every citizen.

Historical- Ancient Greece

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Democracy is a form of government where the people who can choose who will represent them have the ultimate power.

Ancient Rome

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Senate and Roman Republic- a state where the people and their elected representatives hold ultimate power

The Enlightenment

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Novel conceptions of governance and the rationale over John Locke's belief that human rights should be safeguarded

Baron de Montesquieu

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Three Branches of Government which are Legislative→ Executive→ Judicial→ were made for the ideal type of governance because it would establish a system of checks and balances to stop any branch from becoming overly dominant.

Article I - The Legislative Branch

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The Legislative Branch
Congress is divided into two houses by Article I.
The powers of Congress, including the Elastic Clause, Implied Powers, and Impeachment, are also outlined in Article I.
House of Representatives
Every ten years, a census is conducted to ascertain the population; as a result, a state may gain or lose House members.
Population determines representation
Senate
Numerous measures taken by the president require Senate approval.
Treaties Nominees to the Supreme Court Cabinet Officials
Powers of Congress
Expressed Powers: particular authority granted to Congress
Gather taxes
Control both domestic and international trade.
Create a navy or army
Coin money
Make peace or declare war
Create a Post Office
Powers of Congress
Congress's implied powers include the authority to enact laws that support their exercise of the express powers.
Powers of Congress
Removal from Office
the procedure for removing some elected officials from office, such as judges and presidents
To impeach someone, the House of Representatives needs a majority vote.

Article II The Executive Branch

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The executive branch is led by the President.
the Electoral College elected
Among the President's responsibilities are:
Head of State and Chief Executive Commander in Chief
The main Executive Branch are
President
Vice President
Cabinet
35 years old to be eligible to run for president
citizen of the United States by birth
possess a minimum of 14 years of US residency
The President's term is four years.
The President has been limited to two terms since 1951 (22nd Amendment).

Article III

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The Judicial Branch is created by Article III.

The United States' highest court is the Supreme Court.

Selection Criteria for the Supreme Court:
No citizenship or age restrictions
Serve permanently