https://padlet.com/sethayuban/lyyvcjzk1v7ltfqh 上手になれ en-us 2022-02-21 03:17:33 UTC 2022-05-15 02:00:52 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet.net/icons/png/1f38c.png sethayuban https://padlet.com/sethayuban/lyyvcjzk1v7ltfqh/wish/2063552664 意味：媒体で誰かか何かの描写

I chose representation in accordance with it being a key word in the title for this week's topic.
To represent or representation consists of「代」[as in「代わりに」(in place of)] and「表」(face; surface; outward appearance) which is befitting of what Stuart Hall (1997) explains as meaning either to 're-present' (present again; show what is known again) or 'to stand in place of' (as in: a representative).

例文：新聞で少数民族が下手で代表されています。
Minorities are poorly represented in newspapers.

Sources: Hall, S. (1997) Representation & the media Stuart Hall, Sut. Jhally, & Kanopy (Firm) (eds.).p.56 minutes.]]> 2022-02-23 23:45:53 UTC https://padlet.com/sethayuban/lyyvcjzk1v7ltfqh/wish/2063552664 sethayuban https://padlet.com/sethayuban/lyyvcjzk1v7ltfqh/wish/2063793559 意味：離れているものが結ばれて、ひと続きになる （Source: weblio.jp)

I chose this word because it appeared in one of the Japanese readings this week. I believe the word also appropriately describes a Japanese stereotype of strong community and familial connections. This idea of connectedness can also be applied broadly to other Japanese concepts that involve connecting to nature, or connecting to past traditions.

例文：血ではない家族がつながる方法があるかもしれない。
There can be ways that family are connected that are not blood.]]> 2022-02-24 03:13:50 UTC https://padlet.com/sethayuban/lyyvcjzk1v7ltfqh/wish/2063793559 sethayuban https://padlet.com/sethayuban/lyyvcjzk1v7ltfqh/wish/2063796035 意味：格別の人や格別の物について広くに既成で過度に単純化の思想

Similar to representation, this week's topic involves stereotypes and whether it is positive or negative. The phrase's individual characters translates to 'a preconceived idea that outlines'.

例文：既成概念が積極的か消極的かどうか、状況次第です。
Stereotypes can be positive or negative, depending on the situation.]]> 2022-02-24 03:15:49 UTC https://padlet.com/sethayuban/lyyvcjzk1v7ltfqh/wish/2063796035 sethayuban https://padlet.com/sethayuban/lyyvcjzk1v7ltfqh/wish/2074667144 意味：生まれ育った土地　(Source: https://business-textbooks.com/kokyou-jimoto/)

I chose this word because I believe it best represents the concept we had learned this week: the German word Heimat. Despite this, 故郷 still lacks the romantic and nationalist ideas attached to the concept of Heimat, but can evoke images of the countryside or a country home-town, an often-used romantic/nostalgic image for Japanese people.

例文：あ、懐かしいぃ！その駄菓子屋を覚えるよ。故郷なんだから、この町は。
Oh, how nostalgic! I remember that candy store! This place is my hometown, after all.]]> 2022-03-03 00:51:08 UTC https://padlet.com/sethayuban/lyyvcjzk1v7ltfqh/wish/2074667144 sethayuban https://padlet.com/sethayuban/lyyvcjzk1v7ltfqh/wish/2074680624 意味：2:その人が心を休めたり、活躍したりできる環境 (Source: dictionary.goo.ne.jp)

'Home' as we learnt this week does not necessarily refer to one's house, but rather a place of belonging. One can identify and belong to a variety of groups, but these groups are not restricted to being a specific place; a 'place where one belongs' can be with certain people or a certain culture, just as is represented in the film we watched this week.

例文：「自身になることができる場所を探してた：私の居場所。」
"I was looking for a place where I can be myself: my own place where I belong."]]> 2022-03-03 00:58:39 UTC https://padlet.com/sethayuban/lyyvcjzk1v7ltfqh/wish/2074680624 sethayuban https://padlet.com/sethayuban/lyyvcjzk1v7ltfqh/wish/2074762879 意味：いろいろな種類や傾向のものがあること。変化に富むこと。(Source: dictionary.goo.ne.jp)

'Diversity' is also a concept we learnt this week. In terms of what we have studied, 'diversity' refers to the representation of the various cultures people group themselves with. These cultures can act as their 'home'.

