Kongo/Portugal Buckets by Vasiliki Mihailidis

236566_2 — 2025-04-09 14:18:09 UTC

“In 1491, King Nzinga converted to Christianity and urged the Kongo nobility and peasant classes to follow suit.” (African Christianity in Kongo, Emma George Ross)

Christian Conversion

2025-04-09 14:18:13 UTC

“King Nzinga converted to Christianity and urged the Kongo nobility and peasant classes to follow suit.” (African Christianity in Kongo)

236566_2 — 2025-04-09 14:18:21 UTC

“During the 200 years the kingdom created religious objects used to showcase and validate the conversion to Christianity.” (African Christianity in Kongo, Emma George Ross)

“From the time of Nzinga’s conversion until the seventeenth century, the Kongo leadership engaged in extensive communications with religious and political leaders from Europe” (African Christianity in Kongo, Emma George Ross)

236566_2 — 2025-04-09 14:18:33 UTC

Christian Conversion

2025-04-09 14:18:37 UTC

“the Kongo leadership engaged in extensive communications with religious and political leaders from Europe” (African Christianity in Kongo)

Christianity

261847_1 — 2025-04-09 14:18:45 UTC

“To varying degrees, the Kongo kingdom remained Christian for the next 200 years.”

(African Christianity in Kongo by Emma Ross)

236566_2 — 2025-04-09 14:18:45 UTC

““The Kongo kings whose names had long before been changed to reflect the Christian beliefs and structures found that their local religious beliefs had similarities with Christianity and so they were easily able to combine the two.” (Crucifix from the Kingdom of Kongo)

Christianity

2025-04-09 14:18:55 UTC

“Kongo is the place where in 1624 the first catechism was written in the Kikongo language to be used to spread Christianity across the Kingdom” (Mbanza Kongo, Vestiges of the Capital of the former Kingdom of Kongo)

Christianity

261847_1 — 2025-04-09 14:19:01 UTC

“To varying degrees, the Kongo kingdom remained Christian for the next 200 years.”

(African Christianity in Kongo by Emma Ross)

“During the 200 years the kingdom created religious objects used to showcase and validate the conversion to Christianity.”

(African Christianity in Kongo by Emma Ross)

236566_2 — 2025-04-09 14:19:04 UTC

“Mbanza Kongo [is] an outstanding example of a group of architectural structures that illustrate the changes that came from the introduction of Christianity and the arrival of the Portuguese into Central Africa in the 15th century.” (Mbanza Kongo, Vestiges of the Capital of the former Kingdom of Kongo)

Trade

2025-04-09 14:19:09 UTC

“Initially, the Kongo were glad to trade with the Portuguese” (Colonialism in the Congo: Conquest, Conflict, and Commerce)

Christianity

261847_1 — 2025-04-09 14:19:17 UTC

“the Kongo leadership engaged in extensive communications with religious and political leaders from Europe”

(African Christianity in Kongo by Emma Ross)

236566_2 — 2025-04-09 14:19:21 UTC

“Kongo is the place where in 1624 the first catechism was written in the Kikongo language to be used to spread Christianity across the Kingdom. Later buildings reflect not only the continuation of Christianity” (Mbanza Kongo, Vestiges of the Capital of the former Kingdom of Kongo)

236566_2 — 2025-04-09 14:19:31 UTC

“Kongo developed and continued their material, cultural and diplomatic ties with the European powers.” (South African History Online)

Architecture

261847_1 — 2025-04-09 14:19:34 UTC

“The historical area grew around where the king of Kongo lived”

(The United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization)

236566_2 — 2025-04-09 14:19:42 UTC

“A major barrier for the Kingdom of Kongo was that slaves were the only commodity which foreign powers were willing to trade for” (South African History Online)

Architecture

2025-04-09 14:19:45 UTC

“Later buildings reflect not only the continuation of Christianity but also the influence of Portugal in the 19th century. “ (Mbanza Kongo, Vestiges of the Capital of the former Kingdom of Kongo)

“The adoption of Christianity allowed the kings of Kongo to talk to and negotiate with an international community of leaders beyond Portugal“ (Crucifix from the Kingdom of Kongo)

2025-04-09 14:19:49 UTC

Architecture

261847_1 — 2025-04-09 14:19:49 UTC

“When the Portuguese arrived in the 15th century they added stone buildings constructed using European methods to the existing buildings that were built using the local materials of Kongo”

(The United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization)

Slave Trade

261847_1 — 2025-04-09 14:20:15 UTC

“the Kongolese authorities paid the Catholic church in slaves for bishops to perform various religious duties in the Kingdom.”

