Malaysia also implemented the Eleventh Malaysia Plan Strategic Thrusts 1 (Enhancing inclusiveness towards an equitable society) and 3 (Accelerating human capital development for an advanced nation) to address poverty in all its form. Malaysia sets this goal and is working to uplift the low income households especially B40 households towards a middle class society.

There also including some key success factors to achieve this goal which as following:

• Providing universal education and skills training 

• Creating employment opportunities 

• Maintaining low inflation and adequate standard of living 

• Providing social safety nets

For the remaining priorities including as following: 

• Increasing income and economic potential of B40 households

• Enhancing social protection system

Malaysia had improved self-sufficiency levels (SSL) in food production and preparing for the impacts of climate-related disasters to ensure food security. 

For example, sustainable agriculture development is guided by the National Agrofood Policy 2011–2020 and National Commodity Policy 2011–2020. Production of major agrofood commodities also showed encouraging growth between 2011 and 2016, at an average rate of 3.9 per cent annually. As of 2015, Malaysia achieved SSL targets for paddy, vegetables and fruits, and achieved above 100 per cent SSL for poultry and eggs.

The key success factors are: 

·        Implementing food supplementation programes for children from poor and low-income households.

·        Raising productivity and maintaining self-sufficiency in certain food crops.

·        Establishing a good public healthcare system that also reached rural and remote areas

Malaysia is committed and optimistic to achieving the SDG for the 2030 Agenda. Malaysia guarantees inclusive and fair standards of education and facilitates lifelong learning opportunities for all. As a result, there were 97.2% enrolment figures for primary and 90% for secondary schools for both boys and girls in 2016 and 48% enrolment for higher education in 2012 (70% higher than in 2002).

The main target for this goal is to conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development .

Generally, Malaysia has launched policies and measures to sustainably manage marine and coastal areas. For instance,  the Coral Triangle Initiative Malaysia National Plan of Action (CTI-NPOA) is one of Malaysia’s plan action  with the purpose to let know about urgent threats which are look towards for the marine ecosystems , ensuring food security and also help protecting the livelihoods of coastal communities in the region since 2009. 

Besides that, the most current status for this goal is  about sustainable fisheries and aquaculture are being encouraged. Specifically, the new sustainable coastal fisheries and poverty reduction initiatives which is introducing  the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management (EAFM) by 2020 as to improve income, livelihoods and food security in coastal communities.

As a result, the key success factors under this goal were linked with the implementation and enforcement of the related policies and regulations that support sustainable management of marine and coastal ecosystems. Furthermore, government of Malaysia having a cooperation with NGOs as to advocate the sustainable use of marine and coastal resources. Malaysian government also put some effort in establishing marine protected areas.

•SDG 3: Angka kematian anak dan ibu hampir berada di tahap negara maju, membasmi cacar dan polio pendemik dan membalikkan penyebaran HIV / AIDS. Pengurangan drastik penyakit bawaan air dan kematian akibat penyakit kanak-kanak dan malaria. Kerajaan telah mengambil alih tindak balas nasional terhadap penyakit tidak berjangkit sambil bekerja kuat dengan badan bukan kerajaan. 

•SDG 4 & 5: Lebih daripada 90% kadar pendaftaran untuk peringkat sekolah rendah dan menengah untuk kanak-kanak lelaki dan perempuan manakala 33% untuk pendidikan tinggi dengan nisbah jantina yang sedikit memihak kepada gadis. 
•SDG 6: Lebih 95% liputan untuk air dan sanitasi, serta bekalan elektrik di peringkat nasional telah melalui pengembangan mekanisme untuk mengkoordinasi penglibatan dan memberi kuasa kepada pihak berkepentingan dan komuniti bukan kerajaan. 

•SDG 7: Terdapat undang-undang, peraturan, dasar dan rancangan yang sedia ada untuk melindungi dan memastikan penggunaan aset semula jadi secara lestari. 

•SDG 8: Sejak tahun 1992, pelbagai undang-undang telah dipinda untuk memperbaiki keadaan kerja, anti diskriminasi dan berbagai aspek hubungan industri seperti sistem pekerjaan penuh di tempat kerja.

