Breaches of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in the Yugoslav Wars by Wren McFarlane https://padlet.com/wrenost1/mfoeqnfnn9mxvuud by, Wren McFarlane en-us 2023-01-05 17:24:11 UTC 2023-01-16 15:15:25 UTC hello@padlet.com Overview of the Declaration wrenost1 https://padlet.com/wrenost1/mfoeqnfnn9mxvuud/wish/2434931143 Within the declaration there exists a multitude of most important laws and dictations that reinforce the very aspect of life the declaration tries to protect. However some laws in particular are crucial to the course of time and events that transpire in the world.

Obviously one of the most important is Article 1 within the declaration which says, "All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood." With this article it covers the most obvious rights a person has, plain freedom. It also states for people to always be friendly to one another, with this it works as a way to avoid further conflict and more violence in the world.

Another obvious beyond important Article 2 and also 3. Article 2 states "Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty." This article serves as another extremely needed dictation to protect the culture, identity, and gender of people. It states the nationalities and nations of people should be also guarded and not discriminated against. Article 3 additionally is probably the most crucial piece in the declaration where it says, "Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person." This one sentence speaks volumes as it makes a worldwide declaration to protect the very lives people hold and their security and freedom. With this article it stands out against actions like the Holocaust and other genocides to hopefully not happen again with an absolute law standing against it.

One final piece in the declaration that stands out against actions of brutality and utmost cruelty is Article 5 where it states, "No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment." Throughout history actions of torture and brutal degradation have been done to people, they show themselves as ways of the most untrue and false morality. With this piece in the declaration it also stands as a way to prevent the actions of torture and poor treatment happening again. 


]]> 2023-01-05 17:32:54 UTC https://padlet.com/wrenost1/mfoeqnfnn9mxvuud/wish/2434931143 Start of the War wrenost1 https://padlet.com/wrenost1/mfoeqnfnn9mxvuud/wish/2434932067 With Tito dead Yugoslavia attempted to keep his unifying spirit alive by assigning six representative leaders from each region of the nation to help govern the nation with one at the center acting as president. For a decade this system operated where they tried to keep the country stable. This lasted until the collapse of the USSR, where foreign aid ceased and the cold war ended. This resulted in the economy crashing, people now realized they were on their own. Once again ethnic tensions began to rise, "By the time the Berlin Wall fell in 1989, inter-ethnic relations in Yugoslavia were at breaking point. The first multiparty elections in the republics in 1990 were won mostly by nationalists.'' With the lack of a unifying leader, nationalism rose and the identity which everyone followed before as Yugoslavians in a stance of brotherhood fell apart. Serbia, under Slobodan Milosevic rallied Serbs all throughout Yugoslavia as ethnic minorities of every population demographic existed in the nation. What became then was most ethnicities in the region began blaming each other, old religious and cultural hatreds and differences were once again brought up. The initial start of fighting began on June 25, 1991 when Slovenia and Croatia withdrew from the parliament of Yugoslavia and declared independence. Serbia under Milosevic took direct control of Yugoslavia and sent Yugoslav army (JNA) forces from Belgrade to re-control the independent nations. A spurt of fighting known as the 10 day war began between Slovenian and JNA forces where eventually JNA forces were forced to withdraw. Slovenian forces acted quickly and controlled all border crossings, JNA forces had to retreat since they were far from friendly territory. Slovenia after this, achieved independence. The thing is, these nations were brand new out cut themselves out of the old Yugoslavia. In this new era, these countries wanted to make their own history and wanted to protect their independence by any means. To protect their independence they were willing to fight to the death against any other nation in the region.  ]]> 2023-01-05 17:33:52 UTC https://padlet.com/wrenost1/mfoeqnfnn9mxvuud/wish/2434932067 Background on the Conflict wrenost1 https://padlet.com/wrenost1/mfoeqnfnn9mxvuud/wish/2434942085 To understand the Yugoslav wars is beyond a complex subject as truly there is an endless amount of reasons for why the wars happened. The Balkan region is made up of many ethnic minorities and majorities where the region has found itself being governed by a multitude of empires and kingdoms throughout history. It's region has existed timelessly as a middle ground for both western and eastern worlds with both Christian and Islamic influences being brought into the region. Three nations in particular that held ownership over the portions of the area are the Byzantine Empire, Ottoman Empire, and the Austrians also. Each one of these nations through time brought their own cultural and religious influences into the region. The Ottomans brought a very diverse Islamic