This link leads to an interview between The New York Times and Akira in the 1980s where he talks a bit about his long career and early successes that is interesting:

https://www.nytimes.com/1981/10/04/movies/kurosawa-on-his-innovative-cinema.html 

And at these links some scenes from Rashomon and Seven Samurai are shown:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=spB3o-UCRPE 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GXygJmtnvm0 

  Works Cited

“History of Film: The War Years and Post World War II Trends.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., https://www.britannica.com/art/history-of-the-motion-picture/Germany#ref52168.

“Kurosawa on His Innovative Cinema.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 4 Oct. 1981, https://www.nytimes.com/1981/10/04/movies/kurosawa-on-his-innovative-cinema.html.

Prince, Stephen. “The Rashomon Effect.” The Criterion Collection, https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/195-the-rashomon-effect.

“A Timeline of World Cinema - The Foreign Wave.” A Timeline of World Cinema · A Series by Ministry of Cinema.com, https://timelineofcinema.com/. 

Sharman, Russell. “A Brief History of Cinema – Moving Pictures.” Pressbooks, 18 May 2020, uark.pressbooks.pub/movingpictures/chapter/a-brief-history-of-cinema. 

TWO LINKS: 
https://uark.pressbooks.pub/movingpictures/chapter/a-brief-history-of-cinema/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cabinet_of_Dr._Caligari

Video link: 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8yX0VITK6Aw

   

In 1914, Chaplin moved to the United states where he was later scouted by Keystone Studios.

He became most popular for playing his role as “the tramp”, which got him a lot of popularity and fame. Some of his most famous movies that launched his acting career were “The Tamp”, “The Champion” and “A Night Out”, which were all filmed in 1915. That very year was the turning point of his success in Hollywood.

This became important because actors were slowly starting to be mentioned in movie credits, due to fans being curious of actors' lives and names. Charlie Chaplin was a figure who helped actors get recognition and popularity which were later known as “celebrities”.

He even made history by being very involved in his future films to the point where he had written, directed, produced, starred in, edited and even came to compose the music for most of his films. This made him become the very first highest paying actor in this “Silent Film Era”, with a salary of $670,000 a year. Being a well paid actor, director and producer gave him the advantage of fully investing in his films with his creative vision.   

The impact he made in cinema history was being one of the very first well-known actors and most creative directors in the world at the start of film making. His hard work and dedication was awarded with the honorary academy award for “the incalculable effect he has had in making motion pictures the art form of this century".

      

Citations:

A Short Biography of Charlie Chaplin, https://www.myenglishpages.com/english/reading-charlie-chaplin.php. 

Biography.com Editors. “Charlie Chaplin.” Biography.com, A&E Networks Television, 5 May 2021, https://www.biography.com/actor/charlie-chaplin. 

French, Philip. “The 10 Best Silent Movie Stars - in Pictures.” The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 6 Nov. 2011, https://www.theguardian.com/culture/gallery/2011/nov/06/ten-best-silent-movie-stars-in-pictures. 

 BiographyChannel. “Charlie Chaplin | The Eccentric Film Maker | Biography.” YouTube, YouTube, 16 Apr. 2019, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BYqwYb-X_wA. 

“Georges Méliès.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., https://www.britannica.com/biography/Georges-Melies. 

“Georges Melies.” Who's Who of Victorian Cinema, https://www.victorian-cinema.net/melies. 

Ganguly, Subarna. “Early Cinema: The Magical World of Georges Méliès.” Culture Trip, The Culture Trip, 4 Dec. 2015, https://theculturetrip.com/europe/france/paris/articles/early-cinema-the-magical-world-of-georges-melies/. 

“The Cinema of Georges Melies.” YouTube, YouTube, 14 Jan. 2021, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dTzHQhA6kYM. Accessed 4 Feb. 2022. 

Le Prince is credited with the creation of the oldest surviving film to date: a 1.66 second piece known as the Roundhay Garden Scene, which was shot at the home of his wife’s family in Leeds, England sometime between May and October of 1888 (Youngs.) This clip was captured with his own invention, the Single Lens Camera mk2. Unfortunately, the film was of little use due to its inability to be properly projected. In this time before the wide use of celluloid film, Le Prince was left to work with sensitized paper which would burn in the heat of a projector’s light. To combat this, the budding filmmaker took upon himself the arduous task of peeling each image from the paper and attaching them to individual plates of glass that could endure the heat (Shah.) Despite this, Le Prince managed to shoot more moving images with this camera, including the famous Leeds Bridge Scene and Accordion Scene (Youngs.)