例文：メディアで文化的多様性が増すと、その文化は社会の受容と認識が高まります。
More cultural diversity in media allows for greater acceptance and awareness in the public.]]> 2022-03-03 01:39:36 UTC https://padlet.com/sethayuban/lyyvcjzk1v7ltfqh/wish/2074762879 sethayuban https://padlet.com/sethayuban/lyyvcjzk1v7ltfqh/wish/2085026491 意味：個人あるいは集団が永住を望んで他の国に移り住むこと。(Source: weblio.jp)

This week, I chose 「移民」because it relates to the movie's and readings' focus on displaced people and the language they use in the country they immigrated to. Immigration to Japan would be ill-advised, as the country and its community does not perceive asylum seekers well, nor grant them asylum status often. Japan approves approximately 0.2% of its asylum applications, whereas countries such as Germany or Canada approve roughly 40% (Wingfield Hayes, R., 2016).

例文：残念ながら、移民の大多数は日本への入国を拒否されています。
Regrettably, a vast majority of immigrants are denied entry from Japan.]]> 2022-03-09 00:10:53 UTC https://padlet.com/sethayuban/lyyvcjzk1v7ltfqh/wish/2085026491 sethayuban https://padlet.com/sethayuban/lyyvcjzk1v7ltfqh/wish/2085028304 移民：人種の異なる父母の間に生まれた子供。

Much like immigrants, half-Japanese people are a somewhat contested topic within Japanese culture. Japan as a homogeneous society has looked down upon accepting other races and mixed-raced children; they are a very exclusive nation. 「ハーフ」people thus find themselves in a unique position where now, in the modern-day, Japanese culture can accept them yet they perhaps feel more attached to their non-Japanese side/heritage.

例文：最近、ハーフに対する日本人の認識はますます前向きになっています。
These days, Japanese people's perception of half-Japanese is becoming more and more positive.]]> 2022-03-09 00:12:51 UTC https://padlet.com/sethayuban/lyyvcjzk1v7ltfqh/wish/2085028304 sethayuban https://padlet.com/sethayuban/lyyvcjzk1v7ltfqh/wish/2089368423 意味：それぞれ異なる言語を用いている集団の間で、相互に意志を通じ合うことのできる言語。(Source: weblio.jp)

More related to the readings, this word is related to what Smith (2013) calls a 'threshold language', where two parties share a common language which is neither their native languages. Strangely enough, the character 「通」(pass through) also relates to King's (2018) notion of a langue de passage, an ambiguous and transient language used in passing.

例文：対外関係では、フランス語はかつては共通語でしたが、現在は英語が使用されています。
In diplomacy French was once the lingua franca, but now English is used.]]> 2022-03-11 00:26:47 UTC https://padlet.com/sethayuban/lyyvcjzk1v7ltfqh/wish/2089368423 sethayuban https://padlet.com/sethayuban/lyyvcjzk1v7ltfqh/wish/2093526651 意味：自分が認識している人間社会の全体。人の生活する環境。世間。世の中。(Source: dictionary.goo.ne.jp)

I chose the world for this week because it relates well to the theme of 'globalisation' we have been discussing. Globalisation is the process where we (individuals and businesses) are becoming more integrated in each others' societies. Metropolitan areas in Japan (or other metropolitan areas in general) best exemplify the integration of global ideas into society: foreign companies/businesses trade their goods as much as Japanese companies trade their own. The same way a Wendy's is shown in Taipei within the film Eat Drink Man Woman, a fast-food brand like KFC has equally integrated itself into Japanese society. This is to say Western ideas have integrated themselves within Eastern societies, and have developed an identity for themselves: a way of further making the world a smaller place due to globalisation.

