Topic 5 by Mikayla Adkins https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs quizlet en-us 2020-03-06 17:17:34 UTC 2020-03-06 17:43:46 UTC hello@padlet.com soil mikayla_adkins https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455899501 a complex ecosystem made up of minerals, organic material, gases and liquids which forms the habitat for many species of plant and animal]]> 2020-03-06 17:19:02 UTC https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455899501 soil storages mikayla_adkins https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455899892
the energy and matter within soil - organic matter, organisms, nutrients, minerals, air and water]]> 2020-03-06 17:19:28 UTC https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455899892 soil transfers mikayla_adkins https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455900235 biological mixing, translocation, leaching]]> 2020-03-06 17:19:49 UTC https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455900235 translocation mikayla_adkins https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455900557 movement of soil particles in suspension (liquid)]]> 2020-03-06 17:20:12 UTC https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455900557 leaching mikayla_adkins https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455901261 minerals dissolved in water moving through the soil]]> 2020-03-06 17:21:02 UTC https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455901261 soil inputs mikayla_adkins https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455901549 organic matter from leaf litter and dead or decaying organisms - inorganic matter from parent material (rock), precipitation and energy]]> 2020-03-06 17:21:24 UTC https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455901549 soil outputs mikayla_adkins https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455901930
uptake by plants (minerals and water)
soil erosion]]> 2020-03-06 17:21:51 UTC https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455901930 soil transformation mikayla_adkins https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455902218 decomposition or organic material taking place
weathering causes large particles (rocks) to become smaller
nutrient cycling within soil]]> 2020-03-06 17:22:12 UTC https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455902218 minerals mikayla_adkins https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455902498 metal atoms and compounds which make up rocks - dissolved in water to become an inorganic storage in soils]]> 2020-03-06 17:22:33 UTC https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455902498 soil horizons mikayla_adkins https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455902785
the layers of soil in a cross-section which is modified over time as organic material leaches downwards and mineral material moves upwards]]> 2020-03-06 17:22:53 UTC https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455902785 O (soil horizon) mikayla_adkins https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455903077 leaf litter - newly added organic material]]> 2020-03-06 17:23:15 UTC https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455903077 A (soil horizon) mikayla_adkins https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455903392 mineral horizon at the surface showing organic matter enrichment - where humus forms]]> 2020-03-06 17:23:42 UTC https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455903392 E (soil horizon) mikayla_adkins https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455903632 subsurface horizon showing depletion of organic matter, clay, iron and aluminium compounds]]> 2020-03-06 17:23:59 UTC https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455903632 B (soil horizon) mikayla_adkins https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455903891 subsoil horizon showing enrichment of clay material, iron aluminum, or organic compounds - where soluble minerals and organic matter tends to be deposited from the layer above


]]> 2020-03-06 17:24:18 UTC https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455903891 C (soil horizon) mikayla_adkins https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455904127 horizons of loosened or unconsolidated material - mainly weathered rock from which soil forms]]> 2020-03-06 17:24:36 UTC https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455904127 R (soil horizon) mikayla_adkins https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455904394 hard bedrock - parent material]]> 2020-03-06 17:24:55 UTC https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455904394 soil structure mikayla_adkins https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455904633 the proportions of clay <0.002mm particles, silt 0.002 - 0.05mm particles, and sand 0.05 - 2mm particles]]> 2020-03-06 17:25:15 UTC https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455904633 sandy soils mikayla_adkins https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455904936
gritty and fall apart easily - good drainage and air supply to the roots, however, leaching is rapid]]> 2020-03-06 17:25:38 UTC https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455904936 clay soils mikayla_adkins https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455905264
good nutrient retention, however, heavy soils which are relatively impermeable and have poor drainage]]> 2020-03-06 17:26:00 UTC https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455905264 loam soils mikayla_adkins https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455905615
roughly 40 - 40 - 20 sand, silt, clay
ideal for agriculture due to sand's drainage and porosity, clay's nutrient retention and silt keeping the other two together]]> 2020-03-06 17:26:23 UTC https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455905615 porosity mikayla_adkins https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455905925 e.g. high in sand soils, low in clay
the amount of space between particles in soil]]> 2020-03-06 17:26:45 UTC https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455905925 permeability mikayla_adkins https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455906337 e.g. high in sand soil, low in clay
the ease at which gases and liquids can pass through the soil]]> 2020-03-06 17:27:09 UTC https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455906337 infiltration mikayla_adkins https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455906559 the penetration of water into the soil]]> 2020-03-06 17:27:25 UTC https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455906559 NPK mikayla_adkins https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455909864
the most important soil nutrients for plant growth - often leach out or may be removed when plants are harvested