The stars, it seemed, were not in Le Prince's favour though. Just as it seemed that he had discovered a breakthrough, tragedy struck. He planned to return to New York City, where his wife waited for him, to unveil his first ever screening, but only after visiting his brother in Paris first. On the 16th of September, 1890, Louis Le Prince boarded a train in Dijon, France and was subsequently never heard from again. There has been much speculation surrounding the odd timing of his disappearance and the events that followed, but no clear answer has ever been brought forth. There is photographed post mortem evidence that he may have made it to Paris, only to drown in the Seine, though some have theorized everything from fratricide to suicide to kidnapping by Thomas Edison (National History Museum, Youngs.) One thing is certain: had he made it to his destination, he would not so easily have been scrubbed from the history books of early cinema and we would likely be singing his praises in place of Edison or Lumières. 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S4Z2AlXIQic

------------------------------------------------

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

Le Prince, Louis. The 4 Films of Louis Le Prince - The First Moving Images 1887-1888. YouTube, 1887, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S4Z2AlXIQic. Accessed 3 Feb. 2022. 

“Pioneers of Early Cinema: Louis Aimé Augustin Le Prince (1841-1890?).” National Media Museum, June 2011. Accessed 3 Feb. 2022. 

Shah , Irfan. “Man with a Movie Camera.” History Today, 1 Jan. 2019, https://www.historytoday.com/history-matters/man-movie-camera. 

Youngs, Ian. “Louis Le Prince, Who Shot the World's First Film in Leeds.” BBC News, BBC, 22 June 2015, https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-33198686. 

. The invention of the Kinetoscope was not actually first made for movies, it was an invention that was intended to be used to record the time and motion for further innovative inventions. The  Kinetoscope was also helpful in selling other inventions of Edison as he also used a “Mutoscope” which is used to watch movies. Edison’s Kinetoscope was also the inspiration in making the technology which we use as a projector which resulted in a major drawback in the sales of Kinetoscopes . The projector has become a major competition for Kinetoscopes because projector used the technology which used the technology that would show bigger picture that records images and sound when it comes to Kinetoscope that is by Kinetograph it records images and sound but in bigger picture which can be only seen through a peephole by the audience to watch a movie or a game.

  Work Cited 

Perez Haneiro, “Thomas Edison and the Kinetoscope”, April 8, 2014, filmnewyork , https://filmnewyorkcity.wordpress.com/tag/thomas-edison-and-the-kinetoscope/.

Sklar Robert, “History of Cinema”, Britannica,https://www.britannica.com/art/history-of-the-motion-picture.

“Thomas Edison and the Kinetoscope”, lomograph,https://www.lomography.com/magazine/112686-thomas-edison-and-the-kinetoscope.

  

Links:

A Timeline of World Cinema · A Series by Ministry of Cinema.com (timelineofcinema.com)

https://youtu.be/vS6Vuy5dV1Q

Adolph Zukor | American motion-picture producer | Britannica

history of film | Summary, Industry, History, & Facts | Britannica

 

  As the technology required to make motion pictures became easier and cheaper to acquire, more and more cinema artists chose to work outside of the studio system. Figures like Shirley Clarke in the 1960s, John Cassavetes in the 1970s, and Jim Jarmusch in the 1980s put out provocative and engaging cinema with limited distribution to match their limited budgets but often with enormous cultural impact. That trend continued into the 1990s and 2000s, supported by new production and distribution companies like Miramax (founded by the now disgraced Harvey Weinstein) that insisted on working outside of the studio system and often outside of Los Angeles itself.

 

The expansion of media culture

  The history of film in the last period of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st was made by new technologies and the expansion of media culture that was done with the help of technologies. In the 1980s, the widespread adoption of the videocassette recorder (VCR) opened up new possibilities for the distribution of films as videocassettes, giving wider circulation and easier access to works made throughout the world. In the same manner, new cable and satellite television systems that delivered media directly to homes created additional markets for film distribution and income sources for film producers.  higher-quality video cameras are more available, more filmmakers used video technology to lower production costs, later transferring the image to film stock for theatrical exhibition. In the following years, the spread and increasing capabilities of computer animation as well as digital video cameras and DVDs (digital video discs) accelerated these trends, with the computer emerging as a new production unit in filmmaking and the Internet as a site for film distribution and exhibition. One result of these changes was the appearance on the world stage of filmmakers—particularly Chinese-language ones—from places that had previously been little recognized within international film culture.

