Braille was himself blinded at the age of three in an accident that occurred while he was playing with tools in his father’s harness shop. A tool slipped and plunged into his right eye. Sympathetic ophthalmia and total blindness followed. Nevertheless, he became a notable musician and excelled as an organist. Upon receiving a scholarship, he went in 1819 to Paris to attend the National Institute for Blind Children, and from 1826 he taught there.

Braille became interested in a system of writing, exhibited at the school by Charles Barbier, in which a message coded in dots symbolizing phonetic sounds was embossed on cardboard. When he was 15, he worked out an adaptation, written with a simple instrument, that met the needs of the sightless. He later took this system, which consists of a six-dot code in various combinations, and adapted it to musical notation. He published a treatise on his type system in 1829, and in 1837 he published a three-volume Braille edition of a popular history schoolbook.

Louis BrailleBraille, portrait bust by an unknown artist.

Como muchos otros jóvenes, él se unió al movimiento Juventudes Hitlerianas y ella a la homóloga organización para niñas, la Liga de Muchachas Alemanas.

Elizabeth Marie Tall Chief nació el 24 de enero de 1925 en Fairfax, Oklahoma. Su padre pertenecía a la Nación Osage. Su madre, Ruth Porter, creció en una familia muy pobre y nunca pudo tomar clases de baile. Cuando Tallchief y su hermana Marjorie mostraron interés por el baile, su madre las inscribió inmediatamente en clases. Tallchief destacó en danza y música. Durante su adolescencia, la familia se mudó a Los Ángeles, California, con la esperanza de obtener formación avanzada en ballet para sus hijas y oportunidades para que bailaran profesionalmente .

Tras graduarse de la escuela secundaria, Tallchief se mudó a la ciudad de Nueva York para dedicarse por completo al ballet. Fue seleccionada como aprendiz en el Ballet Russe, la principal compañía de ballet ruso en Estados Unidos. A medida que su carrera comenzaba a despegar, muchos intentaron persuadir a Tallchief para que cambiara su apellido para que las compañías de danza no la discriminaran. Ella se negó y continuó actuando como Maria Tallchief. En 1947, se convirtió en la primera estadounidense en bailar con el Ballet de la Ópera de París. Después de casarse con el coreógrafo George Balanchine, quien creó su característico papel de Pájaro de Fuego, se convirtió en primera bailarina del New City Ballet. Uno de los papeles más conocidos de Tallchief fue el Hada de Azúcar, que originó en El Cascanueces . En 1960, Tallchief actuó en el Teatro Bolshoi de Moscú, convirtiéndose en la primera estadounidense en hacerlo.

Tras retirarse de la danza, Tallchief y su hermana fundaron el Chicago City Ballet, una escuela de ballet y compañía de danza. Sin olvidar jamás su ascendencia indígena, se pronunció en contra de las injusticias y la discriminación. Tallchief no solo rompió barreras para los indígenas americanos, sino que también se convirtió en una de las pocas bailarinas estadounidenses de su época reconocida como primera bailarina y superestrella internacional. Tallchief falleció el 11 de abril de 2013.

In 1966, Pelé married Rosemeri dos Reis Cholbi.^[175] They had two daughters, Kely Cristina (born 13 January 1967), who married Arthur DeLuca, and Jennifer (b. 1978), as well as one son, Edson ("Edinho", b. 27 August 1970).^[176] The couple divorced in 1982.^[177] In May 2014, Edinho was sentenced to 33 years in jail for laundering money from drug trafficking.^[178] On appeal, the sentence was reduced to 12 years and 10 months.^[179]

From 1981 to 1986, Pelé was romantically linked with TV presenter Xuxa. She was 17 when they started dating.^[180] In April 1994, Pelé married psychologist and gospel singer Assíria Lemos Seixas, who gave birth on 28 September 1996 to twins Joshua and Celeste through fertility treatments.^[176][181] The couple divorced in 2008.^[182]

Pelé had at least two more children from affairs. Sandra Machado, who was born from an affair Pelé had in 1964 with a housemaid, Anizia Machado, fought for years to be acknowledged by Pelé, who refused to submit to DNA tests.^{[183][184][185]} Pelé finally relented after a court-ordered DNA test proved she was his daughter. Sandra Machado died of cancer in 2006.^{[184][185][186]}

At the age of 73, Pelé announced his intention to marry 41-year-old Marcia Aoki, a Japanese-Brazilian importer of medical equipment from Penápolis, São Paulo, whom he had been dating since 2010. They first met in the mid-1980s in New York, before meeting again in 2008. They married in July 2016.^[187]

Politics

Brazilian president Lula and Pelé in commemoration of 50 years since the first World Cup title won by Brazil in 1958, at the Palácio do Planalto in Brasília, 2008

In January 1995, he was appointed by Fernando Cardoso as minister of sports. During his tenure, multiple reforms against corruption in state football associations were presented. He resigned from the post on 30 April 1998.^[188]

During the 2013 protests in Brazil, Pelé asked for people to put aside the demonstrations and support the Brazil national team.^[189]

On 1 June 2022, Pelé published an open letter to the President of Russia Vladimir Putin on his Instagram account, in which he made a public plea to stop the "evil" and "unjustified" Russian invasion of Ukraine.^{[190][191][192]}

She loved school. But everything changed when the Taliban took control of their town in Swat Valley. The extremists banned many things — like owning a television and playing music — and enforced harsh punishments for those who defied their orders. And they said girls could no longer go to school.

In January 2009, when she was just 11 years old, she said goodbye to her classmates, not knowing when — if ever — she would see them again.

She became an activist, speaking out publicly on behalf of girls and their right to learn and blogging about her experiences for BBC Urdu. This made her a target.

Desde los 6 años ha luchado por la protección del clima y ha hablado ante grandes multitudes sobre los efectos de los combustibles fósiles en las comunidades indígenas y otras comunidades marginadas. Ha dado discursos en las Naciones Unidas varias veces y ganó popularidad después de su discurso de 2015 en la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas en inglés, español y el náhuatl.^[4]​

Martínez es uno de los 21 demandantes involucradas en el caso Juliana contra los Estados Unidos, demandando al gobierno federal por no actuar sobre el cambio climático.^[5]​ El caso comenzó en 2015. Un tribunal federal rechazó la medida del gobierno para desestimar el caso en noviembre de 2016. También es uno de los siete demandantes involucrados en el caso Martínez contra Colorado Oil and Gas Conservation Commission, cuyo objetivo es el mismo que el de Juliana contra los Estados Unidos pero a nivel estatal.