Imperialism: when one country takes over a weaker country

Colonialism: the experience of the other groups who are being ruled

"New imperialism": A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries, politically, socially, and economically

• rationals (motives ) on why new imperialism happened now was because of technology, racism, nationalism, and industrialization

• Technology: medicines treat malaria, communication, guns, and other weapons

• Racism: very widespread and common during this era

• Nationalism: countries that were better than others

• Social Darwinism: furthered ideas that it was justified to colonize other areas

• White man's burden: the idea that white Europeans had a responsibility to civilize or improve the lives of uncivilized

• Ideas from the Enlightenment like:

• Natural Rights

• Popular Sovereignty

• Social Contract

• Freedom of speech and expression.

  Revolutions:

American Revolution: 1775-1783

A Political Revolution

• Causes:

• After mostly being left alone, Great Britain started
  interfering with the lives of Colonists.

• Colonists were being taxed by Great Britain without
  representation in the government

• Great Britain passes a series of acts (rules) that
  Colonists do not like

• Colonists protest, boycott, and eventually REVOLT.

• A POLITICAL Revolution

  GOAL :

• Independent country, separate from Great Britain.

• A representative government, a Democracy
  IMPACT:

• Colonists achieve independence

• Create United States of America

• The American Revolution is an inspiration for others
  who follow (the French)

  French Revolution: 1789-1799

  CAUSES

• French society was divided into 3 estates
  • First Estate: Clergy (church officials)
  • Second Estate: Nobility (rich folks, those who own land)
  • Third Estate: Everyone else
  • Even though 3rd Estate was the largest, they had the least
  amount of power
  • France was in debt and the king wanted to tax the 3rd
  estate. Because they had no power, they couldn’t stop him.
  • 3rd Estate REVOLTS, forms their own government.
  • A SOCIAL + POLITICAL Revolution
  GOAL:

  • Abolish Estate system
  • Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
  • Get rid of absolute monarchy
  IMPACT:

  • LOTS of Violence
  • Estate system abolished
  • Napoleon Bonaparte takes over as Emperor
  • Development of nationalism: being loyal to a state

  Haitan Revolution: 1791-1804
  CAUSES

  • Saint Domingue (soon to be Haiti) was a French
  Colony
  • The economy was based on plantation farming
  • The majority of the population are slaves, who work
  on the plantations and are treated very bad
  • Once they got word about the French Revolution,
  they seized their chance and REVOLTED!
  • A SOCIAL + POLITICAL Revolution
  GOAL

  • Abolish Slavery
  • Independence from France
  IMPACT

  • Abolition of slavery
  • Independence from France
  • First and ONLY successful slave revolt
  • 1st independent nation in Latin America

  Latin American Revolutions: Early 1800s

• CAUSES

  • The Latin American Revolutions are a series of
  revolutions in different parts of Latin America.
  • Each one was slightly different from the others, but they
  all have similar themes:
  • Most are caused by a desire for independence from
  Spain
  • The Creoles (those born in LA, but of Spanish
  descent) wanted more power and were tired of
  being looked down on
  • Creoles are the ones leading the revolutions
  • A POLITICAL Revolution
  GOAL

  • Independence from Spain
  IMPACT

  • Several new independent countries formed: Mexico,
  Brazil, Gran Columbia (this didn’t last)
  • USA starts to interfere in Latin America
  • Idea of Nationalism is strengthened

  Significance of Atlantic Revolutions:

• It was a HUGE HUGE HUGE change!

• Absolute Monarchy, a type of rule that had
  existed for centuries and was on its way out.

• Replaced by democracies or representative forms
  of government

• Birth of modern political systems and ideas about
  the relationship between a ruler and the people

  Nationalism:

• An intense feeling of loyalty to a NATION, instead of a tribe, culture, or language /ethnic group
  • Develops out of the French Revolution and spreads throughout Europe and then worldwide
  • The Atlantic Revolutions is also the
  birth of NATION-STATES instead of
  monarchies.
  • So...instead of being loyal to a king or
  a religion you are loyal to your
  country. This is a new idea!

• 
  

  
  
  
  

  
  

• The change from producing things by hand to machines.

• Changes the world.

• In addition to new ideas, new technologies were reshaping societies. These technologies led to a dramatic change in society and economics.

• The Industrial Revolution TOTALLY changes the world.
  A MAJOR MOMENT in world history!! It completely
  remakes societies.

• Agricultural improvements like crop rotation = more
  efficient farms = more food = increase in population =
  more workers for factories
  • New technology like the steam engine, and water
  frame totally transforms how things are made.
  • Water frames provide power first, but have to be
  housed in large buildings aka factories
  • Next steam power takes over as the main source
  of power

  2. Agricultural improvements like crop rotation led to industrialization:

• Crop rotation(rotating different crops in and out of a field each year). increased food production. As nations grew, their populations grew because more food was available to more people.

  3. British Society before the Industrial Revolution:

• British developed the cottage industry system, in which merchants provided raw cotton to women who spun it into finished cloth in their own homes.

  4. New technology help lead to industrialization and specialization of labor:

• Whitney's system directly led to the division of labor. Factory owners no longer had to rely on skilled laborer to craft every component of a product. Instead, with specialization of labor, each worker could focus on one type of task.

• Eventually, specialization of labor becomes the way
  things are made: each person does ONE specialized
  job and then onto the next person who does the next
  piece.

  5. Why the Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain:

• Had many environmental and geographic advantages. Located on top of immense coal deposits. Located on the Atlantic Ocean with its many seaways, the country was well placed to import raw materials and export finished goods.