(South African History Online)

Architecture

239647_1 — 2025-04-09 14:20:20 UTC

“Later buildings reflect not only the continuation of Christianity but also the influence of Portugal in the 19th century.” (Mbanza Kongo, Vestiges of the Capital of the former Kingdom of Kongo, Source 3 - Medicine and Architecture)

Slavery

2025-04-09 14:20:20 UTC

“The slave trade caused direct loss of life through warfare,” (Colonialism in the Congo: Conquest, Conflict, and Commerce)

Slave Trade

261847_1 — 2025-04-09 14:20:35 UTC

“Slaves became the tool through which Kongo developed and continued their material, cultural and diplomatic ties with the European powers.”

(South African History Online)

236566_2 — 2025-04-09 14:20:48 UTC

“the mentioned merchants are taking every day our natives, sons of the land and the sons of our noblemen and vassals and our relatives, because the thieves and men of bad conscience grab them wishing to have the things and wares of this Kingdom” (Letters to the King of Portugal)

Architecture

261847_1 — 2025-04-09 14:20:53 UTC

“Mbanza Kongo illustrates, more than anywhere in sub-Saharan Africa, the profound changes caused by the introduction of Christianity and the arrival of the Portuguese into Central Africa.”

(The United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization)

Slave Trade

261847_1 — 2025-04-09 14:21:07 UTC

“However, after 1590 several civil wars and rebellions weakened the King’s authority”

(South African History Online)

Slavery

2025-04-09 14:21:09 UTC

“slavery was an integral part of Kongo society” (Colonialism in the Congo: Conquest, Conflict, and Commerce)

236566_2 — 2025-04-09 14:21:12 UTC

“So great, Sir, is the corruption…that our country is being completely depopulated, and Your Highness should not agree with this nor accept it.” (Letters to the King of Portugal)

Slave Trade

261847_1 — 2025-04-09 14:21:24 UTC

“During the 200 years the kingdom created religious objects used to showcase and validate the conversion to Christianity.”

(African Christianity in Kongo by Emma Ross)

“A major barrier for the Kingdom of Kongo was that slaves were the only commodity which foreign powers were willing to trade for”

(South African History Online)

236566_2 — 2025-04-09 14:21:29 UTC

“The slave trade caused direct loss of life through warfare.” (Colonialism in the Congo: Conquest, Conflict, and Commerce)

Architecture + Christianity

239647_1 — 2025-04-09 14:21:30 UTC

“Mbanza Kongo is an outstanding example of a group of architectural structures that illustrate the changes that came from the introduction of Christianity and the arrival of the Portuguese into Central Africa in the 15th century.” (Mbanza Kongo, Vestiges of the Capital of the former Kingdom of Kongo, Source 3 - Medicine and Architecture)

Slave Trade

261847_1 — 2025-04-09 14:23:41 UTC

“So great, Sir, is the corruption…that our country is being completely depopulated, and Your Highness should not agree with this nor accept it.”

(Letters to the King of Portugal)

Christianity

2025-04-09 14:24:48 UTC

“In 1491, King Nzinga converted to Christianity and urged the Kongo nobility and peasant classes to follow suit.” (African Christianity in Kongo, Emma George Ross)

Christianity

2025-04-09 14:25:12 UTC

“the Kongo kingdom remained Christian for the next 200 years.” (African Christianity in Kongo, Emma George Ross)

Slavery

2390921 — 2025-04-09 14:25:21 UTC

“King Afonso fought to stop the trade by making it a requirement to have approval from him and his nobles for the people and amount of people taken into slavery.”(A History of Sub-Saharan Africa, 2007 by Dr. Robert Collins and James Burn)

Slave Trade

2025-04-09 14:25:52 UTC

"Slaves became the tool through which Kongo developed and continued their material, cultural and diplomatic ties with the European powers." (South African History Online)

