https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks Made with swagger en-us 2022-05-11 03:13:26 UTC 2025-09-24 13:11:39 UTC hello@padlet.com ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2181374614 Communist manifesto laid the foundations for the revolution. West perceived communist ideology as a grave threat bc 
1. Marxism Leninism heavily at odds with capitalism
2. Capacity to advocate for an international communist revolution 

US troops intervening on the side of the anti communist was seen by USSR as an attempt to smother its existence since birth]]> 2022-05-12 14:34:54 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2181374614 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2181383459 American business community became interested in investments in USSR which was industrializing rapidly]]> 2022-05-12 14:39:39 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2181383459 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2181385896 America hoped that the USSR would be able to restrain Japanese imperialism]]> 2022-05-12 14:40:56 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2181385896 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2181389336 West perceived as an unholy alliance between totalitarian dictators and the invasion of the Baltics & Poland was proof of aggressive expansionism ]]> 2022-05-12 14:42:38 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2181389336 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2181390970 formation of the Grand Alliance]]> 2022-05-12 14:43:32 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2181390970 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2181394458 Roosevelt contributed to misunderstandings by appearing to endorse Soviet influence in Eastern Europe to preserve wartime alliance]]> 2022-05-12 14:45:31 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2181394458 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2181400976 US only landed when the tide of battle in Eastern Front had already shifted and the Soviet had already bore the brunt of resistance. 

Seen by the USSR as a ploy to allow the Germans and Soviets to massacre each other.

USSR didn't care about anglo american considerations that the likelihood of success might only have been ascertained in '44 --> proves that perceptions more than realities led to CW]]> 2022-05-12 14:49:11 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2181400976 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2181406099 acknowledged that the soviet union would have a predominant influence in EE such as Romania, Bulgaria and Hungary and that there will be British dominance in Greece.]]> 2022-05-12 14:51:52 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2181406099 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2181409101 West objected to Soviet attempt to redraw territorial boundaries by absorbing East Poland, --> angered Stalin as Poland was vital to Russian security and there had been no prominent objection earlier at the Teheran Conference. --> Stalin believed that Soviet SOI had been conceded in Teheran Conference and % agreement, west attempting to retrieve what had alr been lost. 

Roosevelt and Churchill insisted (and Stalin promised) on the inclusion of the London Poles in the Lublin Committee and the conduct of free elections in Poland --> election never took place, only some London Poles were included.]]> 2022-05-12 14:53:25 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2181409101 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2181434356 Stalin arrested Polish non communist leaders. Polish govt had started expelling 5 million Germans.]]> 2022-05-12 15:07:34 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2181434356 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2181435146 termination was done without informing the USSR]]> 2022-05-12 15:08:00 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2181435146 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2181439804 Winston Churchill --> clement Atlee 
Roosevelt --> Harry Truman (hardline anti communist)
Growing soviet influence over Europe 
Successful test and usage of atomic bomb]]> 2022-05-12 15:10:36 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2181439804 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2181447849 Polish western border should be the Oder-Neisse line. 
Germany, occupying powers entitled to preparations from its zone. Other 3 zones also paid reparations to soviets the successful test & usage of the atomic bomb --> USSR desired superiority in conventional numbers]]> 2022-05-12 15:14:59 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2181447849 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2185729051 show of USA's nuclear superiority, USA no longer needed help for war in the pacific --> prevented USSR from laying claim to post war order in pacific --> led to arms race ]]> 2022-05-16 13:39:18 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2185729051 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2185733813 published as the x article in foreign affairs
russian rulers needed an external enemy (the US) to unite the masses behind them

USA believed that the soviets would seize every opportunity to expand their influence, needed strong display of force and negotiate from strength.

countered with Novikov's telegram --> crystalized bipolar divide into 2 blocs]]> 2022-05-16 13:41:25 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2185733813 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2185734720 reiterated the need to avoid repeating the historical mistake of appeasement. 

influential at a time when america needed to frame a coherent policy towards the soviet union --> indisputably defined the soviet union as the enemy]]> 2022-05-16 13:41:49 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2185734720 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2185736254 seen as US breach of Potsdam Agreement]]> 2022-05-16 13:42:44 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2185736254 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2185739314 proposed by the US to regulate the atomic weapons via UN controlled agency. US refused to destroy stockpile until inspection agreements were firmly in place. Analysts say that its terms were designed to be unacceptable to the USSR]]> 2022-05-16 13:44:30 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2185739314 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2185741924 US annouced relaxation of restrictions on German industrial products and the creation of a central import export agency --> designed to help restore Germany's economy]]> 2022-05-16 13:45:56 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2185741924 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2185744051 USA believed that expansionist ideology was at the heart of soviet foreign policy (iran and manchuria) (USSR flouted wartime agreements)

defined the soviet union as the enemy ]]> 2022-05-16 13:47:12 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2185744051 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2211979529 american and british zones in germany unite]]> 2022-06-06 08:53:30 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2211979529 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2211981137 $$ aid to greece and turkey. greece was in a civil war between the royalist and communist. Turkey shared territorial borders with the USSR. 