• Britain had all the necessary factors of
  production required to industrialize
  • Coal: Britain had huge coal deposits
  throughout island
  • Access to natural resources through their vast
  colonies
  • Capital: MONEY necessary to build the
  machinery and infrastructure needed to
  industrialize
  • Rivers and ships to ship goods out and bring
  resources in
  • Laws that protected private property and
  allowed businesses to be profitable
  • Huge population available to work in factories

• British also had the world's strongest fleet of ships, including naval ships for defense and commercial ships for trade.
  

Steam Engine: Powed factories and transportation: Railroads and Steamships. Provided an inexpensive way to harness coal power to create steam, which in turn generated energy for machinery in textile factories. In order for a steam engine to work you need COAL. Steam power eventually led to innovation in iron and steel which then
used to build industrial cities: think Skyscrapers!!!

Iron: Improved processes helped iron producers increase outputs. Henry Cort patented the process for making the less strong but much more workable wrought iron. Each was a valuable component in transportation and industry.

Steel: The mass production of steel, an alloy of iron and carbon, became possible with the introduction of the Bessemer process in 1856. Over the years, Bessemer's innovation was refined and improved, allowing steel to become the strong versatile backbone of the industrial society.

Oil: In the mid-1800s the first commercial oil wells were drilled. Inventors developed chemical techniques to extract Kerosene from petroleum. These techniques led to other developments such as precision machinery and internal combustion engines, which led to automobile and airplane technologies.

Electricity: The harnessing of electrical power had to wait for the development of an effective electrical generator. In 1882 in London, the first public power station began production, Electrification led to street lighting and electrical street trains in the 1890s.

Communications: The development of electricity and electronics over the years helped lead to important developments in communication technology. Telegraph, telephone, and radio are all developed changing communication. These inventions make it quicker and easier to communicate across long distances
• The overall effect of all these innovations is INCREASED trade and migration. Transportation technologies especially are improved to increase the range and amount of trade going back and forth between countries.

What was the Second Industrial Revolution?

• The US, Great Britain, and Germany were key players in what is known as the Second Industrial Revolution. Which occurred in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The innovations of the first industrial revolution were in Textiles, steam power, and iron.

  How did these new inventions IMPACT global trade and migration?

• Whereas earlier trade and migration often centered on coastal cities, railroads, steamships, and the telegraph also opened up to exploration and development of the interior regions around the globe. Access to these areas increased trade and migration.

Ottoman Empire during this time period:

• Had not adopted Western Technology or Enlightenment ideas. Rampant corruption led to rapid decline. Earned the nickname "The sick man of Europe." Ethnic nationalism among the empires diverse population led to widespread unrest.

  China and Japan against Western interference/influence:

• China suffered two great humiliations at the hands of Europeans in the 19th century. In the 20th century China shook of foreign domination and briefly became a republic. It's traumatic 19th century left a central government too weak to promote Industrialization effectively for decade.

• Japan: The central government grew stronger in its struggle to maintain independence and territorial integrity in the face of western challenges. Japan actively sought western innovations that it felt would help make it equal of western countries.

  Changes or reforms Muhammad Ali brought to Egypt:

• Began his own reforms in Egypt. Muhammad Ali, a local leader in Egypt takes advantage of this and takes power in Egypt. The Ottoman Sultan, still technically in charge, doesn’t have enough power to do anything about it. At this time, the Ottoman Empire was not modernized at all Ali led a state-sponsored and controlled effort to industrialize and modernize Egypt. He modernized the military after European examples. Took control of the cotton industry and created a
  thriving textile industry. He built factories that made
  textiles and weapons. Cotton becomes a HUGELY profitable export for Egypt. He relied on local Egyptians who had been sent over seas to Europe to learn and study industrialization
  there.

  What propelled Japan to modernize?

• For 250 years Japan had been isolated from the rest of the world. They did this to protect themselves, especially from Europeans. In the 1850s the US arrived in Japan and forced
  them to open their borders to trade with other nations, or else. Japan realized they needed to industrialize quick
  to protect themselves from European and Western nations taking control of their country. They figured if THEY controlled the efforts to industrialize, they could maintain their culture. The Meiji Restoration: the time period of rapid
  industrialization in Japan. Overthrowing the
  Tokugawa Shogun and restoration of the Empire
  in charge.

• Meiji Restoration: Japan adopted many things from the west, but was still able to maintain their culture.
  • Abolished feudalism and established a constitutional monarchy (like Great Britain).
  • Created a military based on western models
  • Created a new school system and expanded educational opportunities, again based on a western model
  • Built railroads and roads
  • Adopted western style clothing
  • Developed industries in tea, silk, weapons, ship building and sake
  • The government financed industrialization on its own without a ton of foreign investment by charging a high agricultural tax.
  • Some private investment was allowed in the form of Zaibatsu: Powerful Japanese family business organizations who invested in certain industries. Once new industries were flourishing, they were sometimes sold to Zaibatsu's.

  
  

  
  

  
  

It’s an economic system where regular people own all the businesses or means of production. Prices are decided by supply and demand, as well as competition and product quality.
• So, the OPPOSITE of capitalism then, is an economic system where the GOVERNMENT owns all of the business or means of production. This is called socialism. Prices
would be set by the government with no regard to supply and demand. There would be no competition and product quality would not factor into price.
• Free Market: Labor, raw materials, finished
products are bought and sold in a competitive
market where the buyer and seller negotiate
prices. The government interferes very little or
not at all.