Christianity

2025-04-09 14:25:55 UTC

“King Nzinga would ask, for unknown reasons, to be baptized, and in the process would change his name to João I.” (South African History Online)

Slave Trade

2390921 — 2025-04-09 14:26:05 UTC

“The slave trade caused direct loss of life through warfare, both with Europeans and among African ethnic groups. Fighting caused indirect loss of life through destruction of crops and food storage areas, and through the spread of diseases”(Colonialism in the Congo: Conquest, Conflict, and Commerce by the Choices Program, 2005)

Slave Trade

2025-04-09 14:26:23 UTC

“In response King Afonso fought to stop the trade by making it a requirement to have approval from him and his nobles for the people and amount of people taken into slavery.” (A History of Sub-Saharan Africa, 2007, Dr. Robert Collins and James Burns. Dr. Collins)

Slave Trade

2025-04-09 14:26:41 UTC

“In frustration he abolished slavery and the slave trade in the Kingdom of Kongo by law in 1526.” (A History of Sub-Saharan Africa, 2007, Dr. Robert Collins and James Burns. Dr. Collins)

Christianity

2025-04-09 14:26:44 UTC

“The kingdom created religious objects used to showcase and validate the conversion to Christianity” (African Christianity in Kongo by Emma George Ross)

Architecture“They added stone buildings constructed using European methods”(The United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 2018,”

2390921 — 2025-04-09 14:26:57 UTC

Architecture

2025-04-09 14:27:00 UTC

“When the Portuguese arrived in the 15th century, they added stone buildings constructed using European methods to the existing buildings that were built using the local materials of Kongo” (European Architecture by UNESCO)

Christianity

2025-04-09 14:27:13 UTC

“Christianization of Kongo would cause many nobles to change their names to Portuguese variations” (Kingdom of Kongo 1390-1914 by SAHO)

Christianity

2025-04-09 14:27:31 UTC

“Kongo is the place where, in 1624, the first catechism was written in the Kikongo language to be used to spread Christianity across the Kingdom.” (Mbanza Kongo, Vestiges of the Capital of the former Kingdom of Kongo by UNESCO.)

Christianity

2390921 — 2025-04-09 14:27:37 UTC

“During the 200 years, the kingdom created religious objects to showcase and validate the conversion to Christianity.”(African Christianity in Kongo by Emma George Ross)

Slave Trade

2025-04-09 14:27:45 UTC

“That Kongolese kings had no international currency other than people” (Slave Trade by SAHO)

Architecture

2025-04-09 14:28:01 UTC

“Mbanza Kongo as an outstanding example of a group of architectural structures that illustrate the changes that came from the introduction of Christianity and the arrival of the Portuguese into Central Africa in the 15th century.”

(Mbanza Kongo, Vestiges of the Capital of the former Kingdom of Kongo, UNESCO)

Architecture

2025-04-09 14:28:03 UTC

“Mbanza Kongo illustrates, more than anywhere in sub-Saharan Africa, the profound changes caused by the introduction of Christianity and the arrival of the Portuguese into Central Africa” (UNESCO)

Christianity

2025-04-09 14:28:04 UTC

“There was no full-scale conversion to Catholicism.” (Kingdom of Kongo 1390-1914 by SAHO)

[shows hesitancy]

Slave Trade

2025-04-09 14:28:21 UTC

“By 1514 the Portuguese demand for slaves turned a domestic practice into an international trade market. “

(A History of Sub-Saharan Africa)

Christianity

2025-04-09 14:28:25 UTC

“In the years to follow, there would be continued conflict over religion in Kongo.” (Kingdom of Kongo 1390-1914 by SAHO)

Christianity

239647_1 — 2025-04-09 14:28:54 UTC

“The Christianization of Kongo would cause many nobles to change their names to Portuguese variations, and it would also include the adoption of European titles.” (South African History Online, Source 2 - Christianity)

Slave Trade

2025-04-09 14:29:04 UTC

“So great, Sir, is the corruption…that our country is being completely depopulated”

(Letters to the King of Portugal)

Christianity

2025-04-09 14:29:19 UTC

“the Kongo leadership engaged in extensive communications with religious and political leaders from Europe”

