Fiji National Action Plan to Prevent Violence Against All Women and Girls (2023-2028). Essential Action 2 – Social Services 

Tonga National Cybersecurity Framework: outlines prioritized actions that government, departments, ministries, agencies, private sector companies, and citizens must apply to reduce vulnerability to cyber threats.

Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act. Port of Spain: Government Printer; 2000.

Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. Domestic Violence Act. Port of Spain: Ministry of the Attorney General and Legal Affairs; 2006. http://rgd.legalaffairs. gov.tt/laws2/alphabetical_list/lawspdfs/45.56.pdf.

Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. Domestic Violence Act (Amendment) Act. Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago: Parliament of Trinidad and Tobago; 2020. https://www.ttparliament.org/publication/the-domestic-violenceamendment-act-2020/

Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. Offences Against the Person Act. Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago: Ministry of the Attorney General and Legal Affairs; 2005. https://rgd.legalaffairs.gov.tt/laws2/Alphabetical_List/lawspdfs/11.08. pdf.

Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. Equal Opportunity Act. Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago: Ministry of the Attorney General and Legal Affairs; 2001. https://rgd.legalaffairs.gov.tt/laws2/alphabetical_list/lawspdfs/22.03.pdf

Organization of American States. Inter-American Convention on the Prevention, Punishment and Eradication of Violence Against Women: "Convention of Belem Do Para". Washington DC: Organization of American States; 1994. https://www.oas.org/ juridico/english/treaties/a-61.html.

Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women. New York: United Nations; 1979. https:// www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/cedaw.aspx.

Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Geneva: Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, ; 1966.

Office of the Prime Minister. National Policy on Gender and Development: a Green Paper. Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago: Office of the Prime Minister; 2018.

Office of the Prime Minister. Green Paper: National HIV and AIDS Policy 2020-2030. Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago: Office of the Prime Minister; 2020. National HIV and AIDS Policy, 2020-2030 (

The National Sexual and Reproductive Health Policy (2020)

Sections 67 and 68 of the Cyber Security Acts, 2020 (Act 1038) explicitly prohibit the sharing and threat of disclosing private, sexual pictures and videos of another person without consent

The Domestic Violence and Victims Support Unit (DOVVSU) and other organizations have been tasked to investigate such cyber sexual violence.

• Include cyber-stalking, online harassment, online distribution of offensive material, malicious distribution, and soliciting

• Provide mechanisms for protection e.g. restraining orders

• Create a provision with a rider for an aggravated level where ICTs are used to commit sexual offences (including sexual assault, rape, defilement, indecent act with child or adult; child sex tourism; child prostitution; and child pornography

Article 27 provides for equal protection of women and men before the law and in all spheres of life. It prohibits any discrimination and obligates the State to take measures to address any disadvantage suffered by any individual or group because of past discrimination.

Article 28 provides for every person having inherent dignity and the right to have that dignity respected and protected. Article 30 (1) states that a person shall not be held in slavery or servitude. Article 30 (2) provides that a person shall not be required to perform forced labour.

Penal Code: The Penal Code prohibits all acts of violence in its provisions. It however does not sufficiently address SGBV which is prevalent within Kenyan society. SGBV, for instance, is only inferred by virtue of interpreting the vice as an assault as provided for under section 250 and 251. There is no specific offence such as wife battery/ husband battery. The inadequacies for addressing SGBV present challenges to the fight against the vices.

Children’s Act: The Children’s Act makes provisions that safeguard the rights and welfare of children. The Act stipulates that all activities done on behalf of children should be in the best interest of the child. Violence meted against children therefore does not constitute best interest of the child. Section 13 guarantees children (both girls and boys) the right to protection from physical and psychological abuse, neglect and any other form of exploitation including sale, trafficking or abduction. Under section 14 children are protected from female circumcision, early marriage or other cultural rites, customs, or traditional practices which are harmful to the child’s development. The Act also explicitly prohibits sexual exploitation of children as well as actions that expose children to torture or cruel or inhuman treatment such as circumcision or child marriages.

Sexual Offences Act 2006: The Act was enacted to curb the escalating cases of sexual violence cases experienced in the country on or about 2006. Its primary purpose is to provide for the protection of persons from harm from unlawful sexual acts and act as a deterrent by providing for minimum sentences for sexual offences. The Act criminalizes a wide range of behaviours including rape, sexual assault, defilement, compelled or induced indecent acts with children, imbeciles or adults, gang rape, child pornography, child trafficking, child sex tourism, child prostitution, exploitation of prostitution, incest by male and female persons, sexual harassment, deliberate transmission of HIV or other life threatening sexually transmitted disease, stupefying with sexual intent, forced sexual acts for cultural or religious reasons among others. It is the first law in Kenya to recognize sexual harassment as a crime.

Section 43 (5) of the Act exempts lawfully married persons in the commission of intentional and unlawful acts under the act.

The Sexual Offences Provision Act 1998 (SOSPA) was passed to safeguard the dignity of women and discourages GBV by providing extreme punishment for offences.