Why is the Industrial Revolution such a big deal?
• Part of the reason why the Industrial Revolution
was such a turning point in world history is
because it didn’t just change one part of the
world, it changed the ENTIRE WAY the world
worked.
• The Industrial Revolution had a POLITICAL,
SOCIAL, CULTURAL, ECONOMIC, ENVIRONMENTAL, impact. It basically impacted ALL the things!
• Economically though, it completely CHANGED
the economic systems that people and societies
and had been living with CENTURIES.
• It helped grow and spread the economic
system called: INDUSTRIAL CAPITALISM

New Business Organizations:

• New ways of organizing businesses were developed during the Industrial Revolution.

• Corporations: are large businesses that are owned by multiple stockholders. Stockholders might receive sums of money, known as dividends, from a corporation when it makes a profit. If a corporation experiences a loss or goes bankrupt, the stockholders are not liable for the losses. The most they could lose is what they paid for in the first place.

• Monopoly: Control of a specific business and elimination of all competition.

• Transnational Company: Businesses that operate across national boundaries. (usually in just two places) Ex: Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation: which is a British-owned bank, opened its colony of Hong Kong in 185, focused on finance, corporate investments, and global banking.

  Changes to mass culture that occurred as a result of the Industrial Revolution:

• A culture of Consumerism as well as of leisure developed among the working and middle classes of society in Great Britain, and for some people living standards rose.

• Companies encouraged their workers to participate in Athletics because they believed sports rewarded virtues such as self-discipline and playing by the rules.

External Challenges - Lost the Crimean War aganist the ottoman empire, Great Britain and France. Both countries they lost to industrialized countries or supported by industrialized countries.

Trench Warfare (Long ditches) This is the way the war primarily fought. Soldiers dug trenches into the ground and fought from there. Problem was it made for SLOW PROGRESS as you couldn't get out of the trench without being shot. Conditions were horrendous in the trenches.

Poison Gas - Chlorine and mustard gas were developed and destroyed on the battle fields. They would basically drown you form the inside out. Increased the death toll. (gas masks)

Machine Guns - could fire more than 500 rounds a minute which meant a higher death rate. Contributed to slow progress in gaining land.

Airplanes - were still light, small, and unable to carry many weapons, therefore, they weren't a threat to troops, but they were used to observe enemy lines.

--------------------

What is a stalemate? Why did WW1 become a stalemate?

Stalemate is when neither side (of something) can't win, WW1 became a stalemate because both sides (central powers and allies) were using brutal weapons and tatics.

What is total war? - WW1 is considered the 1st total war. Everyone, both military and regular people are involved and committed to winning the war.

What is propaganda? - is communication meant to influence the attitudes and opinions of a community around a particular subject by spreading inaccurate or slanted information; also convinced people to join the military.

Treaty of Versailles - treated Germany harshly. Germany had to pay millions of dollars, give up colonies, limit it's military and accept full responsibility for the war.

What caused the Great Depression? - a global economic crisis resulted in the Great Depression. U.S stock market crash.

Stalin manage the economy of the USSR, which was known as the 5-year plan, to transform the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic into Industrial power. Stalin set himself as a dictator, remained in power for 30 years.

Western Europe:

• Did much better, but still had to recover from the war and massive destruction and loss of life

• Education and Business is still helping them

Eastern/ Central Europe:

• Suffered more losses than the East and had the dominating presence of the Soviet Union to deal with

_{Describe the US after WWII. Why did they emerge as a super-powerful country after the war?}

• The US suffered WAY fewer casualties than other countries

• No fighting (except Peral Harbor) occurred on US lands

• Industry and infrastructure remained intact = wealth

• Developed and deployed the Atomic Bomb to end WWII

_{What is a Cold War?}

• A conflict that did not involve direct military confrontation, so there wasn't a direct fight between the US and the Soviet Union

_{How did the Cold War play out between the Soviet Union and the US?}

• Played out in propaganda, secret operations, and an arms race

_{Where did most of the destruction of the Cold War happen? WHY?}

• occurred outside the lands of the superpowers

• The US and Soviet Union rivalry led both countries to arm opposing sides in conflicts around the world. Thereby transforming small civil wars and regional conflicts into much larger events

_{What was the arms race? What role did it play in the Cold War?}

• Fostered close ties between the military and the industries that developed weapons

• was the competitive build of nuclear weapons between the United States and the Soviet Union

  • Each side stockpiled more and more weapons, even though both sides knew they would never use them because nuclear war would kill everyone including themselves.

_{What is self-determination? Who wanted this?}

• The idea is that each country should choose its form of government and leaders

• Austria, Turkey, and Russia were multiethnic, but each was dominated by one group, leaving others feeling discriminated against.

_{Explain how/why the stage was set for decolonization after WWII.}

• In the colonized world, movements for self-determination grew. Often, they included both advocates of self-rule and proponents of full independence

• War World II had so weakened Great Britain, France, and the other colonial powers that they had fewer resources to resist independence

• The Cold War between the Unites States and the Soviet Union gave anti-colonial activists two superpowers to recruit supporters.

Mandate System - territories of the ottoman empire were put into this system and controlled by Europeans countries. Basically just another form of colonialism.

What impact did the Massacre at Amritsar have on the Indian Independence Movement - the massacre people killed 379 people and wounding 1,200 more.

Gandhi's efforts - lead boycotts, gained 1940 independence.

Resistance efforts of West Africans against French colonization - railroad strikes and general.

Describe the rule of Fascist leaders - suppressed other political parties, protests and independent trade unions. They justified violence to achieve their goals and trade unions.

Axis powers : Germany, Japan, Italy, and Rome-Berlin, shared political ideology and economic interests.

US- provided factories, ramped up production of the resources for war. Women worked in factories and offices.

Germany - relied on forced labor, some on concentration camps, german war plants and POW camps.

Japan - optimistic view of the war (confused), not using women in war effort, rationing food.