often found in soil fertilisers containing nitrogen, phosphates and potassium (potash)]]> 2020-03-06 17:31:41 UTC https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455909864 terrestrial mikayla_adkins https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455910231 of the Earth - meaning "land" in ecology]]> 2020-03-06 17:32:04 UTC https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455910231 LEDC mikayla_adkins https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455910505 less economically developed country - a country with low to moderate industrialisation and low to moderate average GNP per capita]]> 2020-03-06 17:32:21 UTC https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455910505 GNP mikayla_adkins https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455910781
gross national product - the economic productivity of a country - often give per capita (the average per person)]]> 2020-03-06 17:32:43 UTC https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455910781 MEDC mikayla_adkins https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455911103 more economically developed country - a highly industrialised country with high average GNP per capita


]]> 2020-03-06 17:33:10 UTC https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455911103 agribusiness mikayla_adkins https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455911316
the business of agriculture production including farming, seed supply, breeding, chemicals for agriculture, machinery, food harvesting, distribution, processing and storage]]> 2020-03-06 17:33:27 UTC https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455911316 commercial agriculture/farming mikayla_adkins https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455911523 large scale production of crops and livestock for sale


]]> 2020-03-06 17:33:42 UTC https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455911523 subsistence agriculture/farming mikayla_adkins https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455911724  agriculture/farming
farming for self-sufficiency to grow enough for a family
]]> 2020-03-06 17:33:59 UTC https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455911724 cash cropping mikayla_adkins https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455911971 growing crops for the market]]> 2020-03-06 17:34:21 UTC https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455911971 extensive farming mikayla_adkins https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455912256
farming using more land with a lower density of stocking or planting and lower inputs = lower outputs]]> 2020-03-06 17:34:44 UTC https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455912256 intensive farming mikayla_adkins https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455912472 farming using land more intensively with high levels of input and output per area


]]> 2020-03-06 17:35:02 UTC https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455912472 pastoral farming mikayla_adkins https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455912698
raising animals, usually on grass and on land that is not suitable for crops]]> 2020-03-06 17:35:21 UTC https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455912698 arable farming mikayla_adkins https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455912904
growing crops on good land to be eaten directly, or to be fed to animals]]> 2020-03-06 17:35:38 UTC https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455912904 mixed farming mikayla_adkins https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455913253
farming of both crops and animals - animal waste may be used as fertiliser and to improve soil quality, and some crops are used to feed animals]]> 2020-03-06 17:36:06 UTC https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455913253 malnutrition mikayla_adkins https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455913653 "bad nutrition" - a diet which is unbalanced (may be too much or not enough of a particular nutrient(s)]]> 2020-03-06 17:36:36 UTC https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455913653 wheat mikayla_adkins https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455913935 a staple food for source for over a third of the world's population]]> 2020-03-06 17:36:58 UTC https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455913935 grain production mikayla_adkins https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455914124
provide half the human population's calories (energy)]]> 2020-03-06 17:37:13 UTC https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455914124 climate (food choices) mikayla_adkins https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455914370 determines what will grow where on Earth
can be adapted through irrigation and using greenhouses to artificially alter]]> 2020-03-06 17:37:32 UTC https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455914370 irrigation mikayla_adkins https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455914798
the supply of water for crops other than natural process such as rain or water tables]]> 2020-03-06 17:38:07 UTC https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455914798 cultural and religious (food choices) mikayla_adkins https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455915006 some people only eat certain foods/avoid certain foods due to their beliefs or traditions


