Toxicity of Acidization Fluids Used in California Oil Exploration by Eashana Budhrani https://padlet.com/eashana_budhrani/mcy9lhm85bgy By: Eashana Budhrani en-us 2017-11-01 18:45:41 UTC 2017-11-01 19:27:17 UTC hello@padlet.com Acidization has raised concern due to the chemicals used in the process eashana_budhrani https://padlet.com/eashana_budhrani/mcy9lhm85bgy/wish/202671030 2017-11-01 18:51:42 UTC https://padlet.com/eashana_budhrani/mcy9lhm85bgy/wish/202671030 It is believed that acidization can potentially harm humans and the environment eashana_budhrani https://padlet.com/eashana_budhrani/mcy9lhm85bgy/wish/202671707 Through human exposure]]> 2017-11-01 18:53:06 UTC https://padlet.com/eashana_budhrani/mcy9lhm85bgy/wish/202671707 The researchers hope to achieve their goal in raising awareness with regards to acidization and provide scientists with reason to study it further eashana_budhrani https://padlet.com/eashana_budhrani/mcy9lhm85bgy/wish/202672425 2017-11-01 18:54:37 UTC https://padlet.com/eashana_budhrani/mcy9lhm85bgy/wish/202672425 There are three acidizing techniques within this process eashana_budhrani https://padlet.com/eashana_budhrani/mcy9lhm85bgy/wish/202674172 2017-11-01 18:58:31 UTC https://padlet.com/eashana_budhrani/mcy9lhm85bgy/wish/202674172 The first of which is acid maintenance eashana_budhrani https://padlet.com/eashana_budhrani/mcy9lhm85bgy/wish/202674603 2017-11-01 18:59:24 UTC https://padlet.com/eashana_budhrani/mcy9lhm85bgy/wish/202674603 The second process is matrix acidization eashana_budhrani https://padlet.com/eashana_budhrani/mcy9lhm85bgy/wish/202674787 2017-11-01 18:59:48 UTC https://padlet.com/eashana_budhrani/mcy9lhm85bgy/wish/202674787 And the last is called acid fracturing eashana_budhrani https://padlet.com/eashana_budhrani/mcy9lhm85bgy/wish/202674898 2017-11-01 19:00:05 UTC https://padlet.com/eashana_budhrani/mcy9lhm85bgy/wish/202674898 The Washington State's Quick Chemical Assessment Tool (QCAT) is the system the researchers used to grade the chemicals eashana_budhrani https://padlet.com/eashana_budhrani/mcy9lhm85bgy/wish/202675630 2017-11-01 19:01:43 UTC https://padlet.com/eashana_budhrani/mcy9lhm85bgy/wish/202675630 This process is used for removing deposits formed on well surfaces, which take place through chemical reactions eashana_budhrani https://padlet.com/eashana_budhrani/mcy9lhm85bgy/wish/202676904 2017-11-01 19:04:50 UTC https://padlet.com/eashana_budhrani/mcy9lhm85bgy/wish/202676904 Matrix acidization is used to unblock gas and oil pathways in order to increase reservoir permeability eashana_budhrani https://padlet.com/eashana_budhrani/mcy9lhm85bgy/wish/202677405 2017-11-01 19:05:52 UTC https://padlet.com/eashana_budhrani/mcy9lhm85bgy/wish/202677405 In this process, the reservoir is etched and high pressure is required in order to fracture formation through the wellbore eashana_budhrani https://padlet.com/eashana_budhrani/mcy9lhm85bgy/wish/202677781 This process can only occur in carbonate formations]]> 2017-11-01 19:06:40 UTC https://padlet.com/eashana_budhrani/mcy9lhm85bgy/wish/202677781 Chemicals and acids are primarily used in this process to dissolve minerals and decompose the rock structure eashana_budhrani https://padlet.com/eashana_budhrani/mcy9lhm85bgy/wish/202679062 Most common acids include HF and HCl]]> 2017-11-01 19:09:20 UTC https://padlet.com/eashana_budhrani/mcy9lhm85bgy/wish/202679062 These chemicals may be handled improperly, which leads to water contamination eashana_budhrani https://padlet.com/eashana_budhrani/mcy9lhm85bgy/wish/202680309 2017-11-01 19:12:20 UTC https://padlet.com/eashana_budhrani/mcy9lhm85bgy/wish/202680309 Researchers gathered information through the California government database eashana_budhrani https://padlet.com/eashana_budhrani/mcy9lhm85bgy/wish/202680660 They were able to list the chemicals frequently present in the process]]> 2017-11-01 19:13:13 UTC https://padlet.com/eashana_budhrani/mcy9lhm85bgy/wish/202680660 F- graded chemicals are categorized as highly concerning eashana_budhrani https://padlet.com/eashana_budhrani/mcy9lhm85bgy/wish/202682508 2017-11-01 19:17:06 UTC https://padlet.com/eashana_budhrani/mcy9lhm85bgy/wish/202682508 There are nine hazardous endpoints that QCAT aims to identify eashana_budhrani https://padlet.com/eashana_budhrani/mcy9lhm85bgy/wish/202682876 carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and genotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, developmental toxicity, endocrine toxicity, acute mammalian toxicity, acute aquatic toxicity, persistence, and bioaccumulation ]]> 2017-11-01 19:17:56 UTC https://padlet.com/eashana_budhrani/mcy9lhm85bgy/wish/202682876 Within a two year span, almost 100 reports of matrix acidization were recorded in California and about 10 reports of fracturing eashana_budhrani https://padlet.com/eashana_budhrani/mcy9lhm85bgy/wish/202683666 2017-11-01 19:20:00 UTC https://padlet.com/eashana_budhrani/mcy9lhm85bgy/wish/202683666 Of these reports, it is estimated that about 200 chemicals are used in the process eashana_budhrani https://padlet.com/eashana_budhrani/mcy9lhm85bgy/wish/202683909 2017-11-01 19:20:41 UTC https://padlet.com/eashana_budhrani/mcy9lhm85bgy/wish/202683909 Of these 200, 28 chemicals were given a grade F eashana_budhrani https://padlet.com/eashana_budhrani/mcy9lhm85bgy/wish/202684077 2017-11-01 19:21:06 UTC https://padlet.com/eashana_budhrani/mcy9lhm85bgy/wish/202684077 However, 90 other chemicals are yet to be identified eashana_budhrani https://padlet.com/eashana_budhrani/mcy9lhm85bgy/wish/202684269 2017-11-01 19:21:37 UTC https://padlet.com/eashana_budhrani/mcy9lhm85bgy/wish/202684269 With this in mind, it is evident that there is still so much unknown information with regards to acidization eashana_budhrani https://padlet.com/eashana_budhrani/mcy9lhm85bgy/wish/202684469 2017-11-01 19:22:12 UTC https://padlet.com/eashana_budhrani/mcy9lhm85bgy/wish/202684469 However, researchers have identified that this process does lead to a negative and direct interaction with humans eashana_budhrani https://padlet.com/eashana_budhrani/mcy9lhm85bgy/wish/202684782 2017-11-01 19:23:03 UTC https://padlet.com/eashana_budhrani/mcy9lhm85bgy/wish/202684782 Based on this article, it seems as though a lot of further investigation is still necessary for such a serious topic eashana_budhrani https://padlet.com/eashana_budhrani/mcy9lhm85bgy/wish/202684962 2017-11-01 19:23:27 UTC https://padlet.com/eashana_budhrani/mcy9lhm85bgy/wish/202684962