Explain the impact of the attack at Pearl Harbor - Japan attacked pearl harbor and the U.S was no longer isolated, which caused the U.S to join the war and very quickly after the tide turn towards the allies and they start winning.

• Japans strategy was to create a "new order in East Asia."

What was significant about the year 1942? - The United States joined the other allied powers, Great Britain and the Soviet Union. Achieve a military victory, and unconditional.

U.S strategy in the Pacific - called the Island hopping-basically they would slowly "hop" from Island taking back each island from Japan until they reached the strongholds, Japan had in Asia. It was so successful.

The end of war in Japan. Japan wouldn't give up and the U.S is considering a land invasion of Japan which would have come at great cost and time to U.S. forces. Instead, the U.S. drops 2 nuclear weapons on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Aug 1945. This quickly ended the war in Asia.

2 consequences of WW2 - deaths of 75 million people, 2/3 of who were civilians and changed people thoughts about racism, colonial empires and international relations.

Armenian genocide (1915-1917): the ottoman empire said that the Chistian Armenian were cooperating with the ottoman empire, as punishment they deported them to camps or just outright killed them. more than 1.5 million Armenian in turkey died.

Famine in Ukraine (1932-1933): peasant resist starlings' collectivization of ag the hid or destroy crops, killed livestock rather than giving it to the state famine kill 7-10 million

The holocaust (1935-1945ish): Hitler and nazi party tries to "purify" the German race by removing anyone not deemed "Aryn". jews disabled people, homosexual, gypsies.Death of 6 million jews.

Steamships: helped transport people and good on navigable rivers. they became practical for long distances

Telegraph: allowed communication (ex: Portugal and Brazil or south America and Europe)

• used forced labor to get the indigenous people to stay in one place, production costs stayed low. the imperial powers wanted to maximize farming output and export crops to make profits. (cash crops)

• Export economy: a country where international trade makes up a large % of its economy. (export= to bring out)

• Raw material like rubber, cotton, palm oil, and meat were very important and high on demand most came from Africa and Egypt, most demand came from europe.

  
  

• Opium wars: Chinese emperor criminalized the use of opium 1729, the first opium war was in 1839 and lasted till 1842. it was fight between China and 1842. China lost both wars. The British military coerced the Chinese empire to accept the import of Indian opium in exchange for tea.

• Europe sought to control over Africa's resource but Africa rebelled

  
  

• Ideologies differences between the Soviet Union and the United States

• Disagreed about how to rebuild Europe, and their efforts to increase their security often conflicted

_{Compare the world views of the Soviet Union and the United States}

-Soviet Union

• Founded on a communist system controlled by a centralized state and a single political party

• Redistributing wealth (taking from the rich and giving to the poor) and promoting workers and state-run economies

• Viewed organized religion as dangerous

-United States

• In a capitalist system of free markets and multiple political parties

• Led to free markets determining the production and distribution of goods, and promoting freedom of religion

_{What are the 3 key features that define the Cold War?}

• The threat of nuclear war

• Competition over the allegiance (loyalty) of newly independent nations

• military and economic support of each other's enemies around the world

  • Examples

    • As former colonies of Europe begin to gain independence, they start to take sides: Either the US or USSR

    • Each side built up their nuclear weapons as a determent to the other side

    • Proxy Wars are fought in Korea, Vietnam, and Afghanistan

_{Explain how/why Europe was divided during the Cold War.}

• Soviet leader Josef Stalin wanted to expand its territory and buffer between the Soviet Union and Europe

• Established strong communist parties that took power in central and Eastern Europe

• The United States provided over $12 billion in aid for rebuilding Western Europe nations who agreed to open trade

_{Describe the policy of containment}

• Not letting communism spread

• Some politicians criticized Kennan for accepting the status quo. They argued for a more aggressive policy of overthrowing existing regimes to "roll back" the spread of communism

_{Describe the Non-Aligned Movement. What was their goal? WHO participated?}

• In 1961, some of these nations joined together to form the Non-Aligned Movements

  • Their goal was to stay out of the Cold War, not be forced to pick a side

  • Instead, they wanted to focus on the affairs in their own countries -often, times they had to build new governments from the ground up they were busy

• a major power helps bring about a conflict between other nations but does not always fight directly

_{What was the Berlin Blockade and Berlin Airlift?}

• The Soviets wanted to stop these Western plans and control all of Belrin

• Set up a blockade of the Western zones in Berlin to prevent the West from moving supplies into the area and land

• Did not want to risk a military confrontation with the Soviets and ultimately began the Berlin Airlift

_{What was the purpose of the Belin Wall? Why was it built?}

• Keep the East-Germany people in East Germany and not in West Germany because the exodus to the West reflected poorly on the communist system, and it was hard on their economy

_{What is NATO? Why was it formed?}

• The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was created in 1949 (April)

• Out of the desire to coordinate their defenses in case of conflicts with the Soviets

_{What is the Warsaw Pact? Why was it formed?}

• Response to NATO was the Warsaw Pact created in 1955

• Combined their armed forces and based their army leaders in Moscow, the capital of the Soviet Union

• Known as the communist Bloc

_{Describe the Korean War}

• The Soviets occupied the North while the United States and its allies occupied the South

• The Korean War (1950-1953) began when North Korea invaded South Korea in an attempt to reunite the country under its leadership

• The Soviet Union did not send troops, but it sent money and weapons to North Korea

• The UN forces drove towards North Korea's border with China

• China sent troops across border and entered the war against the US and its allies

• Ended in a stalemate and both parts of Korea remained divided

_{Why did the US get involved in the Vietnam War?}

• The US was supporting an undemocratic and unpopular South Vietnamese ruler, Ngo Dinh Diem