laid the basis where the US would embark on the Cold War to fight and contain communism globally to preserve american interests

truman might have overexaggerated
- stalin remained neutral in the greek civil war and showed few signs of explicitly aiding the communist 

increased in military preparedness as a precaution --> military dimension of the CW]]> 2022-06-06 08:55:28 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2211981137 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2211981854 showed the USSR that compromise was no longer possible and accelerated the division of europe into 2 distinct economic blocs, exemplifying the CW as a competition of ideas, values and belief systems

accelerated sovietisation in EE at a time when it was clear that some of the satalite states were tempted to join the marshall plan

announcement of the molotov plan, cominform and comecon

peacetime alliance was no longer a viable option]]> 2022-06-06 08:56:28 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2211981854 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2211982657 leader of opposition in bulgaria was tried and shot --> an example of increasing sovietisation in eastern europe]]> 2022-06-06 08:57:27 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2211982657 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2211983652 crystallised bipolar divide into 2 blocs. was done in response to the marshall plan, it ensures ideological unity by dictating the actions of leaders and communist parties]]> 2022-06-06 08:58:42 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2211983652 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2229440380 had omitted South Korea from a list of countries whch the US would automatically defend in the event of aggression, Soviet saw this as license to interfere in korea, Preceeds Kim asking stalin for the 3rd time, stallin agreement heavily influenced by this]]> 2022-06-24 03:28:41 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2229440380 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2229442583 stalin was against the idea as he felt that US was likely to interfere if open war broke out in the korean peninsula. The agreement existed regarding the 38th // between washington and moscow so the americans had legitimate reason to intervene in repsonse to an attack]]> 2022-06-24 03:31:24 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2229442583 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2229586092 triggered the UN coalition counter offensive in the breakout from Pusan]]> 2022-06-24 07:03:41 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2229586092 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2229587649 pyongyang (5th dec 1950) and seoul (4th jan 1951) are captured by the chinese in quick succession ]]> 2022-06-24 07:05:46 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2229587649 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2229588469 2022-06-24 07:06:54 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2229588469 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2229588986 loss of Korea]]> 2022-06-24 07:07:28 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2229588986 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2230267962 loss of eastern europes sole remaining democracy was a bitter blow to the west]]> 2022-06-25 11:21:32 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2230267962 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2230268766 leader of coalition govt in poland forced to flee the country]]> 2022-06-25 11:25:20 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2230268766 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2230268961 due to proposed new currency]]> 2022-06-25 11:26:37 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2230268961 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2230286475 significant shifts in american attitudes toward the USSR during feb-march 1946, a time when the iron curtain and the long telegram was received by the mainstream public and also when american foreign policy was lacking coherence]]> 2022-06-25 12:36:16 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2230286475 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2230287059 2022-06-25 12:38:54 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2230287059 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2230289588 he claimed that the world had been divided into two camps, an anti imperialist and democratic camp led by the USSR and an anti democratic and imperialist camp headed by the US.

truman doctrine and marshall plan were labelled as moves made by the US to create a western bloc in order to secure economic and political enslavement of europe. 

policy of cooperation would be abandoned]]> 2022-06-25 12:49:00 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2230289588 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2230488060 reponse to NATO]]> 2022-06-26 02:53:30 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2230488060 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2230648724 illegal in soviet zone

seen as a betrayal of yalta and potsdam

countered with USSR introducing ostmark which was illegal in west germany

emergence of 2 separate economies in a divided germany

killed idea of joint administration that was enshrined in yalta and potsdam]]> 2022-06-26 13:49:14 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2230648724 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2230649224 berlin airlift forced stalin to end blockade by 1949


]]> 2022-06-26 13:50:44 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2230649224 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2230650011 creation of east german state in oct cemented a divided germany]]> 2022-06-26 13:53:09 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2230650011 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2230650724 military dimension of american SOI

US needed anglo french consent for creation of west german state]]> 2022-06-26 13:55:08 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2230650724 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2230651080 2022-06-26 13:56:03 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2230651080 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2230653504 2022-06-26 14:03:18 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2230653504 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2230656120 khruschev sought a new berlin settlement for berlin to become a new city and its corridors to west germany be given to the east german govt 

kennedy reiterated that the status of west berlin was non negotiable. Krushchev issued a 6 months withdrawal deadline for western troops from berlin. 