]]> 2020-03-06 17:38:24 UTC https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455915006 political (food choices) mikayla_adkins https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455915217 governments may subsidise or tax some foods to encourage or discourage their production
e.g. the EU manipulates food production in this way]]> 2020-03-06 17:38:40 UTC https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455915217 socio-economic (food choices) mikayla_adkins https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455915525 market forces determine supply and demand

e.g. high profit crop + high demand > more farmers decide to produce this crop > supply increases > profit decreases > farmers move to a different crop > supply drops...]]> 2020-03-06 17:39:05 UTC https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455915525 biofuel mikayla_adkins https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455915831 living plants converted to fuel to replace fossil fuels]]> 2020-03-06 17:39:31 UTC https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455915831 bush meat mikayla_adkins https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455916124 any wild animal killed for food (sometimes "game")

a controversial term as it often brings to mind in many parts of the world where the bush meat may be under threat of endangerment e.g. harvesting of apes leading to orphaned young]]> 2020-03-06 17:39:57 UTC https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455916124 animal domestication mikayla_adkins https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455916380
the use and keeping of animals for human purposes - occured a long time before humans started cereal farming

first dogs, then sheep, cattle, pigs


]]> 2020-03-06 17:40:20 UTC https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455916380 livestock mikayla_adkins https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455916586
animals in pastoral farming - useful in converting plants which humans cannot digest (grass) into valuable protein]]> 2020-03-06 17:40:39 UTC https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455916586 monoculture farming mikayla_adkins https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455916942 a single species of plant grown on a farm, usually in high density]]> 2020-03-06 17:41:08 UTC https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455916942 harvesting mikayla_adkins https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455917129
the removal of biomass from the field, soil and ecosystem - results in a loss of quality of the soil as nutrient which would have been recycled back into the soil are removed (and must be replaced)]]> 2020-03-06 17:41:23 UTC https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455917129 crop rotation mikayla_adkins https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455917465 a way to reduce the loss of soil fertility - leguminous crops (soya beans, peas and other beans) are grown every fourth year as they are able to fix their own nitrogen, and so add it back into the soil]]> 2020-03-06 17:41:49 UTC https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455917465 palm oil mikayla_adkins https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455917672 a tropical palm tree from West Africa and Central America, imported to South East Asia

demand for palm oil in many food, cosmetic, lubricant and biofuel products is the most significant cause of rainforest loss in Indonesia and Malaysia]]> 2020-03-06 17:42:07 UTC https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455917672 shifting cultivation (comparison of farming systems) mikayla_adkins https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455917911 e.g. Amazon rainforest
extensive subsistence farming
low inputs - manual labour and hand tools
high efficiency
low environmental impact (only if enough land to move to - forest is given time to regrow)]]> 2020-03-06 17:42:26 UTC https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455917911 cereal growing (comparison of farming systems) mikayla_adkins https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455918333 e.g. Canadian Prairies
extensive commercial farming
inputs - high use of technology and fertilisers
low outputs per area (hectare) but high per farmer/farm
medium efficiency
high environmental impact - loss of natural ecosystems, soil erosion, loss of biodiveristy]]> 2020-03-06 17:43:01 UTC https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455918333 rice growing mikayla_adkins https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455918745 e.g. Ganges Valley
intensive subsistence farming
inputs - high labour, low technology
high per area (hectare) outputs, low per farmer
high efficiency
low environmental impact - padi rice has a polyculture (many species supported), often stocked with fish - may grow other crops concurrently]]> 2020-03-06 17:43:36 UTC https://padlet.com/mikayla_adkins/mf10mwy2dtfs/wish/455918745