culture filled with centuries of history, and the Byzantines brought Orthodox Christianity and long customs of the Roman Empire. Austria too brought religion and also many western customs. Through time however the nation began to develop a nationalistic zeal where they dreamed of breaking away from the now Austro Hungarian Empire which they were apart of. This happened towards the end of the First World War where the southern Slavs under Austro Hungarian rule broke away under a messy independent nation of Slovenians, Croats, and Serbs. To defend themselves they turned to the Kingdom of Serbia who held a military to protect them, here the two nations merged to form the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The Kingdom existed peacefully until the 1930's where the province of Croatia in the Kingdom was pressured by Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany to have more freedom. In 1941 Italy supported by German forces invaded and made Croatia an independent fascist puppet state to govern the Balkan region.  ]]> 2023-01-05 17:43:28 UTC https://padlet.com/wrenost1/mfoeqnfnn9mxvuud/wish/2434942085 Course of the War in Croatia wrenost1 https://padlet.com/wrenost1/mfoeqnfnn9mxvuud/wish/2434943467 While the 10 day war contained almost 50 casualties in total being not relatively blood filled, the coming conflict in Croatia would be nothing of the sort. On the same day of Slovenia's independence, Croatia too proclaimed independence. This caused a large ethnic majority of Serbs inside Croatia to rebel against the newly independent Croatia, many Serbs still remembered the crimes done by the Croat government in the second world war and thought it would happen again with them having more power. The Serb rebels who rose in Croatia were supported by the Serbian army and the JNA as well to combat the independence movement. The Serb minority in Croatia claimed a third of of Croatia's land for their independent Croat Serb state. This rebellion would be known as Serbian Krajina. Throughout 1991 extremely fierce and brutal fighting would go on between the rebellion with Serbia and the JNA backing them against Croatia. As Krajina expanded to take a third of Croatia's eastern territory, any non Serb and Croat in Krajina were expelled or killed from it's territory from ethnic cleansing. Again through 1991 fighting was fierce, where at Vukovar and Dubrovnik the fighting saw it's most brutal. Starting in August of 1991 then ending in November, an 87 day siege ensued where JNA and Serb forces laid siege to the city Vukovar ultimately razing it to the ground. The ancient city of Dubrovnik is a beautiful coastal town that was turned into a segment of 8 months of brutal fighting where the city was constantly shelled by Serbian  forces. Croatian forces then in 1992 began a massive offensive despite UN ceasefire agreements. Serbs who were now living in the territory taken from the Croatians fled to Serbian controlled land to avoid the advance. In Croatia, the war ultimately ended in 1995 with Croatia retaking all it's territory by 1998 following peaceful UN transitions.        ]]> 2023-01-05 17:44:38 UTC https://padlet.com/wrenost1/mfoeqnfnn9mxvuud/wish/2434943467 Yugoslav Wars wrenost1 https://padlet.com/wrenost1/mfoeqnfnn9mxvuud/wish/2434945920 The Yugoslav Wars were a collection of conflicts located in the former Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the conflicts lasted from 1991-2001. Conflict and wars ensued from a series of independence movements which saw the nations of Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia Herzegovina, Serbia, Kosovo, and North Macedonia. Each nation at one point in the war saw conflict with one another and what made the war gather worldwide terrified viewing were the mass atrocities committed in the war. The fighting of the war ended in 2001. ]]> 2023-01-05 17:46:46 UTC https://padlet.com/wrenost1/mfoeqnfnn9mxvuud/wish/2434945920 Universal Declaration of Human Rights wrenost1 https://padlet.com/wrenost1/mfoeqnfnn9mxvuud/wish/2434946431 Since the fallout to society caused by the second world war and it's effects on society, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights has served as a way to protect the rights and aspects of life for every living person. The document emerges to the entire world the mandated freedom everyone has, it serves as a way to create extremely needed rights for people and protects them. It stands also historically as an emergence into post world war two where countless atrocities had been committed. The declaration is a way to showcase worldwide that atrocities shall not be committed, and actions like the Holocaust and Holodomor shall never happen again. With a universal declaration that applies to everyone it protects the lives and freedoms eternally. The General Assembly of the United Nations commands with freedom the declaration saying, " The General Assembly,
Proclaims this Universal Declaration of Human Rights as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations, to the end that every individual and every organ of society, keeping this Declaration constantly in mind, shall strive by teaching and education to promote respect for these rights and freedoms and by progressive measures, national and international, to secure their universal and effective recognition and observance, both among the peoples of Member States themselves and among the peoples of territories under their jurisdiction."