construction of berlin wall to prevent the flow of refuges from east to west germany]]> 2022-06-26 14:10:53 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2230656120 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2230658256 2022-06-26 14:16:04 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2230658256 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2230659358 2022-06-26 14:19:18 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2230659358 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2230659647 american ambassador Adlai stevenson confronted his counterpart valerian zorin, was met with silence]]> 2022-06-26 14:20:15 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2230659647 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2251994500 passed without soviet veto as they were boycotting meetings of the sc due to refusal to accept newly communist china as a permanent member of the council]]> 2022-07-30 05:37:33 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2251994500 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2251994995 2022-07-30 05:40:36 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2251994995 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2251995039 2022-07-30 05:41:02 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2251995039 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2251995170 2022-07-30 05:41:51 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2251995170 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2251995466 revitalizes troop morale]]> 2022-07-30 05:43:54 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2251995466 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2252210338 viet minh attacked and conquered Hanoi]]> 2022-07-31 04:20:09 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2252210338 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2252210436 2022-07-31 04:20:45 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2252210436 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2252250802 dien bien phu was under siege, was talking with indochina in mind]]> 2022-07-31 08:38:19 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2252250802 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2252251081 partitioned vietnam at the 17th // where the vietminh would administer the north while the south would be governed from saigon by Ngo Dinh Diem (US backed) 

was not ratified by the US so US had no obligation to honour their prohibition against foriegn military involvement in indochina --> sent american military advisers and military aid to bolster south vietnam as a stable non communist state capable of resisting communist incursion from the north]]> 2022-07-31 08:40:13 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2252251081 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2252574505 the NLF created the military wing]]> 2022-08-01 04:35:57 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2252574505 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2253453664 and within 3 years set off a hydrogen boomb 100 times larger than the first bomb]]> 2022-08-02 13:39:04 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2253453664 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2254049120 domestic repercussion: intense bombing campaigns in late april 1970 sparked intense campus protests all across america. students were killed by national guardsmen which led to more dissent]]> 2022-08-03 09:25:43 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2254049120 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2254058294 US and china pledged to work toward the full normalisation of diplomaic relations

in recognizing the existence of the sino soviet split which grew worse in the 1960s, nixon sought rapprochement with china 

the improvement in relations between the US and the prc threatened to isolate the soviet union and placed significant pressure on the soviets to pursue detente in the new strategic climate]]> 2022-08-03 09:54:12 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2254058294 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2254082238 marked end of french empire in indochina]]> 2022-08-03 11:02:12 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2254082238 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2254084014 2022-08-03 11:08:10 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2254084014 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2254085807 shows extent of diem's unpopularity]]> 2022-08-03 11:12:51 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2254085807 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2254086691 by sept 1960 VCP was convinced that a revolution was in sight for south vietnam]]> 2022-08-03 11:14:40 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2254086691 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2254087708 he was the critic of the supposed weakness of the eisenhower regime in the face of communist menace 

policy makers still convinced that the communist china and the soviet union were directing communist insurgency in the south

but didnt want to escalate by sending in US troops to avoid entanglement in a limited war as he was influenced by the failures of the Korean war 


kennedy's policy of flexible response 
1. increase military advisers and military aid 
2. counter insurgency: strategic hamlet programme, agent orange, napalm 
3. encourage diem to institute reforms to no avail ]]> 2022-08-03 11:17:27 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2254087708 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2254089076 2022-08-03 11:21:46 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2254089076 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2254089531 due to failure of the Great Leap Forward, Beijing leadership more focused on domestic issues]]> 2022-08-03 11:23:21 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2254089531 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2254090760 2022-08-03 11:26:42 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2254090760 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2254091521 NV torpedo boat fired on USS Maddox, gave johnson a blank check to deal with the situation. marked the beginning of the first bombing raids and dispatch of large number of ground troops to the south]]> 2022-08-03 11:28:33 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2254091521 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2254092608 another vietcong attack on 9 feb 

permanent campaign called operation rolling thunder, large scale bombings, use of phosphorous and napalm + operation ranch hand: use of agent orange]]> 2022-08-03 11:30:30 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2254092608 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2254142171 US military defeat and a communist psych victory, americans start to question US military conduct of the war. 