例文：外国の発想に感光することで、世界はより小さくなりました。
Exposure to foreign ideas has made the world a smaller place.]]> 2022-03-14 10:14:29 UTC https://padlet.com/sethayuban/lyyvcjzk1v7ltfqh/wish/2093526651 sethayuban https://padlet.com/sethayuban/lyyvcjzk1v7ltfqh/wish/2093529012 意味：消費者の利益や権利を保護・向上させるための活動やその基礎にある主張を表す言葉。(source: shiruporuto.jp)

Consumerism is an extension or development of an ever-increasingly globalised world. With businesses trading and exposing themselves overseas, it would be natural to encourage those people to buy from such businesses. In relation to this week, films not only represent globalisation, but help propagate it as something that is sold and consumed à la Consumerism.

例文：グローバル化した経済の導入以来、日本の大都市は消費主義に満ちています。
Since the introduction of a globalised economy, Metropolitan Japan is rife with consumerism.]]> 2022-03-14 10:15:59 UTC https://padlet.com/sethayuban/lyyvcjzk1v7ltfqh/wish/2093529012 sethayuban https://padlet.com/sethayuban/lyyvcjzk1v7ltfqh/wish/2093530300 意味：ある民族・社会・集団の中で、思想・風俗・習慣・様式・技術・しきたりなど、規範的なものとして古くから受け継がれてきた事柄。また、それらを受け伝えること。 (source: weblio.jp)

Tradition contrasts the ideas presented by modernity and globalisation/consumerism. Both the film and examples provided for the Week 4 Japanese group's discussion deal with the dichotomy of traditional values of nationalism and culture; and modern values which embraces a more globalised and consumer-based world or economy, a world that almost rejects tradition.

例文：日本の田舎は伝統と結びついています。
The Japanese countryside is associated with the country's traditions.]]> 2022-03-14 10:16:53 UTC https://padlet.com/sethayuban/lyyvcjzk1v7ltfqh/wish/2093530300 sethayuban https://padlet.com/sethayuban/lyyvcjzk1v7ltfqh/wish/2107105437 意味：事物や領域などを分ける境目のこと。(Source: https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/境界)

Much like borders, boundaries and limits are arbitrary lines drawn by society. Borders, and by extension boundaries, are enforced by those with power (in our context, generally countries/governments), and as a result, can be contested. Japan has disputed territories (islands) extending northward into Russia, westward into China/Korea, and Southward into the Philippines. These islands are either strategically positioned or were previously acquired during past wars.

例文：境界は恣意的であるため、境界がまったくない方がよいでしょう。
Because boundaries are arbitrary, it would better if we did not have them at all.]]> 2022-03-22 09:22:29 UTC https://padlet.com/sethayuban/lyyvcjzk1v7ltfqh/wish/2107105437 sethayuban https://padlet.com/sethayuban/lyyvcjzk1v7ltfqh/wish/2107109664 意味：困難な物事や新しい記録などに立ち向かうこと (Source: dictionary.goo.ne.jp)

As much as there is a voice that maintains borders, there should be a group or voice to challenge that maintenance. As we'd learnt this week, advocating for this type of change can expose the symbolic work governments make to effectively silence voices or to cover colonial pasts.

例文：先住民に権力を還元することは、今日の政府にとっての挑戦です。
Returning power to indigenous peoples is a challenge for today's government.]]> 2022-03-22 09:25:14 UTC https://padlet.com/sethayuban/lyyvcjzk1v7ltfqh/wish/2107109664 sethayuban https://padlet.com/sethayuban/lyyvcjzk1v7ltfqh/wish/2107142142 意味：ある民族・種族より前にその土地に住んでいた民族・種族。。(Source: weblio.jp)

Typically, indigenous people are the voices silenced, whose histories are erased due to colonialisation; they are generally the minority who do not have the power to challenge the power(s) that define their current borders/boundaries. This occurs despite them being considered the first people to have settled to their land.

例文：アイヌは日本北部の先住民と考えられています。
The Ainu are considered to be the indigenous people to northern Japan.]]> 2022-03-22 09:46:33 UTC https://padlet.com/sethayuban/lyyvcjzk1v7ltfqh/wish/2107142142 sethayuban https://padlet.com/sethayuban/lyyvcjzk1v7ltfqh/wish/2116704588 意味：舞台の演出のこと (Source: meaning-dictionary.com)

The theatre is a place and medium where representation of people and cultures occurs. But 「演劇」refers to the art of theatre rather than the place: 「劇場」. In this case, the stories told through theatre/drama, like any other story, that represents people, their nation, and their culture.