(African Christianity in Kongo, Emma George Ross)

Slave Trade

2025-04-09 14:29:35 UTC

“After the Portuguese established sugar-cane plantations on nearby islands off the coast of central Africa, they found African labor to be a much more valuable commodity. ” (Colonialism in the Congo: Conquest, Conflict, and Commerce)

Slave trade

2025-04-09 14:29:38 UTC

“Slaves became the tool through which Kongo developed and continued their material, cultural and diplomatic ties with the European powers”( South African History Online (SAHO)

Architecture

2025-04-09 14:30:05 UTC

“When the Portuguese arrived in the 15th century they added stone buildings constructed using European methods to the existing buildings that were built using the local materials of Kongo.”(The United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization)

Architecture

2025-04-09 14:30:08 UTC

“When the Portuguese arrived in the 15th century they added stone buildings constructed using European methods” (UNESCO)

Slave Trade

2025-04-09 14:30:13 UTC

“ …the thieves and men of bad conscience grab them wishing to have the things and wares of this Kingdom…” (Letters to the King of Portugal, 1526 by King Nzinga Mbemba)

Slave trade

2025-04-09 14:30:24 UTC

“A major barrier for the Kingdom of Kongo was that slaves were the only commodity which foreign powers were willing to trade for”( South African History Online (SAHO))

Slave Trade

239647_1 — 2025-04-09 14:30:29 UTC

“So great, Sir, is the corruption…that our country is being completely depopulated, and Your Highness should not agree with this nor accept it.” (Letters to the King of Portugal, Source 3 - Slave Trade)

Accepting Chrisitanity

2025-04-09 14:30:36 UTC

“In 1491, King Nzinga converted to Christianity and urged the Kongo nobility and peasant classes to follow suit.” African Christianity in Kongo

Slave Trade

2025-04-09 14:30:36 UTC

“After 1590 several civil wars and rebellions weakened the King’s authority and caused an increasing amount of Kongolese subjects to be enslaved.” (South African History Online (SAHO))

Slave Trade

2025-04-09 14:30:39 UTC

“Your Highness should not agree with this nor accept it.” (Letters to the King of Portugal)

Slave trade

2025-04-09 14:30:51 UTC

“In frustration he abolished slavery and the slave trade in the Kingdom of Kongo by law in 1526.”(A History of Sub-Saharan Africa)

Cristianity

2025-04-09 14:30:57 UTC

(Crucifix of the kingdom of kongo.)

“The adoption of Christianity allowed the kings of Kongo to talk to and negotiate with an international community of leaders beyond Portugal that included the Vatican.”

Resistanace of Slave Trades

2025-04-09 14:31:06 UTC

“Although slavery was an integral part of Kongo society, the slave trade was not. By 1514 the Portuguese demand for slaves turned a domestic practice into an international trade market.” A History of Sub-Saharan Africa,

Christianity

2025-04-09 14:31:06 UTC

"The Kongo kings whose names had long before been changed to reflect the Christian beliefs and structures found that their local religious beliefs had similarities with Christianity and so they were easily able to combine the two. They did not feel that they had abandoned one for the other." (Crucifix from the Kingdom of Kongo, 16th-17th century)

Slave Trade

239647_1 — 2025-04-09 14:31:30 UTC

“Our Kingdom is being lost in so many ways.... We cannot reckon how great the damage is, since the mentioned merchants are taking every day our natives, sons of the land and the sons of our noblemen and vassals…” (Letters to the King of Portugal, Source 3 - Slave Trade)

Architecture

2025-04-09 14:31:45 UTC

“The historical area grew around where the king of Kongo lived, the holy tree, as well as the royal funeral places.”

(Mbanza Kongo, Vestiges of the Capital of the former Kingdom of Kongo)

Christianity

2025-04-09 14:32:31 UTC

"The kingdom created religious objects used to showcase and validate the conversion to Christianity" (African Christianity in Kongo)

Slave Trade

2025-04-09 14:32:36 UTC

“Slaves became the tool through which Kongo developed and continued their material, cultural and diplomatic ties with the European powers.”(SAHO)

Christianity

2025-04-09 14:32:45 UTC

“King Nzinga converted to Christianity and urged the Kongo nobility and peasant classes to follow suit” (African Christianity in Kongo by Emma George Ross in 2002)

Christianity

2025-04-09 14:32:53 UTC

“The Kongo kingdom remained Christian for the next 200 years. During the 200 years the kingdom created religious objects used to showcase and validate the conversion to Christianity”(African Christianity by Kongo).