]]> 2022-08-03 13:13:30 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2254142171 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2254167946 2022-08-03 13:52:15 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2254167946 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2257038469 1. avoiding nuclear war and managing the arms race 
2. mutual vulnerabilities and weaknesses 
US --> vietnam war --> flexible diplomacy
USSR --> US rapprochement with China + domestic economic weakness
3. bipolarity eclipsed by multi polarity]]> 2022-08-09 00:46:49 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2257038469 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2257041814 an international treaty whose objective is to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapon technology to promote cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy and to further the goal of achieving nuclear disarmament and general and complete disarmament]]> 2022-08-09 00:52:59 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2257041814 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2257042618 a treaty prohibiting all test detonations of nuclear weapons except underground. developed to slow arms race and to stop the excessive release of nuclear fallout into the planets atmosphere ]]> 2022-08-09 00:54:30 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2257042618 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2257043001 the result of successful arms control negotiations]]> 2022-08-09 00:55:05 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2257043001 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2257044622 limitation of the ABM systems in defending areas against ballistic missiles 

complemented SALT 1]]> 2022-08-09 00:57:56 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2257044622 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2257045428 clear indication that both superpowers accepted the existence of nuclear weapons as a deterrent and would not seek to develop missile defense systems to upset the balance]]> 2022-08-09 00:59:27 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2257045428 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2257048223 "differences in ideology and in the social systems of the USA and the USSR are not obstacles to the bilateral development of normal relations based on the principles on sovereignty, equality, non interference in international affairs and mutual advantage"]]> 2022-08-09 01:04:32 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2257048223 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2257048996 enshrined détente in Europe by formalizing the acceptance of the inviolability of existing territorial frontiers (international recognition of post war boundaries in Europe)

BUT 

considerable misgivings about the helsinki accords began to emerge: 
conservative hardliners in the US accused the agreement of abandoning eastern europe to oppression, soviet leadership was alarmed by the repercussions of having to commit to discussions on humanitarian questions]]> 2022-08-09 01:05:57 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2257048996 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2257057713 this would lead to jimmy carter adopting a strong moral stance instead of following realpolitik

jimmy carter espoused idealistic policies that would demonstrate decency, generosity and common sense while condemning those that allowed the US to support right wing monarchs and dictators

he called human rights "the soul of our foreign policy' ]]> 2022-08-09 01:21:23 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2257057713 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2257060329 this went against previous US policies in countries like Korea, Cuba and Vietnam and also advised to punish or at least censure repressive military regimes in Brazil, Argentina and Chile. leading US diplomats also spoke out against the apartheid rather than supporting the govt avid anti communism]]> 2022-08-09 01:26:12 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2257060329 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2257328779 SS-20s were a new range of medium range missiles intended as a replacement for an earlier generation of IRBMs and as a means of maintaining the nuclear balance of power between NATO and the Warsaw Pact, was meant to strengthen soviet bargaining power against the west]]> 2022-08-09 10:42:54 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2257328779 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2257330506 prospect for the reduction in NATO force levels reduced further. but moscow refused to move the SS-20s unless the west reduced their nuclear forces. Nato offered 0-0 solution but was rejected ]]> 2022-08-09 10:45:48 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2257330506 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2257330878 2022-08-09 10:46:49 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2257330878 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2257331149 claimed the right to violate the sovereignty of any country attempting to replace Marxism leninism with capitalism]]> 2022-08-09 10:47:42 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2257331149 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2257331613 2022-08-09 10:49:30 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2257331613 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2257335659 why did the USSR intervene?
- failure to support the left wing regime would cast doubts on soviet commitment to help communist movements and allies everywhere, damaging its international prestige
- strategic proximity to middle eastern oil 
- threat of a spread of muslim fundementalism from iran to afagnistan into its own muslim republics could not simply be ignored as islamic insurgents might succeed in overthrowing the marxist govt and destabalise the USSR
- USSR had underestimated the degree of fanatical nationalist resistance, were confident that military operations would last approx 4 weeks, they were wrong

impact of the invasion
- detente was irreparably broken
- third world members of the UN GA used to be anti american, now they also supported annual resolutions calling for withdrawal (china opposed the invasion as well)
- eroded morale
- ending detente, jeoperdised its economic/ tech agreements with the US, strain on domestic economy substantial

US reponse 
- carter doctrine
- fast response 
- partial embargo on the export of cereals and high tech, refused to rectify SALT 2

impact on relations
- soviets were surprised by the speed and decisiveness of american reaction
- america perceived soviet actions as aggression which was intended as a stepping stone to their possible control over much of the world's oil supplies even though soviet actions were plausibly defensive