例文：「劇場」と「演劇」の違いは、「劇場」が場所であり、「演劇」が芸術であるということです。
The difference between "a theatre" and "theatre" is that one is a place and the other is an art.]]> 2022-03-28 08:34:38 UTC https://padlet.com/sethayuban/lyyvcjzk1v7ltfqh/wish/2116704588 sethayuban https://padlet.com/sethayuban/lyyvcjzk1v7ltfqh/wish/2116764254 意味：集団の個々の構成要素の分布を調べ、その集団の属性を数量的に把握すること。また、その結果を数値や図表で表現したもの。(Source: dictionary.goo.ne.jp)

As is the case with 100% City, the people representing their city are essentially a statistic: each person represents 1% of the city's 100%. However, as we've come to learn this week, for 100% Tokyo, the statistics representing the city's population can be skewed or biased. For example, salarymen are underrepresented because they likely do not have the time to participate in 100% City and/or have commitments to work.

例文：専門家は統計を詳細に分析しました。
Experts analyzed the statistics in detail。]]> 2022-03-28 09:17:05 UTC https://padlet.com/sethayuban/lyyvcjzk1v7ltfqh/wish/2116764254 sethayuban https://padlet.com/sethayuban/lyyvcjzk1v7ltfqh/wish/2116769249 意味：(否定的な表現のあとにさらに打消しの語を伴って）否定的な意味合いをやわらげたり、むしろ逆に肯定したりする気持ちを表す。必ずしも。(Source: dictionary.goo.ne.jp)

As discussed previously, 100% Tokyo does not wholly represent the city's population, nor wholly represent the true nuance of the individual. Of course, steps are taken to differentiate individuals from the number they represent but it can simply lead to reinforcing those established stereotypes associated with the person's representation/individuality.

例文： 個人は集合体を満更代表しているわけではありません。
Individuals do not completely represent the collective.]]> 2022-03-28 09:20:01 UTC https://padlet.com/sethayuban/lyyvcjzk1v7ltfqh/wish/2116769249 sethayuban https://padlet.com/sethayuban/lyyvcjzk1v7ltfqh/wish/2156116462 意味：２ 言葉などの、表面に現れない深い意味・内容。「含蓄のある話」(Source: kotobank.jp/word/含蓄-470793)

I chose connotation for this week because it appeared in the reading about popular perceptions surrounding manga. As a visual, creative, and representative medium, the success of manga as a form of literature (like other literature) relies on its connotations and meaning. These take the forms of how speech/text and characters are visually coded. (Unser-Schutz, 2011) (Unser-Schutz, 2020) For example, "[Fuse (2004) argues] that onomatopoeia can be “read” even from just how they are written visually.” (Unser-Schutz, 2011)

例文：文学の形式としてのマンガの成功は、その含蓄とコーディングの使用に依存しています。
The success of manga as a form of literature relies on its use of connotations and coding]]> 2022-04-25 07:59:47 UTC https://padlet.com/sethayuban/lyyvcjzk1v7ltfqh/wish/2156116462 sethayuban https://padlet.com/sethayuban/lyyvcjzk1v7ltfqh/wish/2160187353 意味：たくさん蓄えること。また、たまること。蓄え。(Source: dictionary.goo.ne.jp)

Like connotation, I chose accumulate because it also appeared in the same reading. Unser-Schutz (2011) explains that manga readers accumulate experience/understanding of visual codes as they continue to read manga, gaining literacy and making manga-reading faster, dynamic, and how they choose.

