Jacobite risings by

1715: The Fifteen

miloukielman — 2023-11-03 12:45:37 UTC

On the 6th of September, the Earl of Mar, John Erskine, started a rebellion in Braemar in support of James the III. On the 13th of November the battle of Sherrifmuir happened, even though they had more soldiers they lost. They suffered another loss on the 14th of November in Preston. In December 'The Old Pretender' landed, but could do no more than to lead his forces away.

1745: The Forty-Five

miloukielman — 2023-11-03 12:45:43 UTC

The Forty-Five was led by Charles Edward Stuart also known as 'The Young Pretender' or 'Bonnie Prince Charlie' in order to regain the throne for his father, James the III. On the 23rd of July he arrives on Eriskay, with almost no support. On the 19th of August he arrived at Glenfinnan and started the attack. On the 17th of September he claims the throne for his father. His army manages to take Edinburgh. After winning the Battle of Prestonpans they move south into England. Eventually due to a lack of support they retreat. On the 16th of April they are defeated at the battle of Culloden by the Duke of Cumberland.

1688: The glorious revolution

miloukielman — 2023-11-03 12:46:36 UTC

The glorious revolution is also called the bloodless revolution, because there was no spilling of blood on English grounds. Upon invitation by the opponents of James II, also known as the 'Immortal Seven', William the III invades England. On the 5th of November he landed at Brixham. James capitulates and flees to France. William the III and Mary II are installed as rulers. In 1689 they introduce the Bill of rights which gives Parliament supreme power and excludes Catholics from ascending the throne. Absolute ruling is replaced by a constitutional monarchy.

James II

miloukielman — 2023-11-03 15:18:09 UTC

Son of Charles I and Henrietta Maria. He was installed as king after his brother passed away in 1685. He was married to Anne Hyde from 1660 until 1671 and later married Mary of Modena. His children were Mary II, Anne and James Edward (The Old Pretender). James Edward's birth caused fear for a Catholic successor since Mary II, who was a protestant, was no longer next in line. James promoted the Catholic cause and surrounded himself with Catholic officers and people in his court. His clear favouring of Roman Catholicism caused further feelings of distress under his subjects. He was the king of England, Ireland and Scotland until he was overthrown by William of Orange in 1688 who had the support of a great deal of the public.

William III of Orange

miloukielman — 2023-11-03 15:20:35 UTC

Son of William the II of Orange and Mary Stuart. He was the Stadtholder of Holland. He opposes French forces. His marriage to Mary II was arranged by Charles II to placate his subjects. The Glorious Revolution in 1688 led to him becoming the ruler of England and Scotland. He reigned from 1689 until 1702

Charles II

miloukielman — 2023-11-03 15:21:12 UTC

Son of Charles I and Henrietta Maria. His reign was also known as the 'Restoration period', having to deal with the consequences of the Civil War. He ruled during the great catastrophes of the 1660's; the Great plague, the Great fire and the Anglo-Dutch war. He was a protestant but his policies and alliance with the French Catholic king Louis the XIV caused feeling of distrust under his subjects. His wife, the queen Catharina of Braganza was unable to produce any heirs, however Charles did have illegitimate children. His brother, James the II, who had converted to Catholicism in 1668 or 1669 succeeded him after his passing.

Religion: Protestant and Catholic

miloukielman — 2023-11-03 15:41:59 UTC

A big part of the conflict that lead to the Jacobite risings was due to religion. The Jacobites, those who were supporters of James the II and his descendants, wanted a Roman Catholic ruler and a confederal kingdom. The support based on religion conflict was mainly big in Ireland. Those who wished for a protestant ruler were in support of William the III, and consisted of a part of the English population after the policies and beliefs of James the II heavily favoured Catholicism. The first were also called Tories and the latter Whigs.

Dynasty: the house of Stuart and the house of Hanover

miloukielman — 2023-11-03 15:42:07 UTC

Another aspect of the conflict was the hereditary right of succession. The Jacobites believed that the Stuarts were the true rulers. The supporters of the Stuarts were mainly Scottish and Welsh. They questioned whether the succesion in 1689 was fair and supported James Edward's right to the throne when Parliament instead crowned the Hanoverians as rulers after the death of Queen Anne.

1707: The act of union

miloukielman — 2023-11-03 15:45:16 UTC

Onwards of 1603 England and Scotland already formed a type of union, because they shared the same monarch, 'The Union of Crowns'. On the 1st of May 1707 the Act of Union was signed, combining England and Scotland to form Great Britain. Tension due to earlier events such as the Glorious Revolution led to separation of the two Parliaments. Scotland wanted to retain their independence and England was afraid that Scotland would enter an alliance with the French. But both sides began to see the posibilities a union could create. Scotland needed financial and material support. England needed support against the French forces. Scotland could retain legal and religion systems but had to agree to a Hanoverian succession. England had to offer freedom of trade for military support.

miloukielman — 2023-11-03 15:53:55 UTC

1690: Battle of the Boyne

miloukielman — 2023-11-03 20:14:03 UTC

After James's exile he tries to regain power with the help of Irish, French and Scottish alliances. On the 27th of July in 1689 the battle of Killiekrankie happens, an army of Highlander Scots in support of James the II battled an army of Lowland Scots put together by the government. The Jacobites won this battle. However they lose the battle at Dunkfeld on the 21st of August.

The Battle of the Boyne took place on the 1st of July. James's army was made up of mostly Irish soldiers and partly French soldiers. His army attacked on the Boyne river, but was smaller and less prepared than William's Anglo-Dutch army and fairly quickly faced defeat and retreated.

Anne

miloukielman — 2023-11-03 21:18:58 UTC

Anne was the protestant daughter of James the II and Anne Hyde. She became Queen after the passing of William the III. She was married to Prince George of Denmark but had no surviving children, and was the last of the line of the Stuarts. The War of the Spanish succession from 1702 until 1714 happened during her reign. And they supported the claim of Archduke Charles instead of Philip of Anjou who was a descendant of Louis the XIV. Due to the Act of Settlement in 1701 the throne passes to George I of Hanover after her death.

Aftermath

miloukielman — 2023-11-03 22:45:14 UTC

After the battle the remaining soldiers were hunted down, but Charles managed to escape and eventually died in Italy in 1788.

The battle of Culloden formed the end of Jacobitism. Politics changed a lot after this time. The two-party system is introduced. And the king is no longer the most important figure.

The end of Jacobitism also made way for global expansion, because there was no alliance with France.

Jacobite songs were created as a sort of sentiment.

Henry Stuart, the last Stuart in the male line died on the 13th of July in 1807.