Christianity

2025-04-09 14:33:02 UTC

“‘Most high and most powerful prince and king my brother,” he was writing in 1517, “it is due to the need I have of several things for the church that I am importuning you.”’

(The African Slave Trade)

Slave Trade

239647_1 — 2025-04-09 14:33:14 UTC

“Although slavery was an integral part of Kongo society, the slave trade was not.” (A History of Sub-Saharan Africa, Source 1 - Slave Trade)

Architecture

2025-04-09 14:33:18 UTC

“Mbanza Kongo illustrates, more than anywhere in sub-Saharan Africa, the profound changes caused by the introduction of Christianity and the arrival of the Portuguese into Central Africa”(UNESCO)

Slave

2025-04-09 14:33:23 UTC

Christianity

2025-04-09 14:33:24 UTC

“the kingdom created religious objects used to showcase and validate the conversion to Christianity” (African Christianity in Kongo)

Slave

2025-04-09 14:33:36 UTC

“ King Afonso fought to stop the trade by making it a requirement to have approval from him and his nobles for the people and amount of people taken into slavery.” A History of Sub-Saharan Africa,

Slave Trade

2025-04-09 14:33:43 UTC

“The Kongo were glad to trade with the Portuguese, because the relationship provided a new market for their goods and they received goods from the Portuguese.”(Catholicism of Kongo)

Architecture

2025-04-09 14:33:44 UTC

“...the political and religious center of Mbanza Kongo as an outstanding example of a group of architectural structures that illustrate the changes that came from the introduction of Christianity and the arrival of the Portuguese into Central Africa in the 15th century.”(Mbanza Kongo, Vestiges of the Capital of the former Kingdom of Kongo by UNESCO.)

Slave

2025-04-09 14:34:03 UTC

“In frustration he abolished slavery and the slave trade in the Kingdom of Kongo by law in 1526.” A History of Sub-Saharan Africa,

This piece of evidence supports my other responses

Christianity

2025-04-09 14:34:13 UTC

“The adoption of Christianity allowed the kings of Kongo to talk to and negotiate with an international community of leaders beyond Portugal that included the Vatican”(Crucifix from the Kingdom of Kongo)

Fighting AGAINST the slave trade

2025-04-09 14:34:18 UTC

“Fighting caused indirect loss of life through destruction of crops and food storage areas, and through the spread of diseases”

-Letters to the King of Portugal, 1526 by King Nzinga Mbemba

slave

2025-04-09 14:34:21 UTC

“Initially, the Kongo were glad to trade with the Portuguese, because the relationship provided a new market for their goods and they received goods from the Portuguese.” Colonialism in the Congo: Conquest, Conflict, and Commerce by the Choices Program,

“The slave trade caused direct loss of life through warfare, both with Europeans and among African ethnic groups. Fighting caused indirect loss of life through destruction of crops and food storage areas, and through the spread of diseases. Historians estimate that one and a half million Africans were taken out of the Congo region and enslaved. ” Colonialism in the Congo: Conquest, Conflict, and Commerce by the Choices Program,

Christianity

2025-04-09 14:34:39 UTC

“The Kingdom of Kongo was religiously strong, and the missionaries were allowed to stay only through the allowance of the King”(South African Online)

Christianity

2025-04-09 14:34:47 UTC

Slave trade

2025-04-09 14:34:59 UTC

“because the thieves and men of bad conscience grab them wishing to have the things and wares of this Kingdom…. So great, Sir, is the corruption…that our country is being completely depopulated, and Your Highness should not agree with this nor accept it.”(Letters to the King of Portugal)

how the people reacted...