例文：マンガの読者はリテラシーを蓄積し、より速く読むことができます。
Manga readers can accumulate literacy and read faster.]]> 2022-04-27 11:18:44 UTC https://padlet.com/sethayuban/lyyvcjzk1v7ltfqh/wish/2160187353 sethayuban https://padlet.com/sethayuban/lyyvcjzk1v7ltfqh/wish/2161498115 意味：詳しくてまちがいのないさまのこと。綿密で正確なさま。(Source: weblio.jp/content/精確)

Because manga is visually coded and stylised, manga does not need to be seen as either detailed or accurate. Yet manga readers still search for a reason and relationship between the speech patterns and dialects in manga and in real-life; they are looking for authenticity within manga, "engaging in processes of both deauthentication and authentication (Bucholtz 2003)." (Unser-Schutz, 2020)

例文：マンガの精確は一部の人には疑わしい。
The authenticity of manga is doubtful to some.]]> 2022-04-28 03:48:11 UTC https://padlet.com/sethayuban/lyyvcjzk1v7ltfqh/wish/2161498115 sethayuban https://padlet.com/sethayuban/lyyvcjzk1v7ltfqh/wish/2166800482 意味：書くべきでないところに文字や絵などをいたずら書きすること。また、その書いたもの。(Source: dictionary.goo.ne.jp)

Graffiti as a word or concept does particularly exist in Japan. There is little space for graffiti to be made in Japan, and cases of graffiti are either rarely legally sanctioned or quickly removed. This reflects Japanese laws and the "clean" stereotype/image they have of themselves, as well as how graffiti is a foreign concept appropriated by Japanese youth. Instead, the western definition has been applied to a word that means something closer to "drawing that is discarded".

例文：「二度とその壁に落書きしないと約束して。」
"Promise me you won't graffiti on that wall again."]]> 2022-05-02 14:00:40 UTC https://padlet.com/sethayuban/lyyvcjzk1v7ltfqh/wish/2166800482 sethayuban https://padlet.com/sethayuban/lyyvcjzk1v7ltfqh/wish/2166898956 意味： 法律や定めにはずれていること。また、その行為。(Source: kotobank.jp)

Some of the characteristics of graffiti involve its use of public space to create street art that is unsanctioned or illegal. This does not mean graffiti art is necessarily "bad", but instead it bears the connotations of unlawfulness, vandalism, and other negative stereotypes associated with a major propagator of this type of art: hip hop culture. In fact, graffiti art can provide social commentary or cause social change due to its illegal and shocking nature.

例文：「ほとんどの国では、グラフィティは違法だろう？」
"Graffiti is illegal in most countries, right?"]]> 2022-05-02 14:59:17 UTC https://padlet.com/sethayuban/lyyvcjzk1v7ltfqh/wish/2166898956 sethayuban https://padlet.com/sethayuban/lyyvcjzk1v7ltfqh/wish/2166900357 意味：当世の風俗。現代風。今様。

Another characteristic of graffiti is its contemporaneity. As a medium of art that provides social commentary and can create social change, graffiti art must be contemporary in its approach or topics. That is, graffiti art should "reflect and visualize significant societal events and situations by evoking the reconstruction of underlying stories." (Stampoulidis, 2018)

例文：見栄えの良いグラフィティは、そのテーマが今風である必要がある。
Good-looking graffiti needs its art style and topic to be contemporary.]]> 2022-05-02 15:00:09 UTC https://padlet.com/sethayuban/lyyvcjzk1v7ltfqh/wish/2166900357 sethayuban https://padlet.com/sethayuban/lyyvcjzk1v7ltfqh/wish/2180251978 意味：人々が多く集まり住んで，商工業や文化の発達した土地。みやこ。都市。(Source: https://ja.ichacha.net/japanese/都会.html)

Like last week with graffiti, the urban environment acts a medium for discourses and cultural representation. A lot can be said with urban environments or urbanity: the contrast between city conditions and country lifestyles; the trappings and stereotypes of the city; international ideas that pass through the city as a central hub of communication.

例文：都会には多くの文化的誘惑があります。
There are many cultural temptations in big cities.]]> 2022-05-12 00:03:39 UTC https://padlet.com/sethayuban/lyyvcjzk1v7ltfqh/wish/2180251978 sethayuban https://padlet.com/sethayuban/lyyvcjzk1v7ltfqh/wish/2180253799 意味：人間が活動するための空間を内部に持った構造物を、計画、設計、施工そして使用するに至るまでの行為の過程全体、あるいは一部のこと。(Source: https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/建築)

Architecture is a way of communicating ideas or representation through the design of a building. Old/traditional Japanese architecture focused on the cultural aspect of ephemerality/transience in that buildings were designed to be destroyed and impermanent, as well as built back together quickly using mostly wood; these houses could be torn down quickly in the case of a fire, leaving nothing for the fire to continue. The impermanent nature of this architecture especially helped in a country that was susceptible to earthquakes and tsunamis. The anti-earthquake and anti-tsunami architecture also applies to modern architecture.