• Also sent military advisors to South Vietnam to train them to prevent a communists to take over by North Vietnam

• Sent more US troops to South Vietnam. Johnson believed in the domino theory

  • the idea that if one country in the region became communists other countries should soon follow

_{What happened at the Bay of Pigs in Cuba?}

• Cuba nationalized business and properties of the national telephone and electricity companies; Texaco, Esso, and similar Sinclair oil companies and 36 sugar mills owned by the US = US broke off trade with Cuba and cut diplomatic ties

• Failure worse for the US, it cemented the Cuba - Soviet alliance

_{Describe the Cuban Missile Crisis}

• Soviet send nuclear missles in CUba

• US learned the Soviet was going to send more nuclear missles so they tried to stop it from happening

• called a "qurantine" because a blockade was technically an act of war

• threatned nuclear war

_{What was the test-ban treaty? What was the purpose?}

• agreement outlawed testing nuclear weapons abovve ground, underwater, and in space

• cut down amount or radiation that people were exposed to as a result of weapons testing

• The Nuclear Non-Proliferation treaty called on nuclear powers to prevent the spread of military nuclear technology and materials to non-nuclear countries

• won popular support because they redistributed land to peasants, opened schools and hospitals, and punished soldiers who mistreated civilians

• Peasants saw communists as more nationalist and less corrupt than the nationalist

_{What was the Great Leap Forward? What happened as a result?}

• through more land reform as part of the policy called the Great Leap Foward

• Peasants lands were organized into communes, large agricultural communities where the state held the land, not private owners

• Those who protested this policy could be sent to "reeducation camp" or get killed

_{What was the Cultural Revolution? What happened as a result?}

• silenced critics of Mao and solidified his hold of power

• Mao ordered the Red Guards, groups of revolutionary students, to seize government officials, teachers, and others and send them to the countryside

_{Who held power in Iran and how did they get it?}

• During WWI after Iran looked like it supported Hitler, the West installed a Shah (King) in power in Iran, Muhammad Keza Pahlaui. He rules as a dictator supported by the US

• In the 1950's a democratically elected leader was chosen by the people, Muhammad Mosaddgh, but he nationalized the oil company (made them property of the states, instead of privately owned). This angered the US, who owned many of those oil companies

_{What was the White Revolution?}

• Once reinstated the Shan instituted the White Revolution: reforms that came without bloodshed

_{Describe the land reform that occurred during the White Revolution.}

• Women could vote, created a social welfare system, funded literacy programs

• Land reform: The government bought land and resold it for a lower price to peasants

_{What happened during the Iranian Revolution in 1979?}

• Many Iranians supported the revolution because they vividly remembered the overthrow of the Mosaddegh government in 1953

• The new government was a theocracy, a form of government in which religion was the supreme authority

  • headed by a cleric and a guardian council, a body of civil and religious legal experts who were responsible for interpreting the constitution and making sure all laws complied with Shariah

• Iran opposed Western policies in the Middle East and the state of Israel

_{Describe land reform in Venezuela.}

• The land reform, beginning with a 2001 law, was not popular with the landowners who claimed that the state seized their property while it was under cultivation. Additional problems arose from illegal squatters who moved in to settle on lands that were not scheduled for land reform. Land reform efforts had political repercussions as well; those who benefitted were more willing to vote for the government instituting the reforms, while those from whom the land was confiscated too did not support the states that seized it. Land reform in Latin America varied in detail in each country, shaped partly by environmental papers

_{Describe Ethiopia's political situation after WWII.}

• In 1974, a group of military and civilian leaders deposed Selassie. One of the primary figures was Mengistu Halie Mariam, an Ethiopian native and major in the military. He ordered the assassination of 60 former regime officials. The new government declared itself socialist and received aid and weapons from the Soviet Union and other communist countries. Kamine, failed economic policies and rebellion marred Mengistu's leadership. By 1991, he had resigned and fled to Zimbabwe.

_{Describe India's political situation after WWII}

• Southern Asia had been under British rule since 1858. That changed in 1947. Mahatma Gandhi had led the independence movements against England since the 1920s but it wasn't until after World War II that India became independent. India was partitioned in 1947, creating two countries: Pakistan and India. Pakistan was overwhelmingly Muslim, and India was largely Hindu.

_{Describe India's economic reforms after gaining independence.}

• 1960: The state passed land reform, but they were overturned by court

• 1963: Tenant won the right to purchase land from landowners

• 1969: New laws allow tenants to become full owners of land

• 1974: Laws provide for fixed hours of work and minimum wages despite the popularity of the land reform program, the Indian central government took direct rule of Kerlalo to slow down or reverse the program.

• Mohandas Gandhi

  • Led non-violent marches, boycotts, and fast to oppose British colonial rule in India

  • For India's independence

• Martin Luther King Jr.

