• Activating students' vocabulary and background information

• Improve confidence & comprehension & motivation

! Reason for listening

! Knowledge of topic

• provide topic / title / questions to predict content

• brainstorming key words / creating mind maps

• previewing vocabulary

• reading and discussing relevant text

• provide background info

• discuss images related to text/topic

Top-down listening strategies use contextual and background information to aid understanding

Activities:

Predicting content

Using background knowledge

Using contextual cues

Putting pictures or parts of texts into order

Inferring relationships

Reading about topic before listening

...

Bottom-up listening strategies use focuses on details and other small units of the language to create meaning

Activities:

Recognizing divisions between sentences and words (smaller units)

Writing down what they hear (transcribing)

Identifying sounds

...

Examples:

Dictogloss, Listening Bingo, Gap - fill,

Fluent listening is a combination of both processes working simultaneously!