-> they are the first nine afroamerikan students atending an only white school

To prevent bullying the National guard prevented the nine student from entering the school.

24 hours later they were also denied entry by the national guards and a angrymob

• MONTGOMERY BUS BOYCOTT

  -> refused to surrender her seat to a white passenger on a segregated bus in Montgomery

• -> sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott that eventually ended racial segregation on public transportation

Ernest green bekame the first afrikanamerikan to graduate from central high

1. Important Facts About His Life

• Born on January 15, 1929, in Atlanta, USA.

• Assassinated on April 4, 1968, in Memphis.

• Was a pastor and civil rights leader.

• Studied theology and fought for equality.

2. Important Events in His Activism

• Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956): Protested segregation on buses.

• March on Washington (1963): Gave the famous “I Have a Dream” speech.

• Selma Marches (1965): Fought for voting rights for Black Americans.

3. Why Was He Active?

• Wanted equal rights for all people.

• Fought against racism and discrimination.

• Believed in nonviolent protest, inspired by Mahatma Gandhi.

4. Goals and Protest Methods

• Fought peacefully for justice.

• Organized marches and protests.

• Helped push for new laws on equality.

• Born: May 19, 1925 in Nebraska, U.S.

• Died: February 21, 1965 (age: 39) in NYC, U.S.

• Arrested (age: 20) because of robbery

• Cause of death: Assassination by gunshots

• Organisations: - Nation of Islam (Muslim) • Organisation of Afro-American Unity

• Movement: Black nationalism • Pan-Africanism • Islamism

• Children: 6

• Parents: Earl Little (Father) • Louise Langdon (Mother)

• Wanted to fight against unfair treatment of black people

• inspired by other civil rights activists, wanted to make a change

• Also because of her own experiences with racism in her childhood

• Nonviolent Resistance

• Boycotts ( Montgomery Bus Boycott)

• Community Organizing ( worked with groups like NAACP to plan protests)

• Public speaking (shared her story)

• how to achieve freedom and equality in a nation

• argued for black power, (armed) black self-defense, black economic autonomy

  
  

Strategies

• •denounced white people

• Nov. 1 1930 she joins the Young Negros Cooperativ League

• 1938 she joins the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)

  -->works as a field secretary + later as Director of Branches

• Dec. 4 1955 Co-founded the organising in Friendship

  --> was created to raise money to fight against Jim Crow laws in the South

• 1957 helped to establish the Southern Christian Leadsrship Conference (SCLC)

• 1960 she organised a conference at Shaw University

  --> led to creation of SNCC (influential youth led civil rights group)

• to achieve freedom and equality in a nation

• argued for black power, (armed) black self-defense, black economic autonomy

Strategies

•denounced white people

• born on December 13th 1903 (Norfolk, Virginia)

• died on December 13th 1986 (New York City)

• American community organizer + political activist

• 1918: attended school, became involved in student government+ activism

• 1927: graduated, then moved to NY

• joined NAACP( National Association for the advancement of Colored People)

• part in the formation of SCLC(southern christian leadership conference, known for nonviolent protests)

Underlying reasons:

• Family: valued education+ activism

• Grandmother has been enslaved and told her stories

• Believed the civil rights movement shouldn't be driven by top-down leadership

• direct action

  --> supported sit-ins

  --> was involved in many large-scale programs

• Education and Leadership development

  --> focused on training young activists in organizing techniques, public speaking, ...

• Political empowerment

  --> saw voting as a tool for black empowerment

• Coalition building

  -->worked with multiple civil right organisations

Ernest Green made a career in business and government

He served as assistant of labor under president Jimmy Carter

Elizabeth Eckford had various careers inclyding working as a journalist

Jefferson Thomas became accounting specialist for the apartment of defense

• Joining the Nation of Islam (1948-1952)

• Break with the Nation of Islam (1964)

• Hajj to Mecca (1964)

• Speech at the Sorbonne, Paris (1964)

• Assassination (1965)

Why was he active?

• Racial Injustice

• Oppression of Black Americans

• Lack of Effective Change

His Goals and Protest Methods

• goals: Black self-determination and empowerment • Resistance against white supremacy • Internationalizing the struggle by connecting it to global anti-colonial movements

• Protest Methods: Charismatic public speeches advocating for Black pride and self-defense • Building Black-led organizations to promote economic and social independence

Calrlotta Walls LaNier: real estate business

Minnijean Brown Trickey: activist and social worker + department of interior

Gloria Ray Karlmark: IT and working for IBM

Thelma Mothershed Wair: teacher

Melba Pattillo Beals: journalist for NBC