 

Chadwick Aaron Boseman

Chadwick Aaron Boseman was an American actor and playwriter who studied directing at Howard University. He began as a writer, director, and actor for the stage, winning a drama league directing fellowship and an acting AUDELCO nominated for Jeff award as a playwriter for Deep Azure. Transitioning to the screen, he landed his first major role as a series regular on Person's unknown in 2010. He continued to portray historical figures. Starring as singer James Brown in Get on it (2014). He achieved international fame for Black Panther in the Marvel cinematic universe from 2016-2019. Chadwick appeared in four MCU films, including an eponymous 2018 film that earned him an NAACP image award for outstanding actor in motion picture and a screen actors Guild award for outstanding performance by a cast in motion picture. As the first black actor to headline an MCU film, was also named in the 2018 Time 100. In 2016, Chadwick Boseman was diagnosed with colon cancer and later passed away in 2020. 

Links:
How Black Panther's Visual Effects Were Made | WIRED - YouTube

 

 

 

 

 

 

         At the same time, foreign film companies like Warner Brothers and 20th Century established branches to distribute Hollywood films in S. Korea. This competition led to a gradual decline in the domestic success of S. Korean films. A number of notable films were made during the late 80s and early 90s, but against Hollywood competition they struggled to make significant revenue. Competition for screenings was also difficult in both Western and Eastern markets. Most importantly, S. Korean films struggled to attract more audience members than Hollywood films in the domestic market. This set the scene for a crisis of sorts for S. Korean cinema which became more and more obvious as the decade went on. By the mid 90s, S. Korean cinema had received a total of five international awards over the span of more than 30 years (the Berlin International Festival in 1961, 1962, & 1994, the Venice Film Festival in 1987, and the Tokyo International Film Festival in 1992). 

        In this climate, the Busan International Film Festival was established in 1996. It’s establishment served as both a strategic business move and artistic statement for S. Korean Cinema. The film festival was made in the hopes that it would strengthen S. Korean Cinema’s performance domestically and prevent further foreign domination of the market. It also stood as an artistic statement that firmly recognized S. Korean Cinema’s artistic importance to film, which would hopefully attract the S. Korean public’s attention and support for the industry. The festival accomplished these goals and then some. Media attention and creative explorations of film style drew audience members and from this the S.Korean equivalent of Hollywood was established. National pride was mixed with artistic expression and with the inclusion of international film screenings the festival became a cultural experience that had been an exciting attraction for younger audiences. As S. Korea’s popular culture became engrossed in their film industry, interest drove revenue up, and eventually the jeopardy of foreign film dominating the market was a thing of the past. 

        Today, S. Korean Cinema is getting international attention. Most recently, the film Parasite won Academy Awards in 2020, S. Korean actress Youn Yuh Jung took home the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress in 2021, and the S. Korean television show Squid Game received critical acclaim as well as international popularity and it’s cast member O Yeong-Su won the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Television series. The relatively quick rise S. Korean Cinema over the last 25 years is, in part, thanks to the exposure the Busan International Film Festival brought to the industry. 

Choi, Jinhee. “The South Korean Film Renaisance.” Academia.edu, 13 Mar. 2015, https://www.academia.edu/11412991/THE_SOUTH_KOREAN_FILM_RENAISANCE.

“Korean New Wave -Arts & Culture.” https://artsandculture.google.com/story/korean-new-wave-korean-film-archive/EQUxw3Yiph4A8A?hl=en.

Paquet, Darcy. A Short History of Korean Film, https://www.koreanfilm.org/history.html.

Parc, Jimmyn. A Retrospective on the Korean Film. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/cmsdata/84084/A-JParc-Brussels-vDec-EN-PE.pdf.

“Transition to the 21st Century.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., https://www.britannica.com/art/history-of-the-motion-picture/Transition-to-the-21st-century#ref346430. 