   
]]> 2023-01-05 17:47:11 UTC https://padlet.com/wrenost1/mfoeqnfnn9mxvuud/wish/2434946431 Breaches of the Declaration in the War wrenost1 https://padlet.com/wrenost1/mfoeqnfnn9mxvuud/wish/2434946938 Hatred is the best word to summarize the entirety of the war. In any conflict this exists, a soldier hates his enemy and wants to survive. In the Yugoslav wars not only does that soldier beyond despise his enemy, but also every single thing his enemy is from. Though one can say that particular nations were harmed more than others in the conflict, every one of the belligerents in the war caused an atrocity to their enemy. Looking at the countries complex history if you read into it, it does become easy to understand how this could happen. All of these countries had some difference to each other despite being so close, all of them also were desperate to create their own history. They all were fighting their own wars for independence and believed that all the other nations around them were trying to prevent that. 


Image is from https://www.cbc.ca/radio/asithappens/as-it-happens-thursday-edition-1.3505830/bosnian-serb-leader-radovan-karadzic-sentenced-to-40-years-for-genocide-and-war-crimes-1.3506533  ]]> 2023-01-05 17:47:39 UTC https://padlet.com/wrenost1/mfoeqnfnn9mxvuud/wish/2434946938 Sources wrenost1 https://padlet.com/wrenost1/mfoeqnfnn9mxvuud/wish/2435862855 https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights
https://www.mappr.co/historical-maps/yugoslavia/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4mxJjstwqMk&t=1shttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FEUXC0wRSL8&t=357s -Information on the topic taken from these videos.