  • Civil Rights Leader

  • Baptist minister

  • Civil rights movement

    • Used various tactics to achieve its goals these efforts provided the foundation for the movement's biggest successes

      • Ex. Civil Rights Acts in 1965

  • The US for equality for all blacks

• Nelson Mandela

  • In South Asia, the white minority government codified a system of racial segregation called apartheid. Into law in the 20th century

  • Leading the black resistance to apartheid was a socialists lawyer (1918-2013)

_{Describe what happened in Hungary as they tried to pull away from the Soviet Union. How did the Soviet Union react?}

• Nagy vowed to support free elections in which non-communist parties would participate

• Announced Hungary's neutrality in the Cold War and the Withdrawl from the Warsaw Pact

• Soviet leaders responded by invading Hungary, gaining control of Budapest in 1956

• Soviet captured and executed him

• Hungarians fled to the West as refugees

_{Describe what happened in Czechoslovakia. How did the Soviet Union react?}

• The reform movements in Czechoslovakia reached a peak in the Prague Spring of 1968

• Alexander Dubcek, the first Secretary of the communist Party, acceded to the demands of the Czech people by increasing freedom of speech and the press and following greater freedom to travel

• Make the political system more democratic

• Soviet leaders feared the Prague Spring's Independence

• Armies of Warsaw Pacr nations crushed it

• This doctrine stated that the Soviet Union and its allies would intervene if an action by one member threatened other socialist countries

_{Why is 1968 called the year of the revolt?}

• In Yugoslavia, students marched against an authoritarian government

• In Poland and Northern Ireland, people protested over religious issues

• In Brazil, marches demanded improvements in public education and fairer treatment of workers

• In Japan, students protested both universities' financial policies and government support for the United States in Vietnam

• Most protests took place on a university campus

_{Describe two examples of terrorism form this time period.}

• During the 1970's, former philosophy prrofessor Abimael Guzman built a revoluntiary organization called Shining Path based on the ideas of Mao Zedong and Cambodia's Khmer ROuge. In 1980, the Shining Path began decades of bombing and assassination in Peru in order to overthrow the existing government, and replace it with a communist one. There 20 years of terrorism caused 37,000 deaths. Guzman was arrested and sentenced to life in prison in 1992, through the Shining Path continues its attacks throuth the late 1990's

_{How did the response of Spain's government make the conflict worse?}

• The dictator Francisco Franco ruled Spain from 1939 to 1975.

• He had come to power by overthrowing a popularity elected government that included many leftists. Fanco's servant anti-communism made him an ally of the US. It also led his government to execute, imprison, or send to labor camps hundreds of thousands of political dissenteers. However, opposition to his authoritarian reminded when Franco died, Spain took the opportunity to move towards democracy.

_{How did the response of Uganda's government make the conflict worse?}

• Ruled from 1971 to 1979 by Idi Amin, a military dictator so brutal he was known as the "Butcher of Uganda". He declared himself president for life and set policies that worsened ethnic tension, denied people basic human rights, and undermined economic stability. In 1972 he forcefully expelled 60,000 Asains from Uganda, most of whom were of Indian descent, and turned over their businesses to his supporters. He is believed to be responsible for up to 500,000 deaths among targeted ethnic groups during his reign.

_{What was the military industrial complex? Why did it expand during this time period?}

• Militarry forces required large factories to build planes, tanks and other goods, since many countries lacked facilities to make their own weapons, the international weapons trade expanded greatly

• As the defenses industries expanded, so did the number of people who relied on them for jobs. Cutting back on defense spending then became difficult

• In 1961, US president Dwight Eisenhower, a highly decorated general in WWII called this combination of government defense departments and private bissnesses supplying their demands the military Industrail complex.

• After resolving the crises of the 1960s, which included the Bay of Pigs and the Cuban Missile Crises, the relationship between the superpowers improved in the following decade. This period was called detente, a relaxation of strained relations between nations.

What challenges did the Soviet Union in the 60's and 70's?

• Economically. the USSR was in a crisis.

• It was no longer growing.

• Central governmental control prevented farmers and manufactures from deciding what to grow or make and what to charge for it. Foreign trade was extremely limited

• Eastern Europen Soviet bloc countries were bucking for reforms and freedom from Moscow's direct control. The Soviet military violently put down the Prague Spring, a liberation movement in Czechoslovakia.

How did détente help the US? Or why was it good for the US?

• The possibility of establishing relations with CHina would, Nixon knew, open potential new markets to the US and at the same time press a bit on the stained maintain its containment policy and might ease tension between the superpowers.

• As a result of detente the US started to sell excess stores of American grain to the Soviet Union, where drought had created a shortage

Descibe the Soviet-Afghan War. How did it contribute to the fall of the Soviet UNion?

• The Soviets invaded Afghanistan to prop up that country's communist government against Muslim fighters. Estimates of Afghan civilian deaths carry form 562,000 to 2 million.

• Ultimatelty, the Soviet Union could not conquer the guerrilla groups in the rough terrain fo Afghanistan Soivet legitmicay was undermined and new forms of political participation in Afghanistan developed.

• WW1 was known as the great war because of the immense scale of the fighting. WW1 had involved many nations from around the world. (Killed as many soldiers too) WW1 had weakened the Western European powers, growth of nationalism, and self-rule. Treaties set for WW1.

What role did the assassination of Franz Ferdinand play in WW1?

• The role it played was it was the immediate cause of WW1. Which included the black hand (a terrorist group) Duke of Austria Hungary is assassinated is Serbia by a Serbian nationalist, because of the alliance system all of Europe is drawn into the war.

Causes of WW1 - Long-term cause below explain WHAT it was and HOW it contributed to starting WW1.

⭐Militarism - Industrialized European powers build up their militaries using modern weapons. They do this as a means of protection and deterring other nations from attacking - problem is, just makes other countries build up their militaries too. So, when fighting does break out - it's deadly.

⭐Alliances - Europe was split into 2 alliances, formed for protection. Each country promised to help it's alliances in war - but that meant it would only take a small conflict to drag everyone into war.

• Triple Entente: Britain, France, Japan, Italy, and Russia

• Central Powers or triple alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria

⭐Imperialism - European competition over colonies in Africa and South East Asia increased tensions between the nations. One of the most important ways these nations could assert their power and generate wealth. Imperialism was a driving force behind tensions in Europe leading up to the assassination.

