https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7 Overview en-us 2017-11-26 19:47:33 UTC 2024-12-16 22:36:45 UTC hello@padlet.com shaniabillings https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/210191408 Actions that contravene the law.]]> 2017-11-26 19:49:35 UTC https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/210191408 shaniabillings https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/210191498 Actions that contravenes social norms]]> 2017-11-26 19:50:01 UTC https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/210191498 shaniabillings https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/210191598 1. Common Sense
2. Sociological]]> 2017-11-26 19:50:43 UTC https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/210191598 shaniabillings https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/210191794 Certain actions are wrong regardless of when and where they were executed.]]> 2017-11-26 19:52:13 UTC https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/210191794 shaniabillings https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/210191887 A relative concept in that no action in itself is deviant however in social contexts it is deemed deviant. ]]> 2017-11-26 19:52:19 UTC https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/210191887 shaniabillings https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/210192185 1. The culture within which the action occurs (cross-cultural axis)
2. When the event occurred (historical axis)]]> 2017-11-26 19:54:24 UTC https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/210192185 shaniabillings https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/210192372 E.G. Women in Saudi Arabia can't wear certain clothes and women have to be home by a certain time. 
E.G. Weed legalised in Amsterdam.]]> 2017-11-26 19:55:44 UTC https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/210192372 shaniabillings https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/210192619 E.G. Homosexuality is no longer deviant 
E.G. Rape in marriage is now deviant]]> 2017-11-26 19:57:22 UTC https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/210192619 shaniabillings https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/210200067 2017-11-26 20:48:23 UTC https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/210200067 shaniabillings https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/210200172 2017-11-26 20:49:10 UTC https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/210200172 shaniabillings https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/210200296 2017-11-26 20:50:02 UTC https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/210200296 shaniabillings https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/210200365 Throwback to an earlier evolutionary stage. ]]> 2017-11-26 20:50:36 UTC https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/210200365 shaniabillings https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/210200552 E.G. Shifty Eyes]]> 2017-11-26 20:52:05 UTC https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/210200552 shaniabillings https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/210200633 Outward physical features betray inward personality characteristics.]]> 2017-11-26 20:52:47 UTC https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/210200633 shaniabillings https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/210200815 Refer to homework]]> 2017-11-26 20:54:19 UTC https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/210200815 shaniabillings https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/210200913 2017-11-26 20:55:08 UTC https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/210200913 shaniabillings https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/210200976 2017-11-26 20:55:34 UTC https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/210200976 shaniabillings https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/210201027 Crime is inevitable because socialisation is not a perfect process and some people will be on the periphery of value consensus]]> 2017-11-26 20:55:52 UTC https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/210201027 shaniabillings https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/210201192 When heinous crimes are committed they actually reinforce the value consensus because people talk of their revulsion of the crime and/or collectively assemble to protest against the action. ]]> 2017-11-26 20:57:03 UTC https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/210201192 shaniabillings https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/210201465 Manchester bombing. People provide free food and free stays at hotels. 
There was also the love concert.]]> 2017-11-26 20:58:57 UTC https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/210201465 shaniabillings https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/210201664 Might assume functionalists would be in favour of a society with complete order and no deviance. However, they see crime as necessary and useful.]]> 2017-11-26 21:00:29 UTC https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/210201664 shaniabillings https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/210201859 2017-11-26 21:02:01 UTC https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/210201859 shaniabillings https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/210201909 1. This biological analysis is cogent and novel
2. Functionalist analysis can reveal how crime can have latent (unintended) functions
3. An inversion of Mertons notion of manifest/ latent functions.]]> 2017-11-26 21:02:25 UTC https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/210201909 shaniabillings https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/210202166 1. He suggests some level of crime is useful but how much?
2. Most crime is not political - what explanation of other crimes is there? 
3. Functionalism explains how crime might be functional for society but that about individuals who are victims?]]> 2017-11-26 21:04:05 UTC https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/210202166 shaniabillings https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/213224170 Argues that prostitution acts as a safety valve for men's sexual frustration. Therefore the nuclear family is protected.]]> 2017-12-05 11:11:38 UTC https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/213224170 shaniabillings https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/213224858 Argues that pornography safely channels sexual desire away from adultery/ prostitution, which lessons the threat to the family unit. ]]> 2017-12-05 11:14:22 UTC https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/213224858 shaniabillings https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/213225268 Picked up Durkheim's theory of Anomie and developed it in relation to American in the 1950's.]]> 2017-12-05 11:15:56 UTC https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/213225268 shaniabillings https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/213225963 2017-12-05 11:18:42 UTC https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/213225963 shaniabillings https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/213226378 Cultural goals outweighed legitimate means and so he saw American society as sliding into an unhealthy anomic state.]]> 2017-12-05 11:20:17 UTC https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/213226378 shaniabillings https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/213226625 Anomie arises where significant sections of the population recognise that no matter how hard they work they cannot achieve the cultural goals. 
He specifically was reflecting on black urban Americans who desired the cultural goals but saw little opportunity for realistically attaining them.]]> 2017-12-05 11:21:12 UTC https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/213226625 shaniabillings https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/213229906 Ignores and fails to explain middle class crime
Assumes crime stats are true. Merton began explaining working class crime on the basis of crime statistics which suggested working class people are more criminal. 