The year I'm focusing on is 2000 through 2010, but 2009 was a record-breaking year, as most of us know that’s when Avatar came out. James Cameron a director, writer, and editor had a big impact throughout the 2000s not only did he direct the film “Titanic” but also “Avatar”. James had begun to write and direct the film “Avatar” he had a budget of 310 million US dollars but he had a minor setback because the technology wasn’t fully ready yet. Once the film came out people were so amazed by the film that “Avatar went on to breaks some records that weren’t broken until 2019. Avatar is a movie based on humans interacting with an animal/ human, and not only was that cool to see but also the movie was based on the mid 22nd century which showed a lot of new technology which left people amazed. The movie went on to show how a man in real life can be in a wheelchair but transform into an “Avatar” who can walk and run and do all kinds of things, but Sam Worthington plays the main character (Marcus). In the film, Marcus had a job to do which was to learn the ways of the Avatar. He then falls in love with one of them and protects them against the humans and fights to protect the forest which had a special kind of flower. As the movie comes to an end, the humans destroyed most of what the Avatar people had, and Marcus (Sam Worthington) turns into a full Avatar, he is no longer human. The movie had everyone’s attention, one of the best-selling movies that came out in 2009, and it had made one billion dollars within the first week out in theaters. Avatar become one of the highest-grossing films of all time, breaking the records of “Titanic” Cameron’s other film, After a decade the record was finally broken by the Advangers but it is said that the Avatar will be the highest gross film again in March of this year. James Cameron won the best director, and Avatar made over two billion dollars, After all the success the film had, it said that there’s two more coming out one in 2022, and the second one in 2024.

                    work cited
“Avatar (2009 Film).” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 11 Feb. 2022, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar_(2009_film). 

Film History of the 2000s, www.filmsite.org/2000sintro.html. 

 

WHERE did it develop: It was developed in the U.S.  According to the Hollywood Renegades Archive, a Supreme Court decision was made to be “dealt a crushing blow to the Hollywood studios,” according to Hollywood Renegades Archive.

 

WHO did it: The Supreme Court issued the decision against the Paramount because they had violated antitrust laws.

WHAT was it (in more detail): Some cases started back in the 1920s.

WHY/HOW did it happen?  According to the University of Arkansas, it all began that a young actress Olivia de Havilland had filed a lawsuit against Warner Bros “for adding six months to her contract.  the amount of time the studio had suspended her for refusing to take roles she didn’t want.” This led her to be the first person to win the case since the courts favored her decision, and for this very reason, other actors began to demand fees that matched their box and profit from their films. 

The effect of this was that the Supreme Court got involved in 1948 and filed suit against the major studios since they monopolized actors.  Although actors’ wages increased, the result from it was less, and movies were being filmed since it was becoming expensive.

After World War II when the Supreme Court finalized The Paramount Decision there were common genre that audiences.  Which was both good and bad.  The good thing about it was more money was going to be made but the bad thing was that less people wanted to leave the house and that made studio panics.  

During the Golden Age of Hollywood after the War two common genre were “the combat film and the home melodrama.”  During that time things were beginning to change that includes demographic.  Audiences were beginning to move away from the cities and moved to the suburbs.  Which led to Hollywood filmed the movies in the suburbs.  Although, studios were accommodating their audiences they were beginning to have a different taste.  A competition began cinema and Television.

As the years went on the demographic began to change and evolved. When Hollywood stepped in they made sure to become very political and in a way it was profitable but also is a mind controlling just like today television. 

 

Work Cited

The Hollywood Antitrust Case - Aka the Paramount Case, https://www.cobbles.com/simpp_archive/1film_antitrust.htm. 

Sharman, Russell. “A Brief History of Cinema.” Moving Pictures, 18 May 2020, https://uark.pressbooks.pub/movingpictures/chapter/a-brief-history-of-cinema/. 

A Timeline of World Cinema · a Series by Ministry of Cinema.com, https://timelineofcinema.com/transcripts/A_Timeline_of_World_Cinema-Golden_Age_of_Hollywood-Transcript_en.txt. 

 

One of the greatest things about the film was the likeness of characters and how one was able to relate to them. People started to even fear going to public beaches and sharks overall because of how the film was portraying the white shark. It had wide angles of people dangling their legs in the water, vulnerably. 

The soundtrack of the movie where the shark is lurking on its “prey” became well-known music to give great suspense. It was eventually used in future films to give that same lurking feeling. 

 

Jaws overall influenced how directors started to view making movies in a different perspective. The older film actors and films started to die down before Jaws came out. But since it was a new era for many things like music, religious beliefs, movies were changing as well. Spielberg’s creation of POV of the shark inspired this technique to be used in other films to give a strong sense of perspective.

Film History of the 1970s, https://www.filmsite.org/70sintro.html. 

“Jaws - Defining the Summer Blockbuster.” YouTube, YouTube, 4 July 2017, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z41CHrwR4vg&t=249s. 

Reimann, Tom, and Tom Reimann (714 Articles Published) . “Jaws Revisited: Why Steven Speilberg's Blockbuster Still Holds Up.” Collider, 3 June 2020, https://collider.com/why-ive-seen-jaws-over-100-times/. 