https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/axis-invasion-of-yugoslavia
https://www.voanews.com/a/timeline-of-balkan-wars/4129662.html
https://www.euronews.com/2021/12/07/bosnia-arrests-five-former-muslim-soldiers-for-war-crimes-against-serbs
https://www.trtworld.com/perspectives/genocidal-rape-and-the-invisible-children-of-bosnia-48312
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Radislav-Krstic]]> 2023-01-06 17:05:07 UTC https://padlet.com/wrenost1/mfoeqnfnn9mxvuud/wish/2435862855 wrenost1 https://padlet.com/wrenost1/mfoeqnfnn9mxvuud/wish/2436945515 (Click the image to enlarge it in greater detail) Maps of Yugoslavia in 1990 and then the nations it dissolved into now in 2018. https://www.mappr.co/historical-maps/yugoslavia/]]> 2023-01-08 18:51:56 UTC https://padlet.com/wrenost1/mfoeqnfnn9mxvuud/wish/2436945515 Balkan Region under Germany wrenost1 https://padlet.com/wrenost1/mfoeqnfnn9mxvuud/wish/2436959624 https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/axis-invasion-of-yugoslavia

]]> 2023-01-08 19:20:06 UTC https://padlet.com/wrenost1/mfoeqnfnn9mxvuud/wish/2436959624 World War 2 in the Balkan Region wrenost1 https://padlet.com/wrenost1/mfoeqnfnn9mxvuud/wish/2436961803 With Independent Croatia ruling over the region with it's fascist supporters calling themselves Ustasas they began a brutal and chaotic reign of terror over the region. The common theme now throughout history in the Balkan region is because of the extreme diversity in the region, it sparks people hating other ethnicities. This becomes apparent in the second world war where with the prominent religion of Croatians being Catholic and the prominent religion of Serbs being Orthodox plus the differences in their cultures, it sparks great divide. The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum describes what ensued in the war saying, "The Ustasa regime murdered or expelled hundreds of thousands of Serbs residing in its territory. In rural areas, Croatian military units and Ustasa militia burned down entire Serbian villages and killed the inhabitants, frequently torturing men and raping women. In all, Croat authorities killed between 320,000 and 340,000 ethnic Serbs in Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina between 1941 and 1942." The Ustasas began to ruthlessly exterminate Croatians and Bosnians and additionally root out Jewish people living in the nation for Nazi forces. Throughout the war however partisans and royalists who still supported the idea of a Kingdom fought against the occupation. The leader of the Communist Partisans was named Josip Broz Tito who displayed himself heroically as he led the Partisans to victory. His Partisans were dedicated to him and his cause, so when they retook the nation the former king who had been exiled before was told to stay in exile. This allowed Tito and his supporters to establish the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1945 with support from the Soviets.




]]> 2023-01-08 19:24:11 UTC https://padlet.com/wrenost1/mfoeqnfnn9mxvuud/wish/2436961803 wrenost1 https://padlet.com/wrenost1/mfoeqnfnn9mxvuud/wish/2436968455 Ustasa men (Croat Fascists) force a man into a pit to be shot located at Jasenovac concentration camp. Yugoslavia, 1942.
https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/axis-invasion-of-yugoslavia  ]]> 2023-01-08 19:37:30 UTC https://padlet.com/wrenost1/mfoeqnfnn9mxvuud/wish/2436968455 Tito's Ruling Over Yugoslavia wrenost1 https://padlet.com/wrenost1/mfoeqnfnn9mxvuud/wish/2436973263 With Tito in control of the now united Yugoslavia and the Balkan region he organized it into 6 organized Socialist Republics in the Federation. The Republics were Bosnia Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Slovenia, and Serbia. The countries capital Belgrade was held by Serbia, and Serbia also held control of Kosovo another important region. With Tito the nation was a dictatorship, it contained a one party state and a president for life. With such a culturally diverse nation, it did whatever it could to maintain absolute control of brotherhood and unity. Under Tito the whole country followed him, not only was he an intelligent leader and war hero but a hardworking farmer too who understood the struggle of the common people. This allowed for rarely any ethnic grievances to be held in his ruling. To avoid war with the Soviet Union the nation inherited many ideals from the Soviet Union, where the country once again became a blend of eastern and western ideals. It formed a unique brand of Socialism called Titoism. Both eastern and western nations sent foreign aid to them. This fell apart however where on may 4th 1980, Tito died and left the nation.  ]]> 2023-01-08 19:46:30 UTC https://padlet.com/wrenost1/mfoeqnfnn9mxvuud/wish/2436973263 wrenost1 https://padlet.com/wrenost1/mfoeqnfnn9mxvuud/wish/2439877800 Slobodan Milosevic, president and dictator of Serbia from 1989-2000.]]> 2023-01-10 19:25:41 UTC https://padlet.com/wrenost1/mfoeqnfnn9mxvuud/wish/2439877800 Course of the war in Bosnia wrenost1 https://padlet.com/wrenost1/mfoeqnfnn9mxvuud/wish/2439884057 Bosnia during the entire conflict in the former Yugoslavia, would become the hotspot for the most brutal fighting. The United Nations describes the cause for fighting in the nations saying, "This central Yugoslav republic had a shared government reflecting the mixed ethnic composition with the population made up of about 43 per cent Bosnian Muslims, 33 per cent Bosnian Serbs, 17 per cent Bosnian Croats and some seven percent of other nationalities." The location of Bosnia being a middle ground region and also extremely ethnically diverse made it an extremely crucial location for both Serbia and Croatia. It's worth mentioning also where despite being enemies, Croatia and Serbia met secretly to divide up the country between the two nations and leave a small area for Muslims. In 1992 a referendum was called in the new era of strife, it called for a vote to see which Bosnians wanted independence. All Bosnian Serbs boycotted the vote, yet still over 60% voted for Bosnian independence. Immediately after this Bosnian Serbs led by Radovan Karadzic rebelled with the support of the JNA and the Serbian army. The rebellion called themselves Republika Srpska and claimed much of Bosnia's territory. Despite Bosnia Herzegovina being recognized internationally, just like in Croatia war ensued. Soon after this additionally Bosnian Croatians rose up in rebellion as well, this was dubbed a 'war within a war.' Soon after the land claimed by Srpska was reinforced with overwhelming armed support from the JNA and Serbian army, they began a persecution of non Serbs and persecuted any Bosniak. A bloody struggle filled three sided conflict then began with each and every side making numerous attacks with armed forces against each other and also brutally killing civilians. Srpska forces then moved to the nations capital Sarajevo, beginning a 44 month long siege. Through the battle the 350000 residents barely held on struggling to get basic necessities. During the fighting 10000 civilians were killed by Serbian shelling and snipers firing indiscriminately. By may of 1992 Bosnian Serbs held two thirds of the country. Throughout the war Srpska and Serbian forces repeatedly enacted acts of ethnic cleansing, these repeated actions ultimately became known as the Bosnian genocide. Still in 1992 images began to appear of skeletons of prisoners in camps. Another horrifying act of terror done in the war was the systematic rape of an estimated 20000-50000 Bosnian women (primarily Muslims) by Serbian soldiers. "During the Bosnian war, 50,000 Bosnian women faced gang rapes and forced impregnation in what became known as "rape camps." Today there are 2,000-4,000 children born out of that war." One such location was the Vilna Vas hotel a Serbian held concentration camp where Bosnian prisoners were beaten, tortured, and killed, and Bosnian women were sexually assaulted continuously. Another complete act of barbarity and horror was the Srebrenica massacre on July 11th, 1995 where Bosnian Serb forces took control of a UN "Safe Zone" in eastern Bosnia. The Srpska forces then massacred 8000 men and boys. This was the worst mass killing in Europe since the second world war. Throughout the entire conflict the massacre at Srebrenica would be the worst. After Bosnian Serbs attacked UN personnel and killed 41 at a market in Sarajevo, NATO began unleashing airstrikes on Serbian forces. On November 21, 1995 following three week talks, Croatia, Serbia, and Bosnia agreed to a peace deal. A large NATO and UN force was still left to keep the peace.               ]]> 2023-01-10 19:30:19 UTC https://padlet.com/wrenost1/mfoeqnfnn9mxvuud/wish/2439884057 wrenost1 https://padlet.com/wrenost1/mfoeqnfnn9mxvuud/wish/2441021690 Vukovar water tower, during the battle it was one of the most frequent spots JNA forces would bomb with artillery. It still stands today.]]> 2023-01-11 15:48:27 UTC https://padlet.com/wrenost1/mfoeqnfnn9mxvuud/wish/2441021690 wrenost1 https://padlet.com/wrenost1/mfoeqnfnn9mxvuud/wish/2441347462 Map of Yugoslav Wars.]]