male homosexual who practiced anal intercourse

• the mucous lining of the rectum is not as thick as vagina

• It is less natural lubrication

• The rectal lining will easily damaged during the sexual intercourse

• The virus can pass from the semen into the blood

  
  

  they having multiple of sex partner

• This will allow the virus to spread more widely

the infected blood or blood product

• Using the contaminated hypodermic syringes

• Ex. sharing of needles by the intravenous drug users

From mother to child

• Mother to fetus across placenta

• Mother to baby by breast-feeding ( breast milk)

Structure of HIV virus

• HIV is a retrovirus

• the genetic material that its contain is RNA

• It contain 2 enzyme

  Protease

  Cleave new viral protein

  
  

  Reverse Transcriptase

  the enzyme uses RNA as template to produce viral DNA in human host cells

• It have protein coat that made by capsomere

• It has outer viral envelope that made of a lipid bilayer and protein

• It have viral glycoprotein on the outer envelope

  
  

The Incubation Period

• The HIV is a slow infection

• It takes up to 10 years or more before symptoms develops

• Flu- Like symptoms and then symptomless

• The virus can stay dormant for year

• They change the surface protein to hide from immune system

The HIV infection decreases the number of immune cells

• infects cells of the immune system called as Helper T cell

• The body is unable to defend against infections

• This result in the attack of other pathogen leads to opportunity infections

  
  

  The AIDS is not a disease

• It is a collection of opportunistic disease

• The immunodeficiency caused by the HIV infection

  
  

What is The opportunistic infection ?

• The infection caused by pathogens that take advantage of a host with weakened system

• This associated with immunodeficiency caused by HIV and develop to AIDS

Symptoms and Effect

• Oral Thrush

• Pneumonia

• Cancer like Kaposi's Sarcoma

• Neurogenerative diseases like dementia

• Tuberculosis ( TB )

• Malaria

• Malnutrition

• Weight Loss

• Diarrhea

• Fever

• Sweating

''No cure of AIDS !!! ''

Drug therapy

• It can only slow down the onset of AIDS

  
  

  Zidovudine

• It similar to the nucleotide base that contain thymine

• It bind to the viral enzyme reverse transcription and inhibit it

• It target the rural protease and inhibit it as well

  
  

• The drug are EXPENSIVE and have a variety of side effects

The Combination Therapy

• Must follow the strict pattern and timing of medication

• If it not followed properly,...........

• then the patient may develop strains of HIV resistant to drug

Education

• educate the public about the spread of the infections

• and also how to minimize them

Encourage the usage of condoms / femidoms / dental dams

• This can reducing the risk of infection during the sexual intercourse

• This also can forming physical barriers between the body fluids

Needle exchange

• exchange used needles for sterile ones for drug abusers

• The injecting frug user are advised to stop sharing needles

  
  

HIV + women in high income of countries .......

• They should avoid breastfeeding to reduce transmission

• The viral particle and infected lymphocytes are founded in breast milk

BUT !!

HIV + women of low or middle income countries .........

• They are advised to breast feed

• Because milk can provide the protection against other diseases

• and also lack of clean water outweigh the risk of transmitting HIV

What is the contact tracking

• the person with HIV traces people he/she has put a risk of infection

• and provide he/she a HIV test

The HIV Test

• The HIV test promoted in high-risk group

• EX. the male homosexuals, prostitues, injecting drug users, sex partners