例文：建築は視覚芸術の一形態です。
Architecture is a form of visual art.]]> 2022-05-12 00:05:45 UTC https://padlet.com/sethayuban/lyyvcjzk1v7ltfqh/wish/2180253799 sethayuban https://padlet.com/sethayuban/lyyvcjzk1v7ltfqh/wish/2180326383 意味：歴史・芸術・民俗・産業・自然科学などに関する資料を収集・展示して一般公衆の利用に供し、教養に資する事業を行うとともに資料に関する調査・研究を行う施設。(Source: https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/博物館)

Museums also act as a hub of culture, showcasing national and international artifacts of culture. The Nagoya City Art Museum sits next to the Nagoya City Science Museum. Both contain art and techonology from within and outside of Japan. While it does show its praise for artifacts made within Japan, it does act again nihonjinron (Japanese exceptionalism) to include art or techonology developed from Western countries.

例文：博物館の半分は芸術に捧げられ、残りの半分は科学に捧げられています
Half of the museum is dedicated to art and the other half is dedicated to science]]> 2022-05-12 01:04:31 UTC https://padlet.com/sethayuban/lyyvcjzk1v7ltfqh/wish/2180326383 sethayuban https://padlet.com/sethayuban/lyyvcjzk1v7ltfqh/wish/2180619293  意味：複数の言語を並存させること。(Source: weblio.jp)

Due to globalisation and immigration, cities across the world have become increasingly culturally diverse. Language is a key aspect in displaying one's culture. Thus to be culturally diverse would by extension mean to be linguistically diverse, hence multilingualism is a word for this week. 多言語 (ta-gen-go) literally translates from Japanese as 'many languages'.

例文：多言語になることが私の人生の目標。
It is my life goal to be a polyglot.]]> 2022-05-12 05:06:11 UTC https://padlet.com/sethayuban/lyyvcjzk1v7ltfqh/wish/2180619293 sethayuban https://padlet.com/sethayuban/lyyvcjzk1v7ltfqh/wish/2180620425  意味：目に見えない抽象的なことを、見てわかるような形に示すこと。(Source: weblio.jp)

Visualisation in this week refers to two things: the use of graphs and tables to represent the data of an area, and the representation of an area's multiculturalism and multilingualism. In this week, there is a comparison drawn between the visualisation of census data, and the real-life examples and confirmation it pertains to. In other words, the census data tells us about the population of a suburb in Sydney, and we are able to confirm or deny the data by looking at the real-life visualisation of the data in the types of signs and communities actually present in said suburb(s).

例文：視覚化ソフトウェアにより、グラフや図表を簡単に作成できます。
Visualisation software allows for the easy creation of graphs and tables]]> 2022-05-12 05:07:19 UTC https://padlet.com/sethayuban/lyyvcjzk1v7ltfqh/wish/2180620425 sethayuban https://padlet.com/sethayuban/lyyvcjzk1v7ltfqh/wish/2180634580  意味：商店などで、宣伝のために屋号、扱う商品、うたい文句などを書いて人目につく所に掲げておく板状のもの。(Source: Weblio.jp)

Signs are an example of visualising multilingual communities in cities. This is shown explicitly in an area's chosen language/scripts its shop signs and fronts contain. Areas with larger or denser populations of a certain demographic visualise their size with their chosen language: e.g. Eastwood has major Chinese and Korean populations, so shopfronts or shop signs tend to have a mix of English, Chinese, and Korean text. Shop fronts/signs in Japan tend to differ due to the homogenous nature of the country and the variety of scripts available (romaji, hiragana, katakana).

例文：昨夜の暴動で店の看板が破損した。
The store sign was damaged in last night's riot.]]> 2022-05-12 05:19:41 UTC https://padlet.com/sethayuban/lyyvcjzk1v7ltfqh/wish/2180634580