2025-04-09 14:35:12 UTC

"In response King Afonso fought to stop the trade by making it a requirement to have approval from him and his nobles for the people and amount of people taken into slavery"

-A History of Sub-Saharan Africa, 2007 by Dr. Robert Collins and James Burns

Slave trade

2025-04-09 14:35:25 UTC

“ King Afonso fought to stop the trade by making it a requirement to have approval from him and his nobles for the people and amount of people taken into slavery. In frustration he abolished slavery and the slave trade in the Kingdom of Kongo by law in 1526. Both policies failed and were ignored by the Portuguese.”(History of Sub Saharan Africa)

Architecture

2025-04-09 20:13:12 UTC

“Later buildings reflect not only the continuation of Christianity but also the influence of Portugal in the 19th century. “ This was in Mbanza Kongo, Vestiges of the Capital of the former Kingdom of Kongo by UNESCO

Christianity

2025-04-09 20:13:54 UTC

‘“The things needed for the church are the following...a silver cross, a monstrance for the Corpus Christi, curtains for the alter, half a dozen surplices.”’ This is in The African Slave Trade, 1980 by Basil Davidson

Christianity

2025-04-09 20:14:29 UTC

“Eight years later King Nzinga would ask, for unknown reasons, to be baptised, and in the process would change his name to João I.” This is in a text by South African History Online (SAHO)

Titles

2025-04-09 20:14:59 UTC

“adoption of European titles such as ‘duke,’ ‘count’ and ‘king.’” This is in a text by South African History Online (SAHO)

Slave Trade

2025-04-09 20:16:51 UTC

“King Afonso fought to stop the trade by making it a requirement to have approval from him and his nobles for the people and amount of people taken into slavery.” This was in A History of Sub-Saharan Africa, 2007 by Dr. Robert Collins and James Burns

Slave Trade

2025-04-09 20:17:11 UTC

“In frustration he abolished slavery and the slave trade in the Kingdom of Kongo by law in 1526.” This was in A History of Sub-Saharan Africa, 2007 by Dr. Robert Collins and James Burns

Slave Trade

2025-04-09 20:17:31 UTC

“The slave trade caused direct loss of life through warfare, both with Europeans and among African ethnic groups.” This was in Colonialism in the Congo: Conquest, Conflict, and Commerce by the Choices Program, 2005

Religion

2025-04-09 20:17:42 UTC

“In the years to follow there would be continued conflict over religion in Kongo.” This is in a text by South African History Online (SAHO)

Christianity

2025-04-09 22:56:04 UTC

“Many nobles changed their names to Portuguese variations, and it would also include the adoption of European titles such as ‘duke,’ ‘count,’ and ‘king' " (South African History Online).

Christianity

2025-04-09 22:57:01 UTC

“The Kongo kings, whose names had long before been changed to reflect the Christian beliefs and structures, found that their local religious beliefs had similarities with Christianity and so they were easily able to combine the two.” (Metropolitan Museum of Art).

Slave Trade

2025-04-09 22:57:59 UTC

“Slaves became the tool through which Kongo developed and continued their material, cultural, and diplomatic ties with the European powers.” (South African History Online).

Architecture

2025-04-09 22:59:13 UTC

“When the Portuguese arrived in the 15th century, they added stone buildings constructed using European methods.” (UNESCO).

Slave Trade

2025-04-09 23:00:04 UTC

“he abolished slavery and the slave trade in the Kingdom of Kongo by law in 1526.”(A History of Sub-Saharan Africa).

Slave Trade

2025-04-09 23:00:51 UTC

“In response, King Alfonso fought to stop the trade by making it a requirement to have approval from him and his nobles for the number of people taken into slavery.” (A History of Sub-Saharan Africa).

Slave Trade

2025-04-09 23:03:32 UTC

“The slave trade caused direct loss of life through warfare, both with Europeans and among African ethnic groups.” (The Choices Program).

Slave Trade

2025-04-09 23:04:39 UTC

"because the thieves and men of bad conscience grab them wishing to have the things and wares of this Kingdom…. So great, Sir, is the corruption…that our country is being completely depopulated, and Your Highness should not agree with this nor accept it.” (Letters to the King of Portugal).

Christianity

2025-04-10 13:55:59 UTC

“King Nzinga converted to Christianity and urged the Kongo nobility and peasant classes to follow suit. To varying degrees, the Kongo Kingdom stayed Christian for the next 200 years.” (African Christianity in Kongo , by Emma George Ross)