Born on February 18, 1950 in Lansing, Michigan, John Hughes was the only boy among three girls and surrounded by a neighbourhood filled with senior citizens. This changed when his family moved to Northbrook, Illinois. Here, he attended Glenbrook High School from where he would pull inspiration for many of his iconic films. With a mother that was hypercritical, he turned to films as a form of escapism and became something of a fanatic. 

Throughout college and after, he had success with writing “National Lampoon’s Vacation” and “Mr. Mom,” but the film that truly launched his career and set his legacy into motion was his 1984 directing debut, “Sixteen Candles.” At the time, movies about adolescents were relatively untouched outside of “Porky’s,” but Hughes targeted a teenage audience with a film relating directly to their struggles and insecurities, and created something entirely new–the teenage coming-of-age comedy. Throughout the remainder of the 80s, Hughes would dominate this genre with films that are still referenced and mimicked today: “The Breakfast Club,” “Ferris Bueller’s Day Off,” “Weird Science,” and “Pretty in Pink.”

What made Hughes' films so memorable was the fact that he focused so much on the "outsider" and allowed teenagers to be awkward and reckless without focusing completely on making them targets for serial killers or marking the theme around sexual exploits. Instead, Hughes played up the idea of the "hierarchy" within high schools as a model for real life, and allowed his characters to stumble about it without any real need for teaching some "moral" or as a metaphor--for better or worse. While his films may not have entirely aged so well, there is no denying their impact on the way we look at fun, teen movies today.

John Hughes Jr. is a name that’s known by many for the impact he had on adolescent cinema in the 80s, and if his name doesn’t ring a bell then it’s likely that at least one of his films do. His movies created a ripple that completely changed the tide for coming-of-age films as we know them today, and we owe to him the fact that we can now enjoy works such as “Mean Girls” and “American Pie.”

Born on February 18, 1950 in Lansing, Michigan, John Hughes was the only boy among three girls and surrounded by a neighbourhood filled with senior citizens. This changed when his family moved to Northbrook, Illinois. Here, he attended Glenbrook High School from where he would pull inspiration for many of his iconic films. With a mother that was hypercritical, he turned to films as a form of escapism and became something of a fanatic. 

Throughout college and after, he had success with writing “National Lampoon’s Vacation” and “Mr. Mom,” but the film that truly launched his career and set his legacy into motion was his 1984 directing debut, “Sixteen Candles.” At the time, movies about adolescents were relatively untouched outside of “Porky’s,” but Hughes targeted a teenage audience with a film relating directly to their struggles and insecurities, and created something entirely new–the teenage coming-of-age comedy. Throughout the remainder of the 80s, Hughes would dominate this genre with films that are still referenced and mimicked today: “The Breakfast Club,” “Ferris Bueller’s Day Off,” “Weird Science,” and “Pretty in Pink.”

What made Hughes' films so memorable was the fact that he focused so much on the "outsider" and allowed teenagers to be awkward and reckless without focusing completely on making them targets for serial killers or marking the theme around sexual exploits. Instead, Hughes played up the idea of the "hierarchy" within high schools as a model for real life, and allowed his characters to stumble about it without any real need for teaching some "moral" or as a metaphor--for better or worse. While his films may not have entirely aged so well, there is no denying their impact on the way we look at fun, teen movies today.

The Trademarks of John Hughes

 -----------------------------------------------------
CITATIONS:

Gilchrist, Todd. “John Hughes and the Cultural Shorthand of 1980s American Adolescence.” Whattowatch.com, What to Watch, 23 Feb. 2021, www.whattowatch.com/features/john-hughes-and-the-cultural-shorthand-of-1980s-american-adolescence. 

“John Hughes.” IMDb, IMDb.com, www.imdb.com/name/nm0000455/.

Works Cited
Farinholt Lenny,  “The Polar Express and the era of Motion Capture”, December 20 2019,  byrdTheatre, https://byrdtheatre.org/news/2019/12/the-polar-express-and-the-era-of-motion-capture/

Osteen Vance, “The Polar Express: Robert Zemeckis Motion Capture, and the Digital Filmmaking Frontier”, December 23 2020, Film Cred, https://film-cred.com/polar-express-robert-zemeckis-roger-rabbit/

Phillips Julian, “Performance Capture CGI Technique in The Polar Express : An Advance For Animation”, 25th November 2004, skwigly, https://www.skwigly.co.uk/performance-capture-cgi-technique-makes-‘the-polar-express’-an-advance-for-animation/

Wikipedia contributors. “Parasite (2019 Film).” Wikipedia, 10 Feb. 2022, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasite_(2019_film)#cite_note-10.