Changes to the Germ-line Cells: Germline editing refers to genetic modifications made to human embryos and reproductive cells such as eggs and sperms. Changes in the germline can be passed down to future generations. How far are we from artificial wombs if characteristics like intelligence and strong muscles can be passed down to the next generation

Many countries have severe restrictions on germline editing, while others lack clear guidance. Since muscular dystrophy, cystic fibrosis,Hhuntintong's diesease may increase there percentage 

Bioweapons: In 2016, the United States' director of national intelligence, James Clapper, listed "genome editing" as one of six threats in the section on weapons of mass destruction. CRISPR technology is relatively inexpensive and simple in comparison to other genetic engineering tools, which may attract to terrorist. The technology has the potential to be used to genetically modify bacteria or viruses in order to plan biological attacks on humans.

DARPA, the US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, is looking into ways to make gene editing safer. The program is concerned with both the intended and unintended consequences of gene editing technologies.

Sara Gillan. (September 2, 2018). Benefits and Ethical Concerns of CRISPR - Pros and Cons. Retrieved from: https://explorebiotech.com/crispr-pros-and-cons/

 DNA consists of two strands, twisted into a double helix and held together by a simple pairing rule. A pairs with T, and G pairs with C. Our genes shape who we are as individuals and as a species. 

Genes have a significant impact on health, and thanks to advances in DNA sequencing, scientists have identified thousands of genes that influence our risk of disease. Researchers need ways to control genes in order to understand how they work. 

How does CRISPR work?

The CRISPR method is based on a natural system used by bacteria to protect themselves from infection by viruses. When the bacterium detects the presence of a virus in the DNA, it produces two types of short RNA, one of which contains a sequence that matches that of the invading virus. These two RNAs form a complex with a protein called Cas9 (Cas9 is a nuclease, a type of enzyme that can cut DNA). When the matching sequence, known as a guide for the RNA, finds its target within the viral genome, Cas9 cuts the target of the DNA, disabling the virus. This can be done not just in a test tube, but also within the nucleus of a living cell. Once inside the nucleus, the resulting complex will lock onto a short sequence known as the PAM. The Cas9 will unzip the DNA and match it to its target RNA. If the match is complete, the Cas9 will use two tiny molecular scissors to cut the DNA. When this happens, the cell tries to repair the cut, but the repair process is an error, leading to mutations that can disable the gene. 

CRISPR can also be used to replace mutant genes with healthy copies, allowing for the creation of transgenic animals and studying complex human diseases. It has many applications in basic research, drug development, agriculture and, eventually, treating genetic diseases.

McGovern Institute. (November 5, 2014). Genome Editing with CRISPR-Cas9. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2pp17E4E-O8&t=4s

Arguments/Facts:
-CRISPR could correct genetic errors that cause diseases. Some hereditarian diseases could become ended if in some time we may be able to use gene editing to cure this diseases once and for all.
-Genome editing technologies have been developed at a rapid pace over the past decade. Within the past five years, a system has been developed based on fundamental research of bacterial systems’ immunity to viral infections. 

-Current advances in genome editing tools allow us not only to target monogenic diseases but also polygenic diseases, such as cancer and diabetes.
Dialogue:
-What will possibly CRISPR achieve in the next decade? 
Summary:
CRISPR-Cas9 is a gene-editing tool that only requires a custom guide RNA molecule to find its target. Tony Ho, Head of Research and Development at CRISPR Therapeutics, shares his views on the potential of the technology. The CRISPR system can modify DNA with greater precision than existing technologies. Manufacturing is considered a challenge for the field, but it is not a main limitation.

Warneck-silvestrin L. (MARCH 3, 2021) The Promises of CRISPR Genome Editing in Biomedicine, LABIOTECH.eu retieved from:https://www.labiotech.eu/interview/crispr-therapeutics-genome-editing/

The essence of CRISPR is simple: it’s a way of finding a specific bit of DNA inside a cell. After that, the next step in CRISPR gene editing is usually to alter that piece of DNA. However, CRISPR has also been adapted to do other things too, such as turning genes on or off without altering their sequence.

Arguments/Facts:
-CRISPR technology also has the potential to transform medicine, enabling us to not only treat but also prevent many diseases.
-CRISPR is being used for all kinds of other purposes too, from fingerprinting cells and logging what happens inside them to directing evolution and creating gene drives.

-The key to CRISPR is the many flavours of “Cas” proteins found in bacteria, which they help defend against viruses.
-When the CRISPR Cas9 protein is added to a cell along with a piece of guide RNA, the Cas9 protein hooks up with the guide RNA and then moves along the strands of DNA until it finds and binds to a 20-DNA-letter long sequence that matches part of the guide RNA sequence. 

Dialogue:
-
-
-
-
Summary:
So why do we call it CRISPR? Cas proteins are used by bacteria to destroy viral DNA. They add bits of viral DNA to their own genome to guide the Cas proteins, and the odd patterns of these bits of DNA are what gave CRISPR its name: clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats.

Curing genetic diseases: CRISPR has the ability to eliminate genes that cause genetic diseases such as diabetes and immune disorders. 

Drug research: Scientists believe that because CRISPR is relatively cheap, precise, and simple to use, it could potentially speed up the drug discovery process. Some of the world's pharmaceutical companies are already incorporating CRISPR technology into their drug research and development processes, and are quite happy with the results.

 Pest resilient crops: Genetic modification could resolve agriculture's pest and nutrition challenges, particularly in the context of climate change and rapid population growth. 

Sara Gillan. (September 2, 2018). Benefits and Ethical Concerns of CRISPR - Pros and Cons. Retrieved from: https://explorebiotech.com/crispr-pros-and-cons/

Arguably, the most important advantage of CRISPR/Cas9 over other genome editing technologies is its simplicity and efficiency.

Since it can be applied directly in embryos, CRISPR/Cas9 reduces the time required to modify target genes compared to gene-targeting technologies based on embryonic stem (ES) cells. Improved bioinformatics tools — identifying the most appropriate sequences to design guide RNAs — and optimization of the experimental conditions enabled very robust procedures which guarantee the successful introduction of the desired mutation.

Arguments/Facts:
-
-
-
-
Dialogue:
-
-
-
-
Summary: CRISPR/Cas9 genome engineering technology has provided researchers with an invaluable tool to accelerate the generation of mouse models for biomedical in vivo research. The furious pace of CRISPR development, combined to its versatility and ease of use, have already left a mark in the field of molecular genetics. Its combination with established technologies will greatly expand opportunities for the generation of new and valuable genetically engineered mouse models for basic and translational research.