Only addresses utilitarian (financially) motivated crime 
Makes assumption that the key driver in society is peoples desire for material goods.]]> 2017-12-05 11:33:57 UTC https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/213229906 shaniabillings https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/213231054 2017-12-05 11:38:15 UTC https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/213231054 shaniabillings https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/213232039 2017-12-05 11:42:29 UTC https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/213232039 shaniabillings https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/213232129 Merton Provides explanations which match crime stats (E.G. explains crime by the poor).
His structural explanation, which accommodates class, explains how those at the bottom struggle to obtain wealth.]]> 2017-12-05 11:42:58 UTC https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/213232129 shaniabillings https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/213232539 He takes official stats for granted (maybe middle class simply get away with white collar crime)
Marxists argue that it ignores the fact laws are made and enforced by the rich. ]]> 2017-12-05 11:44:34 UTC https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/213232539 shaniabillings https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/213233135 Cohen agrees with Merton that crime is a mainly working class phenomenon. ]]> 2017-12-05 11:46:42 UTC https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/213233135 shaniabillings https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/213233450 However, he criticises merton for not recognising: 
a) that crime tends to be collective not individual 
b) ignoring non-utilitarian crime E.G. Vandalism]]> 2017-12-05 11:47:50 UTC https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/213233450 shaniabillings https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/213233699 1) Deviance is usually collective
2) Concept of Status Frustration]]> 2017-12-05 11:48:35 UTC https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/213233699 shaniabillings https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/214055163 Also drew heavily upon Merton's work ]]> 2017-12-07 11:29:00 UTC https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/214055163 shaniabillings https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/214055387 However, they believed that Merton didn't recognise the existence of an alternative opportunity structure, namely the Illegitimate Opportunity Structure (IOS)]]> 2017-12-07 11:29:53 UTC https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/214055387 shaniabillings https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/214055588 This was the existence of an adult community if criminals, who could provide an apprenticeship to young delinquents so that they could eventually gain the cultural goals. Each step on the IOS would be like training. 
E.G. stealing car radios, stealing cars, get a garage to take in car and then achieve the cultural goals. ]]> 2017-12-07 11:30:53 UTC https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/214055588 shaniabillings https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/214058067 1) Criminal subcultures (where IOS exists) - criminals work there way up the career ladder - gain cultural goals 
2) Conflict (no IOS) - this can involve violent gang warfare. 
3) Reatrist (IOS exists) - in this case individuals fail on both career opportunities and thus retreat into drug or alcohol culture. ]]> 2017-12-07 11:39:45 UTC https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/214058067 shaniabillings https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/214059999 Takes a different approach to the to the subcultural classed based theories that see delinquent values as a reaction to the inability to achieve mainstream values.]]> 2017-12-07 11:46:35 UTC https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/214059999 shaniabillings https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/214060064 2017-12-07 11:46:55 UTC https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/214060064 shaniabillings https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/214063533 A) because they make the delinquent seem more distinctive than he actually is 
B) they produce an over deterministic view if the origins of deviance. ]]> 2017-12-07 12:01:21 UTC https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/214063533 shaniabillings https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/214064324 Delinquents are not in opposition to society's norms and values. This is shown by the fact that they often express remorse over crimes committed and most express disapproval of crimes such as mugging, fighting with weapons etc. ]]> 2017-12-07 12:04:45 UTC https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/214064324 shaniabillings https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/214066975 He claims that delinquents are sometimes able to neutralise the moral bind of society by making use of "techniques of neutralisation". These are like excuses which release them from society's control. 
These techniques often make use of one set of mainstream values to neutralise others. ]]> 2017-12-07 12:16:59 UTC https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/214066975 shaniabillings https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/214067547 Denial of responsibility
Denial of injury 
Denial that the act was wrong
Appeals to higher loyalties]]> 2017-12-07 12:19:35 UTC https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/214067547 shaniabillings https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/214068022 Attraction of deviance is explained in terms of subterranean values. 
They're similar to mainstream leisure values and encourage enjoying oneself; acting in the spirit of the moment; being aggressive and seeking excitement. 
Such values exist in all areas of society along side formal values but are expressed by most people during their leisure activities E.G. drinking in a pub or at a football match. 
Delinquents merely express these at the wrong time - they may just have more leisure time than others.]]> 2017-12-07 12:21:30 UTC https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/214068022 shaniabillings https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/214069928 Adolescents are often in a state of 'drift' and the decision to commit crime comes when they experience a mood of fatalism or powerlessness. Deviant act are committed to restore a "sense of humanism". To make them feel potent again. ]]> 2017-12-07 12:28:12 UTC https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/214069928 shaniabillings https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/214070845 1) Taylor, Walton and Young - question the view that techniques of neutralisation are never challenging society's dominant values. They point out that denying an act is wrong is quite different from explaining it away as a result of sickness or accident. It may be a complete rejecting of society's values. 
2) Steven Box - questions Matza's evidence, which was gained from interviewing young people who had been convinced of offences. They might not genuinely feel remorse but merely be trying to justify themselves.]]> 2017-12-07 12:31:12 UTC https://padlet.com/shaniabillings/m49r1f3mhrl7/wish/214070845