> 2023-01-11 19:26:24 UTC https://padlet.com/wrenost1/mfoeqnfnn9mxvuud/wish/2441347462 wrenost1 https://padlet.com/wrenost1/mfoeqnfnn9mxvuud/wish/2442627334 Vilna Vas Concentration Camp.]]> 2023-01-12 17:42:46 UTC https://padlet.com/wrenost1/mfoeqnfnn9mxvuud/wish/2442627334 wrenost1 https://padlet.com/wrenost1/mfoeqnfnn9mxvuud/wish/2442628779 Bosnian soldier returns fire on a Serbian sniper during the siege of Sarjaevo.]]> 2023-01-12 17:43:44 UTC https://padlet.com/wrenost1/mfoeqnfnn9mxvuud/wish/2442628779 War in Kosovo wrenost1 https://padlet.com/wrenost1/mfoeqnfnn9mxvuud/wish/2443749311 Yet another conflict broke out, this time in Kosovo which in 1998 was under Serbian control. Kosovo is made up of a large portion of Albanians, this led to the Albanians in the nation declaring independence and rebelling. Albanian insurgents soon rose after and Serbian police and army forces were sent into eliminate the situation. Again Serb forces heavily targeted civilians, they shelled villages and forces many to leave their homes. 'As the attempt at an internationally-brokered deal to end the crisis failed in early 1999 at the Rambouillet peace talks, NATO carried out a 78-day-long campaign of air strikes against targets in Kosovo and Serbia.' NATO now seeing the true terror and abuse given to the Balkan region by the Milosevic dictatorship and Serbian forces began a massive bombing campaign heavily supported by the United States. However the NATO bombings only furthered Serbian atrocities against Kosovan Albanians. Eventually Milosevic agreed to withdraw all Serbian forces from the region, this caused 750000 Albanian refugees to return to the region but 100000 Serbs to flee in fear of reparations against them. In Kosovo a total of 13000 people died, 8000 of them being Kosovar Albanians. Many were killed by civilians but some died from NATO airstrikes also. Kosovo declared independence in 2008 and became a country, yet Serbia still does not recognize them. By 2001 Yugoslavia had been completely dissolved, and in a decade of pure violence and hatred an estimated 140000 people died with over two million forced to flee. ]]> 2023-01-13 15:52:32 UTC https://padlet.com/wrenost1/mfoeqnfnn9mxvuud/wish/2443749311 wrenost1 https://padlet.com/wrenost1/mfoeqnfnn9mxvuud/wish/2443879696 Man stands in front of a apartment building in Kosovo after a NATO bomber missed it's target and leveled the building.
https://theconversation.com/kosovo-disputes-continue-20-years-after-nato-bombing-campaign-113669]]> 2023-01-13 17:43:28 UTC https://padlet.com/wrenost1/mfoeqnfnn9mxvuud/wish/2443879696 Breaches of Article 3 in the Yugoslav Wars wrenost1 https://padlet.com/wrenost1/mfoeqnfnn9mxvuud/wish/2444891152 Looking now at specific breaches through the universal declaration of Human rights, there are many that stand out. However because of this wars brutality where there is no side that had a positive morality to it, it's important to see what human rights were breached and know that all sides breached them. Of course Article 3 is the most fundamental and protects the very lives humans hold. This right was broken more than countless times in the conflict. In particular the acts against Bosnians throughout their war for independence by Serbia and Srpska stand out the most. The Vilna Vas Concentration camp and many other concentration camps held by Srpska are examples of breaches in this article. The Srebrenica massacre where 8000 innocent Bosnian men and boys were killed by Srpska is another tragic example. These continuous atrocities done by Serbia and Srpska would become known as the Bosnian genocide, and would see Slobodan Milosevic found guilty of crimes against humanity and placed in prison. Croatian military forces too broke this article, Croatian commanders Ante Gotovina and Mladen Markač were found guilty of war crimes in 2011. "Judges in The Hague found Ante Gotovina and Mladen Markač guilty on eight of nine counts for commanding operations that included the shelling of civilians, the torching of Serbian homes in south-west Croatia, the murder of hundreds of elderly Serbs and the forced exodus of at least 20,000 from the Serbian minority rooted in the Dalmatian hinterland for centuries." They targeted not combatants, but innocent civilians killing them and forced them to flee their homes. In 1992 a Bosnian army group attacked a retreating JNA convoy containing civilians killing them. "Ganic and his co-accused are suspected of having “planned, attacked and incited [others to attack] the undefended convoy … escorted by the UN peace forces”, as well as having failed to either prevent the killings or punish the perpetrators of the attack, the prosecutors said.