⭐Nationalism - The idea that each nation is the "best" just leads to more tension and each country wanting to prove they are the best or strongest. The assassination led to the growth of nationalism, it originates a feeling of pride in one's national identity.

• humans get versus from exposure to fluids of infected people or animals

urbanization: increase the size in # of cities of those who grow food to use intensive farming methods.

Globalization: demand in resources

Deforestation: the loss of earth trees as a result of cutting doesn't so the land can be used for ag

Desertification: the removal of natural vegetation cover through expansion and intensive use of lands acid and semi and lands.

Desertification: the removal of natural vegetation cover through expansion and intensive use of ag lands

Population growth:

-1900 = 1.6 billion

-1950 = 2.55 billion

- 2000= 5.12 billion

there were too many humans and affected land resources.

Urbanization: increase # of cities and demands in food and pollution/climate change

globalization and industrialization: affected the environment, developing countries used energy or natural resources but created changes in the atmosphere.

• After the Cold War, however, both economic and
  cultural barriers fell, bringing countries closer together. In some key ways, collaboration gradually replaced
  competition as nations formed cooperative regional organizations such as the European Union and NAFTA as well as global associations such as the United Nations for conflict resolution and the World Trade Organization to regulate international trade.

  Social changes that occurred after the Cold War:

• International organizations and collaboration brought people of different cultures into closer contact with one another, just as international exchanges had done in the
  past. Rights movements- civil rights and women's rights especially- helped bring formerly marginalized voices
  into the mainstream conversation. People were also questioning long-held beliefs about humans and their
  environments. Albert Einstein (1879- 1955) and other scientists upended people's understanding of physical
  reality.

  Artistic changes that occurred after the Cold War:

• These changes were reflected in the visual arts, literature, and music of the time. Cubism, a style Picasso used in his famous painting "Guernica," challenged traditional perspective in the visual arts Stream- of-consciousness writing by such authors as Marcel Proust (1971- 1922) and James Joyce (1882- 1941) rebelled against traditional narrative forms, and atonal music such as that composed by Arnold Schoenberg (1874-1951) explored musical expression outside of familiar tonalities.

  How pop culture changed over time in the US:

• Radio, movies, and later television created a culture shared throughout a nation, and eventually throughout the world. Radio provided a variety of programs, from easy-going comedies to music hours featuring the latest in big band entertainment. In the 1990s, the internet connected people around the globe. In the early 21st century, the United States remained the world's most influential culture. Through Americanization, people the world over learned more about the United States than Americans learned about
  the rest of the world.

  Examples of Global Commerce:

• Sites such as Amazon (in more than 17 countries) and
  Alibaba (mostly in Asia) make a massive selection of items available. The online auction site eBay operates in
  30 different countries. Although their platform is international, these online retailers must pay a variety of
  sales taxes according to the laws of each country or state in which they sell products.

  Examples of Global Influence on popular culture in the US:

• Indian musicals made in Bollywood, the popular name given to the film industry in Bombay (Mumbai), enjoy popularity worldwide. Bollywood itself is a blend of film styles. India makes more films than any other country.

• A style of Japanese hand-drawn animation known as anime became hugely influential. In 2016, 60 percent of
  the world's animated TV shows were based on anime. Anime was introduced to American culture in the 1980s
  through the movie Akira.

• Another style of music that fused a variety of traditions and became a global hit was the Korean music
  nicknamed K-pop. Its artists, who sang in a mixture of Korean and English, became global stars in the early
  21st century.

  How globalization changed the popularity of sports:

• Soccer emerged as the most popular sport in the world, in part because it required so little equipment that it
  could be played almost anywhere. The World Cup soccer competition rivaled the Olympics as a global event. Basketball also became a global game, and players such as Michael Jordan and LeBron James became internationally known.

• As sports became more popular globally, they also became more available to women. Some Muslim female
  athletes- including fencers, weightlifters, beach volleyball players, hockey players, and figure skaters-
  competed while wearing hijab, known in English as a headscarf. Hajar Abulfazi, a soccer player from Afghanistan, explained that she wore the hi jab to "show the next generation and their parents how Afghan women and girls can maintain respect for religion and culture while pursuing sports
  achievements."

  
  

  
  

• Much of the chocolate that consumers bought in the early 21st century had its origins in child labor in West Africa. In 2015, the US department of labor estimated that more than 2 million children took part in dangerous labor in the cocoa-growing regions of the world.

• working conditions in Western nations could also be harsh. In 2019, employees of Amazon's warehouses described such intense pressure to fulfill orders that workers resisted being fired if they took a bathroom break.

  The economic reasons people are against globalization:

• critics of globalization pointed out that the fuel involved in shipping products vast distances increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the environment, thus worsening the climate emergency.

  People protest the IMF and World Trade Organization because:

  • Critics of globalization believe that international agreements and institutions can destroy small local businesses. Large corporations could use the International Monetary (IMF) and The World Trade Organization to achieve their goals, but local individuals and businesses could not. For example, many small businesses and individuals could not cross state lines or national borders. They could not extract the natural resources they needed or use the wide variety of labor sources that big corporations and transnational businesses used.

    What do Anti- Globalists want:

  • Human rights, which are basic freedoms that every person has, such as freedom from slavery and freedom to express opinions. Fair trade, which is a system that ensures the person who provided the good or service receives a reasonable payment for it. Debt relief or debt restructuring so that countries that owe huge sums to the IMF do not have to risk economic breakdown.