]]> 2022-08-09 11:01:32 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2257335659 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2257461082 2022-08-09 14:32:19 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2257461082 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2257461568 shows strategic cooperation with china]]> 2022-08-09 14:32:57 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2257461568 ngiam_ju_rae https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2258113217 Prime Minister Bishop, a leftist, was deposed and killed. He had alarmed the Reagan administration as he had allowed the cubans to build an airfield on the island and had signed military agreements with the communist bloc countries. 

the new military council that took power led by general austin was more communist than bishop ]]> 2022-08-10 10:52:44 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2258113217 ngiam_ju_rae https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2258114285 called it a rescue mission and won support from the US public while the latin americans condemned the invasion as Big Stick tactics and the UN GA deeply deplored US actions]]> 2022-08-10 10:55:15 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2258114285 ngiam_ju_rae https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2258115860 under carter, the US cut all support for somozas regime in response to his odious human rights record

immediately recognised the new sandinista govt and provided it with economic aid]]> 2022-08-10 10:57:59 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2258115860 ngiam_ju_rae https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2258117775 reagan froze carter’s aid package to nicaragua as they were aiding and abetting violence in el salvador and extended aid to al salvador instead ]]> 2022-08-10 11:02:36 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2258117775 ngiam_ju_rae https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2258118561 committing atrocities in the process ]]> 2022-08-10 11:04:15 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2258118561 ngiam_ju_rae https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2258131748 2022-08-10 11:30:11 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2258131748 ngiam_ju_rae https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2258132234 2022-08-10 11:31:24 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2258132234 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2266195840 resulted in a 1986 ruling calling for the US to "cease and refrain" from the "unlawful use of force" against Nicaragua. Nicaragua also took the case to the UNSC and the GA but the US either vetoed or ignored the ensuring resolutions]]> 2022-08-20 16:09:39 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2266195840 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2266196560 ordered a ban on direct military support of the contras, reflects political divide within the US and reagan's inability to convince congress to approve funds necessary to continue the war against revolutionaries in central america

to circumvent congress, reagan solicited private and third party contributions to fund the covert purchase of arms for the contras (iran contra affair)]]> 2022-08-20 16:12:32 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2266196560 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2266198918 white: start of cw 
green: vietnam war 
yellow: korean war
red: cuban crisis
purple: detente (rise and fall)
green: nicaragua 
blue: ECW, collapse of USSR


]]> 2022-08-20 16:21:38 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2266198918 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2266200785 2022-08-20 16:27:39 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2266200785 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2305102099 2022-09-20 14:37:39 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2305102099 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2305114029 2022-09-20 14:44:00 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2305114029 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2305122439 early 1980s saw build up of militry, unprecedented mil expenditure]]> 2022-09-20 14:48:07 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2305122439 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2305131532 2022-09-20 14:52:57 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2305131532 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2305162910 1985-8 G achieved a renewed détente

throughout the 1980s, a backdrop of soviet crumbing economy]]> 2022-09-20 15:09:47 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2305162910 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2305165417 no headway with regards to arm control but they managed to establish a personal relationship at geneva]]> 2022-09-20 15:11:05 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2305165417 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2305166014 G took the decision to ban nuclear testing unilaterally for the USSR but cancelled the ban cos US did not reciprocate 


in exchange for abandoning SDI, G was willing to withdraw from afghanistan and EE, reduce stockpile of weapons, allow onsite inspections, eliminate all nukes in 10 years 

Reagan rejected, but was criticised of squandering opportunity of deescalation --> G became a popular character in western media]]> 2022-09-20 15:11:24 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2305166014 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2305166939 in july 1987, G presented new arms reduction proposal for the elimination of all soviet and US short and medium range missles --> signed in dec 

USSR had to destroy 4 times as many ss20 missles as the US]]> 2022-09-20 15:11:51 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2305166939 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2305168317 2022-09-20 15:12:37 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2305168317 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2305172502 joint news conference announcing the end of the CW]]> 2022-09-20 15:14:35 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2305172502 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2312084649 2022-09-25 09:07:59 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2312084649 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2319443332 G annouced that the warsaw pact was strictly defensive alliance which did not regard any government or grp as their enemy --> hard for regimes in EE to justify their repressive policies when there was no enemy to be defined]]> 2022-09-29 13:55:35 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2319443332 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2319455295 2022-09-29 14:01:41 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2319455295 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2319462664 2022-09-29 14:05:23 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2319462664 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2319551164 lithiunia, poland, estonia, bulgaria, czechoslovakia, hungary

1989 --> solidarity is legalised

]]> 2022-09-29 14:50:20 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2319551164 ngiam_ju_rae1 https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2320544542 2022-09-30 05:46:35 UTC https://padlet.com/ngiam_ju_rae1/Bookmarks/wish/2320544542