"Eight Yugoslav soldiers, civilian employees, and military medical staff were killed and 24 wounded, according to the indictment."



Image above is https://www.ushmm.org/genocide-prevention/countries/bosnia-herzegovina/case-study/background/1992-1995  
]]> 2023-01-15 18:44:01 UTC https://padlet.com/wrenost1/mfoeqnfnn9mxvuud/wish/2444891152 Article 1 Breaches in the Yugoslav Wars wrenost1 https://padlet.com/wrenost1/mfoeqnfnn9mxvuud/wish/2444899510 Article 1 again reads, "All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood." The breach against this article can be summarized plainly, the war itself rips this rule to shreds. Tito ran a state that promoted the brotherhood and unification under Yugoslavia and after his death that idea all fell apart. Before where the six main nationalities of Yugoslavia stood together, they despised each other and wanted only death for the other ethnicities in the 90's. These actions rip apart article 1.]]> 2023-01-15 19:03:12 UTC https://padlet.com/wrenost1/mfoeqnfnn9mxvuud/wish/2444899510 wrenost1 https://padlet.com/wrenost1/mfoeqnfnn9mxvuud/wish/2444903994  "International war crimes tribunal investigators clear away soil and debris from dozens of Srebrenica victims buried in a mass grave near the village of Pilica, some 55 kms (32 miles) northeast of Tuzla, in 2006.]]> 2023-01-15 19:13:40 UTC https://padlet.com/wrenost1/mfoeqnfnn9mxvuud/wish/2444903994 Breaches of Article 2 in the War wrenost1 https://padlet.com/wrenost1/mfoeqnfnn9mxvuud/wish/2444904413 Article 2 is yet another crucial piece in the declaration. Because it covers not to discriminate and respect sex, nationality, and religion this too was torn to pieces in the war. Every side in the conflict had their own reason to hate the other. The Serbs were afraid of the Croatians because of the second world war and thus hated them for it. The Croatians saw the Serbians as controlling and oppressive with the war commencing, they saw them as people trying to grind down their independence. Both the Croatians and Serbians also disliked Bosnia Herzegovina because of their far out religion of Islam with a majority of Bosnians practicing the religion. Religious differences also separate Croatia and Serbia, with the differences between Orthodox Christianity and Catholicism. These continuous differences allowed the war to transpire and elevate as quickly as it did, all factions in the conflict either feared the other or revived a deep hatred held over generations. With these hatreds and fears, atrocities like the Bosnian genocide and the many war crimes done in the war like at Vukovar and Sarajevo happened because of it.  ]]> 2023-01-15 19:14:45 UTC https://padlet.com/wrenost1/mfoeqnfnn9mxvuud/wish/2444904413 wrenost1 https://padlet.com/wrenost1/mfoeqnfnn9mxvuud/wish/2444910462 "Santa Claus with the children during Croatian War of Independence. Vukovar, 1992."]]> 2023-01-15 19:28:19 UTC https://padlet.com/wrenost1/mfoeqnfnn9mxvuud/wish/2444910462 Acts Against Article 5 in the Conflicts wrenost1 https://padlet.com/wrenost1/mfoeqnfnn9mxvuud/wish/2444910905 Torture is a timeless act of pure cruelty done throughout wars. Be it a way to discover information or simple retched barbaric dehumanization, it is a crime against humanity. Yet throughout the wars in Yugoslavia it happened constantly. One article that goes over this thoroughly is a haunting writeup done by the UN refugee agency https://www.refworld.org/docid/525518fd4.html. It goes over female Bosnian rape camp survivor where she gives information to a court about the terror she saw. One depressing excerpt is, "Prior to the witness's testimony, prosecuting lawyer Maxine Marcus provided a brief summary of evidence and said that RM-70 would describe a "relentless pattern of rape and sexual torture" in 1992 at various facilities in Foca, a town in eastern Bosnia. At one location, known as "Karaman's House", detainees were sexually enslaved and frequently gang-raped, the prosecutor said." Those at the camp were beaten relentlessly and being Muslims were told to make crosses with their hands as a way to further humiliate them. This brutal, retched and tragic display of dehumanization is an example in the wars in Yugoslavia of a breach against article 5.    ]]> 2023-01-15 19:29:25 UTC https://padlet.com/wrenost1/mfoeqnfnn9mxvuud/wish/2444910905 wrenost1 https://padlet.com/wrenost1/mfoeqnfnn9mxvuud/wish/2444914062 "Forensic experts of the International Commission for Missing Persons (ICMP) search for human remains in a mass grave in the village of Kamenica"]]> 2023-01-15 19:36:28 UTC https://padlet.com/wrenost1/mfoeqnfnn9mxvuud/wish/2444914062 Conclusion on the Wars and it's Breaches to Humanity wrenost1 https://padlet.com/wrenost1/mfoeqnfnn9mxvuud/wish/2444929499 Throughout time wars have been fought as a way to expand territory, resources, and influence. Many in time and looking at them truly, are pointless and only cause absolute suffering and death. The Yugoslav wars can be perhaps seen as pointless. After Tito's death the nationalistic idea of being a Yugoslav fell apart. In a way it is true that none of the terror that happened after his death had to transpire, yet still it was forced too. The nationalities in the region all in a way despise the other be it from historical spite or ethnic and religious divide. These brand new countries forming themselves in the 90s were extremely desperate to protect the idea and nature of their independence and all caused atrocities and war crimes because of that idea. Many atrocities that happen throughout time happen from one side being abused and dehumanized and then another trying to wipe them out because they view them as a force trying to kill them. It's an "us or them" mentality yet in Yugoslavia all of the fighters in the war had this mentality, leading to ultimate destruction and war. Wars happen for many reasons and for Yugoslavia, this became the main one. The dedication the factions in the war had to protecting their independence ultimately caused the deaths of 100000 people and 2 million to displace their homes. With the breaches against human rights, almost nothing can be done while the war goes on. Srebrenica was a UN safe zone yet 8000 people were still killed. The only thing that can truly uphold morality in the post events of such tragedy and horror is following through with going after those responsible after the war. This can be seen with Slobodan Milosevic who in 2006 died in prison. Radislav Krstic was the Bosnian Serb commander in charge of the Srebrenica massacre was found guilty of genocide in 2016 and was sentenced to 40 years imprisonment. Milan Lukić the man responsible for Vilna Vas was found guilty of genocide in 2009 and sentenced to prison. Though minor steps these actions uphold morality in the fallout of wars that defy human rights. War will always be an aspect of life and is sometimes sadly necessary. Now the Balkan region people are terrified of the aspect of war because of what might happen again. Still to this day war crimes are committed, in Ukraine Russians left behind mass graves in Izium containing hundreds of innocent people. This is a distant callback to what transpired in Yugoslavia. Putin sadly now cannot be brought to justice as easily as Milosevic and his comrades, the only thing to bring him to justice is time, be it his needed death or overthrowing. War still continues, and the contents of it will never change so it's important to always diligently study it and see what caused it and what it's results were. It's always needed to see through history the many pieces of information that weave together tapestries creating more events.      ]]> 2023-01-15 20:12:56 UTC https://padlet.com/wrenost1/mfoeqnfnn9mxvuud/wish/2444929499