    Why the Chinese government created Weibo:

  • In 2009, more than 1,00 rioters clashed with police in the city of Urumqi, China. The unrest resulted from tensions between members of the Han ethnicity and members of the Uighur ethnicity, most of whom are Muslim. Chinese authorities blamed the riots on the growth of social unrest based on Twitter and Facebook and banned both platforms. The gov introduced a new platform called Weibo as a substitute. It could stream incoming posts while tracking and blocking "sensitive" content. Weibo has become a vehicle of negotiation between the Chinese gov and its citizens.

• Main goal was preventing conflict. Dean Acheson, a US secretary of state, described how the missions of the United nations fit with this goal of maintaining world peace and making international cooperation easier. Working through nations such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, the UN provides technical advice and loans to developing countries.

  What the United Nation does:

  • The General Assembly is the only UN body in which all members have representation. It decides important questions on peace, security and admissions. The Security Council acts on issues the general assembly debates. It may use military force against a country accused of violating UN principles. The Secretariat is the UN's administrative arm. Leads and influences the entire organization. The international court of Justice settles disputes of countries bring to it about international law. The economic and social council is the largest and most complex part of the UN.

    Human rights of the Universal Declaration of human rights protects:

  • Freedom from slavery, torture, and degrading punishment. Equality before the law, the right to a nationality. The right to own property, either individually or with others. Freedom of thought, conscience, religion, opinion and expression. Equal pay for work, the right to rest and enjoy paid holidays, equal rights for children born within and outside of marriage.

    Role the UN does in peacekeeping:

  • The UN has been well known for its peacekeeping actions of primary importance is prevention through diplomacy. The UN sends special envoys to help resolve problems peacefully, mindful that it was formed to prevent "the scourge of war." The organization has also frequently sent peacekeeping forces, consisting of civilians, police, and troops from member countries, to try to ease tensions in trouble spots.

    Other priority of the UN:

  • The UN also protects refugees. In times of war, famine, and natural disasters, people often flee their country and seek refuge in a safer location. Working through partners such as non-governmental organizations and the agency of United Nations High commissioner for refugees, the UN provided food, medicine, and temporary shelter.

    What does the World Bank do and complains about it:

  • Created in 1944, the World Bank fought poverty by providing loans to countries. It first focused on dams and roads. Later it expanded its mission to social projects, such as education and disease prevention. Critics charged that the World Bank often ignored how its projects damaged the environment and local culture. For example, a dam might permanently flood many farms. A highway might promote growth, but the resulting profits might all go to investors overseas rather than people living in the region.

    What does the International Monetary Fund (IMF) do and complains about it:

  • Created in 1945, the IMF was designed to help a country's economy by promoting stable currency exchange rates. It focused on making short-term loans and providing economic advice to countries. Some economists argued that conditions on IMF loans failed to take into account each country's individual needs. Large, wealthy nations influenced the IMF. It acted on their behalf, critics insisted, even while it claimed to help developing nations. The IMF and the World Bank worked together to create Pathways for Peace in 2018. This report
    described how countries could work together to prevent violent conflicts.

    
    

• British officer T.E. Lawrence of Arabia" promised certain Arabs an independent state as well

• Zionists began to immigrate to Palestine from Europe and other Middle Eastern areas. As immigration increases, the Arabs in the area protest their loss of land and traditional Islamic way of life

• Britain, trying to hold the line on Jewish immigration in the face of Arab opposition, turned the matter over to the United Nations

• In 1948, after the UN divided Palestine into Jewish and Arab sections the Jewish section declared itself to be a new country Israel.

_{What happened as a result of the creation of Israel?}

• 1956 Israel, with support from France and Great Britain, invaded Egypt's Sinai Peninsula, in part to liberate the Suez Canal, which the Egyptian government had nationalized under Gambar Abdel Nasser's economic programs, following international protests, Israel and its allied forces were ordered to withdraw from Egypt

• In the Six-Day War of 1967, Israel fought on three fronts at once Israel gained the Gaza strip from Egypt, the West Bank East Jerusalem from Jordon, and the Golan Heights from Syrid

• In the Yuen Kippur War of 1973, Israel repelled a surprise invasion by Egypt and Syria

_{Summarize the conflict that exists today between Israelis and Palestine.}

• The Fatah faction controlled the West Bank

• The Hamas faction controlled Gaza

• These controls amounted to economic sanctions, severely restricted normal activity for hundreds of thousands of Palestine and fermented anger

• Without a peace process, violence continued

_{Describe the conditions that surrounded the India/Pakistan split or partition.}

• India's population was about 10 times larger than Pakistan's

• Violence broke out within the religious line

• Hindus and Sikhs fled their home in Pakistan to resettle in India and Muslims fled India for Pakistan

• Moderated countries confronted powerful conservation religious movements that opposed compromise with the other country

_{Summarize the conflict that exists between India and Pakistan.}

• Tensions between India and Pakistan were over Kashmir, a border region in the mountains of North

• Most people in Kashmir were Muslims, but its leader was a Hindu

• Developing nuclear weapons as conflict would break out

_{Describe Indira Gandhi's economic policies. Were they successful?}

• War with Pakistan took a toll on the economy, though India won the conflict with the help of military support from the Soviet Union

• Declared a national emergency in 1975 and jailed many opposition leaders

• Her 20-point economic program proved successful, evaluating inflation, reforming corrupt laws, and increasing national production

• In 1977, Gandhi lost the election; returned to power as prime minister in 1980 but was assassinated in 1984

_{Describe migration during this time period.}

• People from these newly independent countries sometimes moved to the former colonial powers

• A large number of refugees and immigrants from Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh moved to London after the chaos of WWII and other conflicts

• Vietnamese, Algerians, and West Africans migrated to Paris and other cities in France and Filipinos migrated to the US

• Many migrates found jobs in the Medical Field

• Others worked in railroads and airports