2. Self-Esteem: Sense of worth and self-respect and feeling of not being marginalized are extremely important for individual’s well being. All peoples and societies seek some form of self-esteem (identity, dignity, respect, honor etc.). The nature and form of selfesteem may vary from on culture to another and from time to time. Self-esteem may be based on material values: higher income or wealth may be equated with higher worthiness. One may consider individuals worthy based on their intellect or public service. 

3. Freedom from Servitude: Human freedom, the ability to choose, is essential for the well being of individuals. Freedom involves an expanded range of choices for societies: economic and political. It involves freedom from bondage, serfdom, and other exploitative economic, social, and political relationships.

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 Development Traditional

- An approach to economics that emphasizes utility, profit maximization, market efficiency, and determination of equilibrium.

– To achieve and sustain development.

- A development country is measured by Income Per Capita.

- It is measured by few important terms which is Gross National Income (GNI), Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Income Per Capita.  

- The New Economic View of Development erupted after first decades of post–World War II and postcolonial development in the 1950s, 1960s, and early 1970s,. 

-  Most of the countries reach thier economy target but their people still unchanged in term of proverty.

-  The question is, what happen to the poverty in a country? 

- New economic view of development Development must involving major changes in social structures, popular attitudes, and national institutions.

- In other words, new view was present deep observation in order to reduce inequality and eradication of poverty as well.

*** “Capability” Approach

•      Amartya Sen argues that the “capability to function” is what really matters for status as a poor or nonpoor person. 

•      To make any sense of the concept of human well-being in general, and poverty in particular to address what Sen calls functionings

•      Functionings:  What people do or can do with the commodities of given characteristics that they come to possess or control

•      Sen identifies five sources of disparity between (measured) real incomes and actual advantages:

Ø first, personal heterogeneities

Ø second, environmental diversities, 

Ø third, variations in social climate, 

Ø fourth, distribution within the family 

Ø fifth, differences in relational perspectives, meaning that some goods are essential because of local customs and conventions

Ø Sen suggests that subjective well-being is a kind of psychological state of being—a functioning— that could be pursued alongside other functionings such as health and dignity. 

Ø Sen defines capabilities

Ø The freedoms that people have, given their personal features and their command over commodities

Ø For Sen, human “well-being” means being well, in the basic sense of being healthy, well nourished, well clothed, literate, and long-lived, and more broadly, being able to take part in the life of the community, being mobile, and having freedom of choice in what one can become and can do.

 

Political economics:

-   In traditional view, development means achieve sustained rates of growth of income per capita to enable a nation to expand its output at a rate faster than the growth rate of its population. 

-   Gross national income (GNI) is used to measure the overall economic well-being of a population regarding how much of real goods and services is available to the average citizen for consumption and investment.

-   Economic development in the past has also been typically seen in terms of the planned alteration of the structure of production and employment so that agriculture’s share of both declines and that of the manufacturing and service industries increases. Development strategies have therefore usually focused on rapid industrialization, often at the expense of agriculture and rural development.

-   The New Economy referred to the on-going development evolved from the notions of the classical economy as a result not only from the transition from a manufacturing-based economy to a service-based economy, but also meant the new horizons resulted from the constant emerging of new parameters of new technology and innovations. 

-   This popular use of the term started from the dot-com bubble of the late 1990s, where high growth, low inflation and high employment of this period led to overly optimistic predictions and many flawed business plans.

- Developed the “capability approach,” which defined development as a tool enabling people to reach the highest level of their ability, through granting freedom of action, freedom of economic, social and family actions. 

-  From this point of view, development means an increase in the size or pace of the economy such that more products and services are produced. Conventionally, a common assumption has been that, if an economy generates more products and services, then humans will enjoy a higher standard of living. 

- The aim of many conventional approaches to development has been to increase the size of the economy (economic growth) in order to increase the output of products and services. Of course, without any change in the fundamental economic processes involved, the production of more products and services will inevitably require more raw materials and energy, and will generate more waste.

-  The major economic contributions of Amartya Sen. Sen's contributions fall into three main areas: a philosophical critique of traditional economic assumptions, an attempt to build a more realistic economic science based on the notion of entitlements and human capabilities, and a long series of practical contributions to welfare economics that follow from the capabilities approach - how to measure poverty and inequality better, how to understand famine and hunger, the importance of gender in economic development, and the differences between economic development and economic growth.